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Invertase ( -D (fructofuranosidase, EC 3.2.1.26) is one of the
important commercial enzymes used in food industry. It catalyses
the reaction of detachment of the terminal non-reducing
-D-fructofuranoside residue in -D-fructofuranosides. A wide range
of microorganisms produce Invertase and can, thus, utilize sucrose
as the only carbon source and as inducer of such enzyme. Food
processing industry produces an enormous amount of carbohydrate
wastes, which pose increasing disposal costs and environmental
challenges. Beside their pollution and hazardous aspects, these
organic wastes are rich in biodegradable materials, and have
potential to be used as suitable substrates for biotechnological
productions. The present study was planned to produce Invertase
from indigenous wastes including carrot and potato peels, as
substrates for Aspergillus species through solid state fermentation
(SSF). For this purpose, five different species were screened.
Higher activities of Invertase were produced by Aspergillus niger
on carrot peels and A.terreus on potato peels. Hence this study may
helpful to produce, purify and characterize the enzyme by using the
food processing wastes.
Antibiotics are secondary metabolites produced by microorganisms,
extremely important to the health of our society. Cephalosporins
are broad-spectrum antibiotics which are very similar in structure
and action to penicillins but more resistant to - lactamases.
Optimization of media is useful to increase the production of
antibiotics. Induction of mutation is commonly employed to increase
the yield of secondary metabolites like antibiotics. Chemical
mutation is preferred method because of the ease in handling and
avoiding the hazardous effects of radiations. Usually, mutations
are induced in those microorganisms, which are well-known and well
adapted for the production of that particular product. Selected
microbes are cultured and treated with chemicals. The mutants are
then screened for the particular product. There is an evidence of
increasing production of secondary metabolites. The HPLC methods
used in biotechnology are compared with other used for on-line
analysis of -lactams in biotechnology. The data based on HPLC
analysis is much reliable.
Plant cell and tissue culture methods are useful for mutation
induction with radiation as well as chemicals. However, radiation
is the preferred method to make genetic changes because of the ease
in treating large populations, and the problems of handling and
disposing of chemicals. Usually, mutations are induced in
well-known and well-adapted plant varieties grown in a particular
region. Selected and disease-free plants of these varieties are
cultured in vitro, and irradiated with gamma, UV and X-rays. The
irradiated plants, tissues, or cells are then multiplied many
times, in vitro, from which full-grown plants are produced. They
are then grown in soil for selection of the desired types. There is
increasing evidence that for some traits, in-vitro grown cells,
somatic embryos, and miniature-sized plants can be subjected to
selection for disease resistance, tolerance to salinity, heat, cold
and freezing. The in vitro culture of vegetatively propagated crops
in combination with radiation-induced mutation has proven to be an
invaluable method to produce variation and to rapidly multiply the
mutant and parental material in disease- free conditions.
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