Microbial keratitis is a serious ocular infection. It is often difficult to establish a microbial keratitis that is due to fungal infection. Inadequate therapy and delayed diagnosis of fungal keratitis leads to generally poor visual outcomes. The objective of this study is to determine the sensitivity and specificity of PCR to detect fungal pathogen in microbial keratitis. In this study, a PCR method was compared to the conventional method to detect fungal pathogen in microbial keratitis. The PCR was performed with primers pair F1, R2 and F3, R4 from two consecutive regions in the 18S rRNA gene. Positive result for PCR was considered when there was presence of this amplified target sequence in both primer pairs F1, R2 and F3, R4. A statistical diagnostic test revealed that the PCR has a sensitivity of 90.9% and a specificity of 94.7% to detect fungal pathogen in microbial keratitis. PCR is a rapid, sensitive and a useful method to detect fungal pathogen in microbial kerati

Despite growing number of intraocular lens power calculation formulas, there is no evidence that these formulas have good predictive accuracy in pediatric, whose eyes are still undergoing rapid growth and refractive changes. This study is intended to compare the prediction error and the accuracy of predictability of intraocular lens power calculation in pediatric patients at 3 month post cataract surgery with primary implantation of an intraocular lens using SRK II versus Modified Formula (Pediatric IOL Calculator) for pediatric intraocular lens calculation. Modified Formula uses computer software for intraocular lens calculation. In this study, the prediction error and the accuracy of predictability of postoperative refraction in pediatric cataract surgery are comparable between SRK II and Modified Formula. The existence of the Modified Formula (Pediatric IOL Calculator) provides an alternative to the ophthalmologist for intraocular lens calculation in pediatric patients.

Major health problem amongst the elderly are falls. Diabetic is associated with an increased risk of falling and greater risks of disabilities related to mobility and daily tasks among elderly people.The objectives of this study are to assess the prevalence of fall and its associated factors among elderly diabetes type 2 attending outpatient clinics Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia(HUSM).A total of 286 elderly were interviewed using structured questionnaire which consist of baseline data and medical history. A clinical and functional assessment was carried out following the interview. The prevalence of fall and recurrent fallers are 18.9% and 13.6% respectively. Younger age (p