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This book presents the first simultaneous detection of neutrons and
positrons after a terrestrial gamma-ray flash (TGF), a
highest-energy transient phenomenon on the earth, triggered by a
lightning discharge, based on innovative ground-based observations
made in the Hokuriku area of Japan. TGFs, known to be produced by
lightning discharges since the 1990s, has been theoretically
predicted to react with atmospheric nuclei via photonuclear
reactions because they comprise high-energy photons of more than 10
MeV, but such photonuclear reactions by lightning discharges, which
produce neutrons and unstable isotopes emitting positrons, were not
observationally confirmed. The reactions and propagations of their
products in the atmosphere are modeled with Monte Carlo simulations
to quantitatively evaluate observations of TGFs, neutrons, and
positrons at ground level. The successful comparison between
observation and simulation is presented, and demonstrates that
lightning discharges to trigger photonuclear reactions and to even
produce isotopes in the atmosphere.
This book presents the first simultaneous detection of neutrons and
positrons after a terrestrial gamma-ray flash (TGF), a
highest-energy transient phenomenon on the earth, triggered by a
lightning discharge, based on innovative ground-based observations
made in the Hokuriku area of Japan. TGFs, known to be produced by
lightning discharges since the 1990s, has been theoretically
predicted to react with atmospheric nuclei via photonuclear
reactions because they comprise high-energy photons of more than 10
MeV, but such photonuclear reactions by lightning discharges, which
produce neutrons and unstable isotopes emitting positrons, were not
observationally confirmed. The reactions and propagations of their
products in the atmosphere are modeled with Monte Carlo simulations
to quantitatively evaluate observations of TGFs, neutrons, and
positrons at ground level. The successful comparison between
observation and simulation is presented, and demonstrates that
lightning discharges to trigger photonuclear reactions and to even
produce isotopes in the atmosphere.
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