In spite of progress in biomedical research, we know little about the causes, prevention, and treatment of the numerous mental and neurological disorders that afflict up to 15% of all individuals. In the last decade, great advances have been made in the physiopathology of mental and neurological disorders, leading to at least a partial control of Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, certain psychoses, and anxiety syndromes. Despite the fact that an underlying specific neurotransmitter deficiency has been demonstrated in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, the immune dysfunction and viral hypotheses continue to be attractive for investigators dealing with these degenerative diseases of the aging brain, which afflict 10% of senior citizens. A retrospective epidemiologic study suggests that the encephalitis lethargica and parkinsonism were almost certainly caused by the 1918 influenza virus pandemics. It must be stressed that the etiopathogenesis of many mental disorders is not known, and this ignorance has led to several untenable neurophysiological and biochemical hypotheses. Epidemiologic investigations show a high prevalence of functional psychoses and organic mental disorders. Although many of them are conceptualized as biopsychosocial disorders, recent data indicate that the biological component appears more and more as a major etiologic factor. Among the various biological hypotheses, the viral and im munologic concept has become a significant one. In view of recent discoveries in virology and immunity, it becomes clear that viral and immunologic hypotheses should be inves tigated more systematically concerning the mechanisms of numerous mental and neu rological disorders."

Men born to distinction do not always develop it in their homeland. Sometimes trans plantation taps routes to hidden sources of concern for the embracing of novel con cepts or the clarification of man's behavior, illuminating this understanding in the lan guage of their adopted tongue. Such a one was Joseph Conrad, the Polish sailor whose new vision graced our literature long after his death in 1924. Such a one also is the author this book, who was born in that same year to carryon his country's vigor and resourcefulness in our time. He is numbered among those distinguished emigres whose contributions to our culture and progress emanated from the trials and tribulations of the political upheavals, persecutions, and wars of Europe. Like many others, he has brought sound traditions and learning from his native land to enhance the new and less developed of what was only recently a frontier land. Watersheds in world events impose themselves willy-nilly on our lives. One such time was 1946, when the author of this book left his native land and set out for the West. He spent six months in London learning English and then moved to Ireland, where he trained in medicine and also absorbed novel ways and a new culture, includ ing the writings of Swift and Joyce. This young medical graduate's potential was soon recognized by his teacher in neurology at Belfast, who with foresight predicted great accomplishment."