This book reviews research on single-electron devices and circuits in silicon. These devices provide a means to control electronic charge at the one-electron level and are promising systems for the development of few-electron, nanoscale electronic circuits. The book considers the design, fabrication, and characterization of single-electron transistors, single-electron memories, few-electron transfer devices such as electron pumps and turnstiles, and single-electron logic devices. A review of the many different approaches used for the experimental realisation of these devices is provided and devices developed during the author's own research are used as detailed examples. An introduction to the physics of single-electron charging effects is included.

This research is conducted to find the different facets of gender discrimination at work place. females are discriminated in the employment opportunities and thus EEO laws are negated. Females are also discriminated in the human capital development i.e., in the chances of trainings and assignments.Discrimination does not stop here, females also face the gender biased behavior of not only their bosses but also their colleagues. Moreover gender wage gap is also witnessed through research in both public & private organizations. Finally the impact of gender discrimination is found, which showed that gender discrimination increases the stress level of the employee and thus deceases the satisfaction and commitment level of the employees with the organizations. All these conclusions are drawn using internationally recognized instruments and analyzing data through almost all types of the appropriate statistical techniques. this work will have implications for the employees, managers, owners of the organizations, Government Officials, Policy Makers and NGOs.

GC/MS is a technique used for the identification of pesticide residues in a given sample. The extraction of pesticides from the sample is done by using a solvent. The GC/MS gives the elution, retention time and molecular weight of each pesticide in the residue. The data obtained is then compared with that of a referenced pesticide. In this experiment spinach, guava and orange were used. The samples were divided into two groups: - fruits/vegetables with pesticides and fruits/vegetables without pesticides. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile in a mixture of toluene. The extract was then analyzed in GC/MS. The elution and retention time of pesticides residue was calculated and the molecular weight of each pesticide was determined. The results showed that low molecular weight pesticides were eluted first and then the high molecular weight pesticides were eluted. The molecular weight of each pesticide residue was compared with the reference data and the pesticides were identified and the relative abundance of each pesticide was calculated from GC/MS spectrum.