Chemical Dependency and Antisocial Personality Disorder gives you the information and clinical skills necessary to assess and evaluate persons suffering from substance abuse and/or antisocial personality disorders and details how you can develop effective psychotherapy and treatment strategies. From its helpful pages that contain diagnostic criteria and clinical interviewing and assessment guidelines, you learn to accurately diagnose substance use and antisocial personality disorders. The book also provides you with the historical and clinical perspectives of such disorders and their epidemiology and etiology to give you a thorough background and understanding of the subject. Case studies and therapy vignettes are included to provide you with actual clinical examples to illustrate concepts and ideas. You will appreciate the book's in-depth discussions of treatment strategies that can greatly enhance your effectiveness. You'll find this volume is an invaluable research resource for refreshing your approaches for helping persons with substance abuse and antisocial personality disorders.Much of the content of Chemical Dependency and Antisocial Personality Disorder is based on the author's two decades of experience working with patients suffering from substance use and antisocial personality disorders. Some topics addressed include: accurate differential diagnosis resistance the use of structure in treatment therapist-patient relationship dynamics treatment outcome effectiveness, relapse, and recovery. Alcohol/drug counselors, psychiatrists, psychologists, and corrections, probation, and parole officers who want to be more effective in their work with chemically dependent and antisocial clients will find this a practical, helpful, and informative guide. This enlightening book examines many of the most difficult and clinically problematic issues that are associated with the psychotherapy and rehabilitation of chemically dependent and/or antisocial patients. Much of the content of Chemical Dependency and Antisocial Personality Disorder is based on the author's two decades of experience working with patients suffering from substance use and antisocial personality disorders. Some topics addressed include accurate differential diagnosis, resistance, the use of structure in treatment, therapist-patient relationship dynamics, and treatment outcome effectiveness, relapse, and recovery. Alcohol/drug counselors, psychiatrists, psychologists, and corrections, probation, and parole officers who want to be more effective in their work with chemically dependent and antisocial clients will find this a practical, helpful, and informative guide.

Here is a comprehensive review of adolescent substance abuse issues and an expansive, empirically based curriculum for school-based programs to teach adolescents about the dangers of drugs and alcohol. The abuse of alcohol and other drugs among young people is a problem of alarming scope and gravity. Adolescent Substance Abuse explores the multiple forces which impact adolescents and can push them toward drug and alcohol abuse.Adolescent Substance Abuse proposes means by which to effect macro-level change in societal norms and values regarding substance abuse. The authors describes in detail an effective means of teaching adolescents about drugs and alcohol using an empirically based teaching method called Teams-Games-Tournaments (TGT). TGT was developed through extensive research on games used as teaching devices. It uses small groups as classroom work units and capitalizes on peer influence by using peers as teachers and supporters. The book explains an effective curriculum which utilizes the TGT approach and provides a program for parents. The curriculum is unique in that it is anchored in empirical data and delivered via adolescent peer groups. Adolescent Substance Abuse addresses other issues pertinent to the reduction of adolescent substance abuse by exploring subsystems of change, including school and peer group environments, home and family, the media, community movements, and business and industry. The book is a great source of innovative ideas for beginning and expert counselors, social workers, mental health professionals, school psychologists, and others who want to prevent adolescent abuse of drugs and alcohol.

Nicotine is almost universally believed to be the major factor that motivates smoking and impedes cessation. Authorities such as the Surgeon General of the USA and the Royal College of Physicians in the UK have declared that nicotine is as addictive as heroin and cocaine. This book is a critique of the nicotine addiction hypothesis, based on a critical review of the research literature that purports to prove that nicotine is as addictive drug. The review is based on a re-examination of more than 700 articles and books on this subject, including animal and human experimental studies, effects of nicotine replacement therapies', and many other relevant sources. This review concludes that on present evidence, there is every reason to reject the generally accepted theory that nicotine has a major role in cigarette smoking. A critical examination of the criteria for drug addiction demonstrates that none of these criteria is met by nicotine, and that it is much more likely that nicotine in fact limits rather than facilitates smoking.

The Importance of Measuring Alcohol Consumption To date, alcohol studies have attended far more to issues of alco hol dependence and the harmful consequences of drinking than to the level of alcohol consumption itself. This is, perhaps, not surprising since dependence on alcohol is believed to constitute a meaningful and distinct medical syndrome, regardless of the level of alcohol consumption associated with it (Edwards and Gross, 1976). Also, of society is generally more concerned with the adverse consequences drinking (e. g., traffic fatalities, homelessness, health care and legal expenses, and academiclbehavioral problems in young drinkers), than with the quantity of alcohol actually consumed. Nevertheless, accurate assessment of alcohol usage is important in its own right in at least four contexts: 1. Evaluating the effectiveness of alcoholism and alcohol abuse treatment and prevention efforts. Such efforts include both applied evaluations of existing programs and formal, well-controlled efficacy studies on experimental interventions. These investigations require rigorous methodologies to assess outcomes precisely and contrast what may be quite subtle differences between programs and between pre treatment and posttreatment outcomes. Although these studies are usually characterized by the employment of multiple measures of success-including general improvements in social and physical functioning, reduction in degree of dependence, and resolution of problems directly resultant from drinking-it is by their assessment of changes in drinking behavior that they are potentially able to achieve the highest level of objectivity and exactitude."

This text provides a comprehensive overview of psychological approaches to understanding addictions. Without denying the importance of biological factors, emphasis is placed more upon social, psychological and emotional factors as is necessary to a complete understanding of addiction. Within this framework, an addiction is not limited to substance-based behaviours such as drinking alcohol, smoking or drug use. Although these important areas are covered, a wider perspective is taken to include behavioural addictions such as gambling, violence and joy riding. Finally, prevention approaches are discussed with reference to the public health model which encompasses issues relating to the agent, the host and the environment. A list of resources and references is provided for those wishing to obtain further information.;Written in a jargon-free style, "The Psychology of Addiction" is aimed at students at the beginning of their courses. It should also be a valuable resource for professionals: nurses, social workers, police and probation officers and medical students, who often encounter the problems described in the book.

This book provides clinicians and students with insights on the use of psychodynamic therapy to treat drug abuse and addiction, combining theory with clinical case material. The perspectives of analysts such as Abraham, Rado, Zimmel, Tibout, Wurmser, Khanzian, Krystal and McDougall are reviewed alongside original and more recent conceptualizations of drug addiction and recovery based on Kleinian, Winnicottian and Kohutian ideas. The case material deals with clinical phenomena that characterize working with this complex population, such as intense projective identification, countertransference difficulties and relapses. The theoretical analysis covers a range of concepts, such as John Steiner's psychic shelters and Betty Joseph's near-death-addiction, which are yet to be fully explored in the context of addiction. Prevalent topics in the addiction field, such as the reward system, the cycle of change and the 12-step program, are also discussed in relation to psychodynamic theory and practice. Written by an experienced therapist, Psychodynamic Approaches for Treatment of Drug Abuse and Addiction is useful reading for anyone looking to understand how psychodynamic thought is applicable in the treatment of drug abuse and addiction. It may also be of some relevance to those working on treating alcohol use disorders and behavioral addictions.

#1 New York Times bestseller Now a Major Motion Picture Starring Steve Carell * Timothee Chalamet * Maura Tierney * and Amy Ryan "A brilliant, harrowing, heartbreaking, fascinating story, full of beautiful moments and hard-won wisdom. This book will save a lot of lives and heal a lot of hearts." -- Anne Lamott "'When one of us tells the truth, he makes it easier for all of us to open our hearts to our own pain and that of others.' That's ultimately what Beautiful Boy is about: truth and healing." -- Mary Pipher, author of Reviving Ophelia What had happened to my beautiful boy? To our family? What did I do wrong? Those are the wrenching questions that haunted David Sheff's journey through his son Nic's addiction to drugs and tentative steps toward recovery. Before Nic became addicted to crystal meth, he was a charming boy, joyous and funny, a varsity athlete and honor student adored by his two younger siblings. After meth, he was a trembling wraith who lied, stole, and lived on the streets. David Sheff traces the first warning signs: the denial, the three a.m. phone calls--is it Nic? the police? the hospital? His preoccupation with Nic became an addiction in itself. But as a journalist, he instinctively researched every treatment that might save his son. And he refused to give up on Nic. "Filled with compelling anecdotes and important insights . . . An eye-opening memoir." -- Washington Post

Find fresh perspectives on the treatment of addictions and effective methods for helping recovering alcohol and drug abusers in this valuable book Addiction in Human Development provides practical strategies based on theories of human development for working with clients recovering from alcoholism and drug addiction. An understanding of these theories will help therapists and addictions counselors recognize stages of recovery and better select appropriate interventions for every phase of treatment of addicted clients.Addiction in Human Development shows how a developmental perspective is particularly appropriate to the treatment of alcohol and substance abusers and the patterns involved in their addiction. Disruptions in clients'childhood or adolescent development, stemming from their own or a parent 's drug abuse, can influence their present recovery process. This informative book also describes the developmental course of addiction and provides tools designed to interrupt addictive patterns. In addition, stages in the developmental process of recovery are identified to help therapists select appropriate interventions.Some of the topics related to human development and addiction covered in this insightful volume include developmental deficits and developmental arrest in recovering clients, delayed reactions to sexual abuse and other childhood trauma, stages in recovery from alcoholism or drug addiction, developmental issues in the professional 's own life, and multi-problem families with a multigenerational history of substance abuse. Applying these developmental strategies to work with addicted individuals will significantly improve communication and rapport between helping professionals and recovering addicts and lead to more success in alcohol and drug addiction therapy.

First published in 1992. Part I of the book covers phases of treatment for specific phases of recovery by describing key concepts and focusing on three dominant treatment modalities, inpatient, outpatient, and long-term residential therapeutic communities. Part II covers, in substantial depth, psychoanalytic/psychodynamic approaches. art III of the book examines cognitive-behavioral, self-help, and relapse prevention approaches to the treatment of the chemically dependent. Part VI mentions in all phases of treatment and recovery. Part IV of the book provides an overview of contemporary trends in research, while also discussing implications for treatment. n the therapeutic community. Part V attempts to draw the field of chemical dependency toward recognition of the importance of considering distinct population characteristics and how these characteristics may dictate modifications in treatment design. The book is suitable as a text in a course on substance abuse or as a critical reference for anyone doing clinical work or research in the field of chemical dependency.

This book provides a holistic evidence-based perspective on conceptual, clinical, assessment, and treatment aspects of key non-substance-based addictive disorders related to: gambling, gaming, social media, smartphone, internet, love, sex, exercise, work, and shopping. Each chapter focuses on a different addictive disorder and is structured in a user-friendly way to enable the reader fast navigation, yet the main aspects of the respective disorders are covered in the necessary depth. All in all, this book offers a timely, self-contained introduction to both key concepts and the latest scientific developments in behavioral addictions. It addresses mental health practitioners, researchers in psychology, neuroscience and communication, and undergraduate and postgraduate students alike.

Co-dependency has finally become recognized in the late 1980s as a legitimate and a key issue in the chemical dependency field. Most of the literature available on the topic is addressed to the consumer--the co-dependent individual. In Co-dependency, leading therapists share some remarkable insights into the characteristics of the alcoholic home, co-dependents'patterns of responding to the alcoholic, and the particular problems that family members experience as a result of the environment, including fear, shame and guilt, anger, denial, and confusion. Clinical case material is used to illustrate the value of helping co-dependents through education, peer support, outpatient treatment and psychotherapy. Creative solutions for working with lesbian and gay men and children of alcoholics are also featured.

Co-dependency has finally become recognized in the late 1980s as a legitimate and a key issue in the chemical dependency field. Most of the literature available on the topic is addressed to the consumer--the co-dependent individual. In Co-dependency, leading therapists share some remarkable insights into the characteristics of the alcoholic home, co-dependents'patterns of responding to the alcoholic, and the particular problems that family members experience as a result of the environment, including fear, shame and guilt, anger, denial, and confusion. Clinical case material is used to illustrate the value of helping co-dependents through education, peer support, outpatient treatment and psychotherapy. Creative solutions for working with lesbian and gay men and children of alcoholics are also featured.

1. Introduction: The Brain-Immune Axis: Role of Opiates and Other Substances of Abuse, the Hypothalmic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and Behavior.- 2. Detection of ?-Opioid Receptor mRNA in Immature T Cells.- 3. Identification of Opioid Receptors in the Immune System Using a Novel Combination of Selective Opioid Ligands and Indirect Phycoerythrin Immunofluorescence.- 4. Kappa Opioid Receptors on Three Related Thymoma Cell Lines: Differences in Receptor-Effector Coupling.- 5. Delta Opioid Agonists Inhibit Proliferation of Highly Purified Murine CD4+ and CD8+ T-Cells.- 6. Mitogenic Activation of Human T Lymphocytes Induces a High Affinity Morphine Binding Site.- 7. Morphine-Induced Suppression of Thymocyte Proliferation Is Mediated by Inhibition of I1-2 Synthesis.- 8. Active ?-Endorphin Metabolites Generated by T-Cell Ectopeptidases.- 9. The Cellular Basis for Opioid-Induced Immunosuppression.- 10. Endogenous Opioid Peptides Suppress Cytokine-Mediated Upregulation of HIV-1 Expression in the Chronically Infected Promonocyte Clone U1.- 11. Relevance of Opioid Bimodality to Tolerance/Dependence Formation: From Transmitter Release to Second Messenger Formation.- 12. Agonist Induced Constitutive Receptor Activation As a Novel Regulatory Mechanism: ? Receptor Regulation.- 13. Expression of Cannabinoid Receptor mRNA in Murine and Human Leukocytes.- 14. Cannabinoid Stimulation of Arachidonate Metabolism in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Leukocytes.- 15. Marijuana, Receptors and Immunomodulation.- 16. Mouse Strain Differences in in vivo and in vitro Immunosuppressive Effects of Opioids.- 17. The Clastogenicity of Morphine Sulfate in vivo.- 18. Cellular Mechanisms Involved in Morphine-Mediated Suppression of CTL Activity.- 19. Evidence for the Involvement of Macrophage-Derived Nitric Oxide in the Immunomodulatory Effect of Morphine and Aversive Pavlovian Conditioning.- 20. Mechanisms Whereby Macrophage-Derived Nitric Oxide Is Involved in the Immunomodulatory Effects of Morphine.- 21. Effects of Central Administration of Morphine on Immune Status in Lewis and Wistar Rats.- 22. Morphine Alteration of Histamine Release in vivo.- 23. Effect of Chronic Morphine Treatment on Immune Responses to Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin in Swine.- 24. SIV Mutations Detected in Morphine-Treated Macaca mulatta Following SIVmac239 Infection.- 25. Adjuvant Effects on Morphine-Induced Suppression of Immune Responses to MN rgp120/HIV-1 in Mice.- 26. Possible Mechanisms of Immunotoxicity Following in vivo Exposure to the Inhalant, Isobutyl Nitrite.- 27. Role of Immune Processes in Peripheral Opioid Analgesia.- 28. Chronic Treatment with Morphine and Ethanol, but Not Cocaine, Attenuates I1-1? Activation of FOS Expression in the Rat Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus.- 29. Effects of r-Hu-Interferon-?2A in the Brain.- 30. Quantification of Macrophage-Derived Substance P Receptor mRNA Using Competitive Polymerase Chain Reaction.- 31. HIV-1 Heterogeneity and Cytokines: Neuropathogenesis.

Increase your understanding of the link between alcoholism and shame and guilt with this tremendously important book that adds to our understanding of the total recovery process. This practical volume authoritatively defines the often elusive terms of shame and guilt and provides constructive suggestions to therapists for treating alcoholic clients and affected family members who are suffering from excessive quantities of shame and guilt. Shame, Guilt, and Alcoholism thoroughly explains to therapists the significant differences between shame and guilt as displayed by clients'experiences of failure, primary responses and feelings, precipitating events and involvement of self, and origins and central fears. Author Potter-Efron includes creative approaches to the general treatment of shame and guilt, explores the positive functions of shame and guilt, describes the conscious and subconscious defense mechanisms against shame and guilt, and highlights the very crucial family behaviors that initiate and encourage shame and guilt. Shame, Guilt, and Alcoholism adds immeasurably to our understanding of the total recovery process.

This timely book brings together for the first time critical information about the evaluation of employee assistance programs. Although EAPs have existed for over 40 years, the assessment of their value has been fragmented. Contributors to this new volume--blending practical and academic insights--document concerns, address the newer issues and developments in the field of EAPs, and present case examples of actual evaluations. The range and diversity of topics reflect EAPs in transition, their growth patterns, evaluation needs, and evaluation methods. Overall, this important volume emphasizes that successful evaluations depend not only on methodological expertise but a consideration of much broader salient and societal issues.

The failure to deal with social-sexual issues may impair the progress of recovery in a chemically dependent individual and his or her family. The failure to deal with sexual compulsivity in intravenous drug abusers may seriously impair our ability to deal with AIDS. The failure to deal with chemical dependence may render family therapy ineffective in the treatment of sex offenders. Despite the connection between chemical dependency and intimacy dysfunction, the intimacy concerns are rarely recognized in the diagnosis, treatment, and aftercare of the chemically dependent person and his or family. In this pioneering work, experts in the fields of chemical dependence and human sexuality provide professionals with information and skills to deal with intimacy dysfunction issues--offering hope for improving treatment and rehabilitation of chemically dependent individuals and their families. Typical intimacy dysfunctions are explored, as well as treatment methods and strategies that have proven to be effective. A valuable resource guide, this comprehensive volume addresses the key issues in the multidisciplinary approach to the study of chemical dependency and intimacy dysfunction.

Invaluable clinical and treatment information on the most powerful mind-altering drugs in use today. Compiled by two leading professionals from the renowned Haight Ashbury Clinic, the information is based on national and international studies undertaken at the clinic, as well as from 600,000 patient visits, a thorough review of practice and background as reported in the literature, and from their own private practices. An up-to-date reference source, this important guide includes information on the trademark, generic, and popular names of drugs; the use and abuse of drugs; and their acute and chronic effects. An innovative index and cross reference system provide quick, easy access for the physician who must act quickly in an emergency.

This unique volume discusses research, policy, and treatment approaches to one of America s most serious problems--the drunk driver. The authors--many of the countries most dedicated professionals from academic, research, correctional, public health, and judicial system backgrounds--present an extraordinary array of creative and thought-provoking approaches to the drunk driver. Their thorough descriptions will help you better understand the drunk driver, and their exploration of new sentencing and treatment strategies provides a comprehensive look at the options to confronting and solving the problem of alcohol and traffic safety in the United States. Chapters challenge many long-held assumptions about those who drink and drive; address policy issues; examine the need for culturally specific education and training programs for police, court officials, and human service providers; and offer helpful suggestions for designing programs for women and adolescent offenders.

* Provides a comprehensive and timely overview and analysis of the silent epidemic of drug and substance abuse involving elderly Americans * The author team wrote the first clinical pharmacology/therapeutics text in North America for the elderly * No other academic author in North America has more direct clinical experience in the field of drug and substance abuse or has written more related textbooks specifically for health care professionals

Clinical Management of Sex Addiction's newest edition updates many of the original chapters from 28 leaders in the field with new findings and treatment methods in the field of sex addiction. With a growing awareness of sex addiction as a problem, plus the advent of cybersex compulsion, professional clinicians are being confronted with sexual compulsion with little clinical or academic preparation. This is the first book distilling the experience of the leaders in this emerging field. It additionally provides new chapters on emerging areas of interest, including partner counseling, trauma and sexual addiction, and adolescent sex addiction. With a focus on special populations, the book creates a current and coherent reference for the therapist who faces quickly escalating new constellations of addictive sexual behavior. Readable, concise and filled with useful interventions, it is a key text for professionals new to the field and a classic reference for all clinicians who treat sex addiction.

Guidance for addiction counselors in understanding and applying ethical standards

Filled with proven strategies to help you examine your current practice for ethical snags and refresh your ethical thinking, "Ethics for Addiction Professionals" leads you in examining, building, and rebuilding aspects of your ethical practice with the goal of helping you become the strongest clinician possible--ethically speaking.Up-to-date and comprehensive, this practical guide examines real-life examples of ethical issues in clinical practice and illustrates potential pitfalls and the actions needed when faced with dilemmas. Helping addiction counselors learn how to deal with and apply ethical standards, "Ethics for Addiction Professionals" explores the gray area of common dilemmas and provides guidelines on how to determine the best course of action when the best course is unclear.Covers basic principles that affect current ethical concerns and dilemmasIncludes illustrative real-world case studiesFeatures well-defined professional codes of ethicsTreats ethics as a set of guidelines designed to protect the client, the clinician, and the profession as a whole

Community corrections programs are emerging as an effective alternative to incarceration for drug-involved offenders, to reduce recidivism and improve public health and public safety. Since evidence-based practice is gaining recognition as a success factor in both community systems and substance abuse treatment, a merger of the two seems logical and desirable. But integrating evidence-based addiction treatment into community corrections is no small feat-costs, personnel decisions, and effective, appropriate interventions are all critical considerations.

Featuring the first model of implementation strategies linking these fields, "Implementing Evidence-Based Practices in Community Corrections and Addiction Treatment "sets out criteria for identifying practices and programs as evidence. The book's detailed blueprint is based on extensive research into organizational factors (e.g., management buy-in) and external forces (e.g., funding, resources) with the most impact on the adoption of evidence-based practices, and implementation issues ranging from skill building to quality control. With this knowledge, organizations can set realistic, attainable goals and achieve treatment outcomes that reflect the evidence base.

Included in the coverage:
Determining evidence for "what works."Organization change and technology transfer: theory and literature review.The current state of addiction treatment and community corrections.Unique challenges of evidence-based addiction treatment under community supervision.Assessing suitability of evidence-based practice in real-world settings.A conceptual model for implementing evidence-based treatment in community corrections.

"Implementing Evidence-Based Practices in Community Corrections andAddiction Treatment"is a breakthrough volume for graduate- and postgraduate-level researchers in criminology, as well as policymakers and public health researchers. "

This book presents an in-depth qualitative study carried out with inpatients under treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs) in seven therapeutic communities (TCs) located in three countries: Peru, Nicaragua and Czech Republic. By comparing the experiences in these different cultural contexts, the book presents a grounded theory of SUDs treatment in TCs from a cross-cultural perspective, identifying factors that influence the efficacy of SUDs treatment in TCs based on interviews carried out with inpatients. Based on rigorous qualitative research methods, this book presents not only a comparative analysis of TCs located in different cultural contexts, but also analyzes the cross-cultural nature of the therapeutic programs adopted in these communities, such as the combination of traditional Amazonian medicine based on the therapeutic use of ayahuasca with conventional psychotherapy and occupational therapy, among other approaches. Departing from the interviews carried out with inpatients, the authors present a comparative analysis of how the different TCs address important issues related to SUDs treatment, and complement this analysis with machine-generated summaries of relevant scientific papers. These summaries contain results of similar research projects conducted in other cultural contexts. Substance Use Disorders Treatment in Therapeutic Communities: A Cross-Cultural Approach presents the results of a unique comparative study with great translational potential which will be of interest to both researchers and practitioners working in TCs. This unique comparative study identifies factors affecting the efficacy of therapeutic programs and proposes a grounded theory which aims to serve as an important source of information for therapists and other professionals working with SUDs treatment and for the replication of applied therapeutic methods in other TCs.

'Solid, plausible, accurate and loaded with pertinent and highly referenced information regarding clinical and basic research in alcholism among women and ethnic groups...an essential text in the libraries of academicians, teachers, clinicians, researchers, and policy makers. The quality and scope of the work are groundbreaking, and it is convenient to have it all in one source.' -American Journal of Psychiatry Volume 12 highlights the remarkable evolution of alcoholism research during the last few years, focusing on gender in alcohol actions and consequences.

Alcoholism is a pathological behavioural syndrome, characterised by comp- sive alcohol use, craving and relapses, even recurring after many years of abstinence. It is suggested that chronic alcohol abuse leads to persistent changes within several neurochemical pathways in the brain and furthermore that an imprinted drug and addiction memory may scarcely be extinguished. Hence, the question arises as to whether there ought to be a reasonable hope that pharmacological drugs will be developed that interfere with an addiction memory, and as a result, finally lead to a cure? In this book, leading preclinical and clinical experts in the field of alcohol relapse prevention strive to furnish an answer to this question. None of the researchers or clinicians believes in a magic bullet that will be of help to all alcoholic patients in overcoming this disease. However, there is now convi- ing evidence demonstrating that specific subpopulations of alcoholic patients experience satisfactory benefit from currently available treatments. Today we have two medications for relapse prevention on the market - acamprosate and naltrexone. Although, currently, only a minority of alcoholic patients benefit from these medications, the approval of these compounds may be considered a hallmark in the field of psychopharmacology, even comparable to the era when the first antidepressant compounds were introduced. In recent years we have been witnessing an enormous growth in the science and knowledge regarding the field of relapse prevention.