This book covers a wide range of recent statistical methods that are of interest to scientists in biostatistics as well as in other related fields such as chemometrics, environmetrics and geophysics. The contributed papers, from internationally recognized researchers, present various statistical methodologies together with a selected scope of their main mathematical properties and their application in a real case study.

This book covers a wide range of recent statistical methods that are of interest to scientists in biostatistics as well as in other related fields such as chemometrics, environmetrics and geophysics. The contributed papers, from internationally recognized researchers, present various statistical methodologies together with a selected scope of their main mathematical properties and their application in a real case study.

This book expounds the principle and related applications of nonlinear principal component analysis (PCA), which is useful method to analyze mixed measurement levels data. In the part dealing with the principle, after a brief introduction of ordinary PCA, a PCA for categorical data (nominal and ordinal) is introduced as nonlinear PCA, in which an optimal scaling technique is used to quantify the categorical variables. The alternating least squares (ALS) is the main algorithm in the method. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA), a special case of nonlinear PCA, is also introduced. All formulations in these methods are integrated in the same manner as matrix operations. Because any measurement levels data can be treated consistently as numerical data and ALS is a very powerful tool for estimations, the methods can be utilized in a variety of fields such as biometrics, econometrics, psychometrics, and sociology. In the applications part of the book, four applications are introduced: variable selection for mixed measurement levels data, sparse MCA, joint dimension reduction and clustering methods for categorical data, and acceleration of ALS computation. The variable selection methods in PCA that originally were developed for numerical data can be applied to any types of measurement levels by using nonlinear PCA. Sparseness and joint dimension reduction and clustering for nonlinear data, the results of recent studies, are extensions obtained by the same matrix operations in nonlinear PCA. Finally, an acceleration algorithm is proposed to reduce the problem of computational cost in the ALS iteration in nonlinear multivariate methods. This book thus presents the usefulness of nonlinear PCA which can be applied to different measurement levels data in diverse fields. As well, it covers the latest topics including the extension of the traditional statistical method, newly proposed nonlinear methods, and computational efficiency in the methods.

Die Zuwanderungspolitik der letzten Jahrzehnte ist eine Politik des gebremsten Erfolges. Immer weniger Migranten stehen dem Arbeitsmarkt aktiv zur Verfugung. Falsche Arbeitsmarktanreize spielen dabei eine wichtige Rolle. Eine kritische Bilanz von Erfolgen und Misserfolgen der Arbeitsmarktintegration von Zuwanderern ist notwendig, um Kurskorrekturen vornehmen zu konnen. Praktisches Handeln erfordert Kenntnisse uber Wirkungsbedingungen politischer Manahmen. Diese Kenntnisse vermittelt das vorliegende Buch in Form eines Vergleichs der okonomischen Integration von Migranten in Danemark und Deutschland. Auf Basis eigener Datenerhebungen werden das Bildungs- und Ausbildungsverhalten, wichtige Beschaftigungstrends und die Selbstandigkeit von Zuwanderern sowie die Auswirkungen der sozialen Sicherungssysteme auf die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation untersucht. Daruber hinaus unterzieht der Band das neue deutsche Zuwanderungsgesetz einer kritischen Wurdigung.