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The book presents chapters from world leaders on water desalination
advances with respect to processes, separations materials, and
energy and environmental considerations. It provides a balanced
discussion of the mature and newer desalination technologies and
provides a fundamental assessment of the potential of emerging
approaches. Realistic assessments for the feasibility of energy
extraction from salinity gradients, desalting high salinity source
water, membrane distillation, capacitive deionization, are among
the topics discussed. Also, among the topics discussed in the book
are recent advances in the desalination application of
nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes, and surface structuring of
membranes.
Membranes are an energy efficient separation technology that are
now the basis for many water treatment and food processing
applications. However, there is the potential to improve the
operating performance of these separations and to extend the
application of membranes to energy production, gas separations,
organic solvent-based separations, and biomedical applications
through novel membrane materials. This book contains 20 chapters
written by leading academic researchers on membrane fabrication and
modification techniques and provides a comprehensive overview on
the recent developments of membrane technology. Membranes can be
manufactured from a range of materials including polymeric
compounds, and ceramic materials, and both these materials are
considered in the book. There are 5 chapters on water and
wastewater membranes that cover the fabrication of thin film (TFC)
composite membranes for nanofiltration(NF)/reverse osmosis
(RO)/forward osmosis (FO) applications, stimuli responsive
membranes, electrospun membranes, porous ceramic membranes, and
polymeric ultrafiltration (UF) manufacture and modification. There
are another 6 chapters on gas separation that consider carbon
membranes, zeolite membranes, silica template and metal oxide
silica membranes, TFC membranes, silica membranes, and metal
organic framework (MOF) membranes. Zeolite membranes are also
considered for organic solvent applications, as are
solvent-resistant membranes manufactured by phase inversion,
ceramic-supported composite membranes, and ceramic NF membranes.
The emerging areas of membranes for energy and biomedical
applications have 3 and 2 chapters, respectively. Energy
applications consider ion exchange membranes for use in fuel cells,
membranes for electrodialysis, and membranes for use in microbial
fuel cells. For biomedical applications the chapters focus on
hemodialysis membranes and redox responsive membranes.
Membranes are an energy efficient separation technology that are
now the basis for many water treatment and food processing
applications. However, there is the potential to improve the
operating performance of these separations and to extend the
application of membranes to energy production, gas separations,
organic solvent-based separations, and biomedical applications
through novel membrane materials. This book contains 20 chapters
written by leading academic researchers on membrane fabrication and
modification techniques and provides a comprehensive overview on
the recent developments of membrane technology. Membranes can be
manufactured from a range of materials including polymeric
compounds, and ceramic materials, and both these materials are
considered in the book. There are 5 chapters on water and
wastewater membranes that cover the fabrication of thin film (TFC)
composite membranes for nanofiltration(NF)/reverse osmosis
(RO)/forward osmosis (FO) applications, stimuli responsive
membranes, electrospun membranes, porous ceramic membranes, and
polymeric ultrafiltration (UF) manufacture and modification. There
are another 6 chapters on gas separation that consider carbon
membranes, zeolite membranes, silica template and metal oxide
silica membranes, TFC membranes, silica membranes, and metal
organic framework (MOF) membranes. Zeolite membranes are also
considered for organic solvent applications, as are
solvent-resistant membranes manufactured by phase inversion,
ceramic-supported composite membranes, and ceramic NF membranes.
The emerging areas of membranes for energy and biomedical
applications have 3 and 2 chapters, respectively. Energy
applications consider ion exchange membranes for use in fuel cells,
membranes for electrodialysis, and membranes for use in microbial
fuel cells. For biomedical applications the chapters focus on
hemodialysis membranes and redox responsive membranes.
The National Center for Intermedia Transport Research (NCITR) was
established at UCLA in 1982 by EPA as one of six Centers of
Excellence for the study of environmental pollution problems. One
of the functions undertaken by the NCITR has been to hold periodic
workshops and to provide a forum for the discussion of current
topiCS in the environmental pollution arena. To this end, two other
workshops have previously been held. The first, held in November
1982, was chaired by H. R. Pruppacher, R. G. Semonin and W. G. N.
Slinn on Precipitation Scavenging, Dry DepOSition and Resuspension.
The second, held in January 1986, was chaired by Y. Cohen on
Pollution Transport and Accumulation in a Multimedia Environment.
The present workshop, chaired by D. T. Allen, Y. Cohen and I. R.
Kaplan, was held on August 24-26, 1988 in Santa Monica, California.
The title of the workshop was Intermedia Pollutant Transport:
Modeling and Field Measurements. Approximately one hundred
individuals participated and twenty five papers were given, mostly
by invitation. The workshop was divided into the following four
broad topiCS: 1) Transport of Pollutants from the Atmosphere, 2)
Transport of Pollutants from Soils and Groundwaters, 3) Transport
of Pollutants from Lakes and Oceans, and 4) Multimedia Transport of
Pollutants. The last afternoon was reserved for a Panel Discussion.
Pollutants released to the environment are distributed among the
many environmental media such as air, water, soil, and vegetation,
as the result of complex physical, chemical and biological
processes. The possible environmental impact associated with
chemical pollutants is related to their concentration levels and
persistence in the various environmental compartments. Therefore,
information regarding the migration of pollutants across
environmental phase boundaries (eg., air-water, soil-water) and
their accumulation in the environment is essential if we are to
assess the potential environmental impact and the associated risks.
In recent years it has become apparent that environmental pollution
is a multimedia problem. Risk assessment and the design of
appropriate pollution control measures require that we carefully
consider the transport and accumulation of pollutants in the
environment. We are now recognizing that the environment must be
considered as a whole, and the scientific and regulatory approaches
must consider the interactions of environmental media. It is also
becoming apparent that single-medium approaches are partial and
often counter-productive. On the other hand any multimedia program
must carefully consider the rate of each environmental medium in
the overall multimedia scheme.
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