In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has drawn significant attention with respect to its applications in several scientific fields, varying from big data handling to medical diagnosis. A tremendous transformation has taken place with the emerging application of AI. AI can provide a wide range of solutions to address many challenges in civil engineering. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Techniques for Civil Engineering highlights the latest technologies and applications of AI in structural engineering, transportation engineering, geotechnical engineering, and more. It features a collection of innovative research on the methods and implementation of AI and machine learning in multiple facets of civil engineering. Covering topics such as damage inspection, safety risk management, and information modeling, this premier reference source is an essential resource for engineers, government officials, business leaders and executives, construction managers, students and faculty of higher education, librarians, researchers, and academicians.

By specializing in a vertical market, companies can better understand their customers and bring more insight to clients in order to become an integral part of their businesses. This approach requires dedicated tools, which is where artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) will play a major role. By adopting AI software and services, businesses can create predictive strategies, enhance their capabilities, better interact with customers, and streamline their business processes. This edited book explores novel concepts and cutting-edge research and developments towards designing these fully automated advanced digital systems. Fostered by technological advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning, such systems potentially have a wide range of applications in robotics, human computing, sensing and networking. The chapters focus on models and theoretical approaches to guarantee automation in large multi-scale implementations of AI and ML systems; protocol designs to ensure AI systems meet key requirements for future services such as latency; and optimisation algorithms to leverage the trusted distributed and efficient complex architectures. The book is of interest to researchers, scientists, and engineers working in the fields of ICTs, networking, AI, ML, signal processing, HCI, robotics and sensing. It could also be used as supplementary material for courses on AI, machine and deep learning, ICTs, networking signal processing, robotics and sensing.

Most technologies have been harnessed to enable educators to conduct their business remotely. However, the social context of technology as a mediating factor needs to be examined to address the perceptions of barriers to learning due to the lack of social interaction between a teacher and a learner in such a setting. Developing Technology Mediation in Learning Environments is an essential reference source that widens the scene of STEM education with an all-encompassing approach to technology-mediated learning, establishing a context for technology as a mediating factor in education. Featuring research on topics such as distance education, digital storytelling, and mobile learning, this book is ideally designed for teachers, IT consultants, educational software developers, researchers, administrators, and professionals seeking coverage on developing digital skills and professional knowledge using technology.

Due to the growing prevalence of artificial intelligence technologies, schools, museums, and art galleries will need to change traditional ways of working and conventional thought processes to fully embrace their potential. Integrating virtual and augmented reality technologies and wearable devices into these fields can promote higher engagement in an increasingly digital world. Virtual and Augmented Reality in Education, Art, and Museums is an essential research book that explores the strategic role and use of virtual and augmented reality in shaping visitor experiences at art galleries and museums and their ability to enhance education. Highlighting a range of topics such as online learning, digital heritage, and gaming, this book is ideal for museum directors, tour developers, educational software designers, 3D artists, designers, curators, preservationists, conservationists, education coordinators, academicians, researchers, and students.

Many approaches have sprouted from artificial intelligence (AI) and produced major breakthroughs in the computer science and engineering industries. Deep learning is a method that is transforming the world of data and analytics. Optimization of this new approach is still unclear, however, and there's a need for research on the various applications and techniques of deep learning in the field of computing. Deep Learning Techniques and Optimization Strategies in Big Data Analytics is a collection of innovative research on the methods and applications of deep learning strategies in the fields of computer science and information systems. While highlighting topics including data integration, computational modeling, and scheduling systems, this book is ideally designed for engineers, IT specialists, data analysts, data scientists, engineers, researchers, academicians, and students seeking current research on deep learning methods and its application in the digital industry.

This open access book provides a comprehensive overview of the state of the art in research and applications of Foundation Models and is intended for readers familiar with basic Natural Language Processing (NLP) concepts.  Over the recent years, a revolutionary new paradigm has been developed for training models for NLP. These models are first pre-trained on large collections of text documents to acquire general syntactic knowledge and semantic information. Then, they are fine-tuned for specific tasks, which they can often solve with superhuman accuracy. When the models are large enough, they can be instructed by prompts to solve new tasks without any fine-tuning. Moreover, they can be applied to a wide range of different media and problem domains, ranging from image and video processing to robot control learning. Because they provide a blueprint for solving many tasks in artificial intelligence, they have been called Foundation Models.  After a brief introduction to basic NLP models the main pre-trained language models BERT, GPT and sequence-to-sequence transformer are described, as well as the concepts of self-attention and context-sensitive embedding. Then, different approaches to improving these models are discussed, such as expanding the pre-training criteria, increasing the length of input texts, or including extra knowledge. An overview of the best-performing models for about twenty application areas is then presented, e.g., question answering, translation, story generation, dialog systems, generating images from text, etc. For each application area, the strengths and weaknesses of current models are discussed, and an outlook on further developments is given. In addition, links are provided to freely available program code. A concluding chapter summarizes the economic opportunities, mitigation of risks, and potential developments of AI.

Reinforcement learning (RL) is one of the foundational pillars of artificial intelligence and machine learning. An important consideration in any optimization or control problem is the notion of risk, but its incorporation into RL has been a fairly recent development. This monograph surveys research on risk-sensitive RL that uses policy gradient search. The authors survey some of the recent work in this area specifically where policy gradient search is the solution approach. In the first risk-sensitive RL setting, they cover popular risk measures based on variance, conditional value at-risk and chance constraints, and present a template for policy gradient-based risk-sensitive RL algorithms using a Lagrangian formulation. For the setting where risk is incorporated directly into the objective function, they consider an exponential utility formulation, cumulative prospect theory, and coherent risk measures. Written for novices and experts alike the authors have made the text completely self-contained but also organized in a manner that allows expert readers to skip background chapters. This is a complete guide for students and researchers working on this aspect of machine learning.

Infrastructure Computer Vision delves into this field of computer science that works on enabling computers to see, identify, process images and provide appropriate output in the same way that human vision does. However, implementing these advanced information and sensing technologies is difficult for many engineers. This book provides civil engineers with the technical detail of this advanced technology and how to apply it to their individual projects.

Feature Extraction for Image Processing and Computer Vision is an essential guide to the implementation of image processing and computer vision techniques, with tutorial introductions and sample code in MATLAB and Python. Algorithms are presented and fully explained to enable complete understanding of the methods and techniques demonstrated. As one reviewer noted, "The main strength of the proposed book is the link between theory and exemplar code of the algorithms." Essential background theory is carefully explained. This text gives students and researchers in image processing and computer vision a complete introduction to classic and state-of-the art methods in feature extraction together with practical guidance on their implementation.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution revolves around cyber-physical systems and artificial intelligence. Little is certain about this new wave of innovation, which leaves industrialists and educators in the lurch without much guidance on adapting to this new digital landscape. Society must become more agile and place a higher emphasis on lifelong learning to master new technologies in order to stay ahead of the changes and overcome challenges to become more globally competitive. Promoting Inclusive Growth in the Fourth Industrial Revolution is a collection of innovative research that focuses on the role of formal education in preparing students for uncertain futures and for societies that are changing at great speed in terms of their abilities to drive job creation, economic growth, and prosperity for millions in the future. Featuring coverage on a broad range of topics including economics, higher education, and safety and regulation, this book is ideally designed for teachers, managers, entrepreneurs, economists, policymakers, academicians, researchers, students, and professionals in the fields of human resources, organizational design, learning design, information technology, and e-learning.

Handbook of Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention presents important advanced methods and state-of-the art research in medical image computing and computer assisted intervention, providing a comprehensive reference on current technical approaches and solutions, while also offering proven algorithms for a variety of essential medical imaging applications. This book is written primarily for university researchers, graduate students and professional practitioners (assuming an elementary level of linear algebra, probability and statistics, and signal processing) working on medical image computing and computer assisted intervention.

Machine Learning for Subsurface Characterization develops and applies neural networks, random forests, deep learning, unsupervised learning, Bayesian frameworks, and clustering methods for subsurface characterization. Machine learning (ML) focusses on developing computational methods/algorithms that learn to recognize patterns and quantify functional relationships by processing large data sets, also referred to as the "big data." Deep learning (DL) is a subset of machine learning that processes "big data" to construct numerous layers of abstraction to accomplish the learning task. DL methods do not require the manual step of extracting/engineering features; however, it requires us to provide large amounts of data along with high-performance computing to obtain reliable results in a timely manner. This reference helps the engineers, geophysicists, and geoscientists get familiar with data science and analytics terminology relevant to subsurface characterization and demonstrates the use of data-driven methods for outlier detection, geomechanical/electromagnetic characterization, image analysis, fluid saturation estimation, and pore-scale characterization in the subsurface.

Internet of things (IoT) is an emerging research field that is rapidly becoming an important part of our everyday lives including home automation, smart buildings, smart things, and more. This is due to cheap, efficient, and wirelessly-enabled circuit boards that are enabling the functions of remote sensing/actuating, decentralization, autonomy, and other essential functions. Moreover, with the advancements in embedded artificial intelligence, these devices are becoming more self-aware and autonomous, hence making decisions themselves. Current research is devoted to the understanding of how decision support systems are integrated into industrial IoT. Decision Support Systems and Industrial IoT in Smart Grid, Factories, and Cities presents the internet of things and its place during the technological revolution, which is taking place now to bring us a better, sustainable, automated, and safer world. This book also covers the challenges being faced such as relations and implications of IoT with existing communication and networking technologies; applications like practical use-case scenarios from the real world including smart cities, buildings, and grids; and topics such as cyber security, user privacy, data ownership, and information handling related to IoT networks. Additionally, this book focuses on the future applications, trends, and potential benefits of this new discipline. This book is essential for electrical engineers, computer engineers, researchers in IoT, security, and smart cities, along with practitioners, researchers, academicians, and students interested in all aspects of industrial IoT and its applications.

Artificial intelligence serves as a catalyst for transformation in the field of education. This shift in the educational paradigm has a profound impact on the way we live, interact with each other, and define our values. Thus, there is a need for an earnest inquiry into the cultural repercussions of this phenomenon that extends beyond superficial analyses of AI-based applications in education. Cultural and Social Implications of Artificial Intelligence in Education addresses the need for a scholarly exploration of the cultural and social impacts of the rapid expansion of artificial intelligence in the field of education including potential consequences these impacts could have on culture, social relations, and values. The content within this publication covers such topics as ethics, critical thinking, and augmented intelligence and is designed for educators, academicians, administrators, researchers, and professionals.

As technology continues to advance in today's global market, practitioners are targeting systems with significant levels of applicability and variance. Instrumentation is a multidisciplinary subject that provides a wide range of usage in several professional fields, specifically engineering. Instrumentation plays a key role in numerous daily processes and has seen substantial advancement in recent years. It is of utmost importance for engineering professionals to understand the modern developments of instruments and how they affect everyday life. Advancements in Instrumentation and Control in Applied System Applications is a collection of innovative research on the methods and implementations of instrumentation in real-world practices including communication, transportation, and biomedical systems. While highlighting topics including smart sensor design, medical image processing, and atrial fibrillation, this book is ideally designed for researchers, software engineers, technologists, developers, scientists, designers, IT professionals, academicians, and post-graduate students seeking current research on recent developments within instrumentation systems and their applicability in daily life.

Artificial intelligence (AI) describes machines/computers that mimic cognitive functions that humans associate with other human minds, such as learning and problem solving. As businesses have evolved to include more automation of processes, it has become more vital to understand AI and its various applications. Additionally, it is important for workers in the marketing industry to understand how to coincide with and utilize these techniques to enhance and make their work more efficient. The Handbook of Research on Applied AI for International Business and Marketing Applications is a critical scholarly publication that provides comprehensive research on artificial intelligence applications within the context of international business. Highlighting a wide range of topics such as diversification, risk management, and artificial intelligence, this book is ideal for marketers, business professionals, academicians, practitioners, researchers, and students.

There is a significant deficiency among contemporary medicine practices reflected by experts making medical decisions for a large proportion of the population for which no or minimal data exists. Fortunately, our capacity to procure and apply such information is rapidly rising. As medicine becomes more individualized, the implementation of health IT and data interoperability become essential components to delivering quality healthcare. Quality Assurance in the Era of Individualized Medicine is a collection of innovative research on the methods and utilization of digital readouts to fashion an individualized therapy instead of a mass-population-directed strategy. While highlighting topics including assistive technologies, patient management, and clinical practices, this book is ideally designed for health professionals, doctors, nurses, hospital management, medical administrators, IT specialists, data scientists, researchers, academicians, and students.

Advances in Domain Adaptation Theory gives current, state-of-the-art results on transfer learning, with a particular focus placed on domain adaptation from a theoretical point-of-view. The book begins with a brief overview of the most popular concepts used to provide generalization guarantees, including sections on Vapnik-Chervonenkis (VC), Rademacher, PAC-Bayesian, Robustness and Stability based bounds. In addition, the book explains domain adaptation problem and describes the four major families of theoretical results that exist in the literature, including the Divergence based bounds. Next, PAC-Bayesian bounds are discussed, including the original PAC-Bayesian bounds for domain adaptation and their updated version. Additional sections present generalization guarantees based on the robustness and stability properties of the learning algorithm.

Over the last two decades, researchers are looking at imbalanced data learning as a prominent research area. Many critical real-world application areas like finance, health, network, news, online advertisement, social network media, and weather have imbalanced data, which emphasizes the research necessity for real-time implications of precise fraud/defaulter detection, rare disease/reaction prediction, network intrusion detection, fake news detection, fraud advertisement detection, cyber bullying identification, disaster events prediction, and more. Machine learning algorithms are based on the heuristic of equally-distributed balanced data and provide the biased result towards the majority data class, which is not acceptable considering imbalanced data is omnipresent in real-life scenarios and is forcing us to learn from imbalanced data for foolproof application design. Imbalanced data is multifaceted and demands a new perception using the novelty at sampling approach of data preprocessing, an active learning approach, and a cost perceptive approach to resolve data imbalance. The Handbook of Research on Data Preprocessing, Active Learning, and Cost Perceptive Approaches for Resolving Data Imbalance offers new aspects for imbalanced data learning by providing the advancements of the traditional methods, with respect to big data, through case studies and research from experts in academia, engineering, and industry. The chapters provide theoretical frameworks and the latest empirical research findings that help to improve the understanding of the impact of imbalanced data and its resolving techniques based on data preprocessing, active learning, and cost perceptive approaches. This book is ideal for data scientists, data analysts, engineers, practitioners, researchers, academicians, and students looking for more information on imbalanced data characteristics and solutions using varied approaches.

Big data generates around us constantly from daily business, custom use, engineering, and science activities. Sensory data is collected from the internet of things (IoT) and cyber-physical systems (CPS). Merely storing such a massive amount of data is meaningless, as the key point is to identify, locate, and extract valuable knowledge from big data to forecast and support services. Such extracted valuable knowledge is usually referred to as smart data. It is vital to providing suitable decisions in business, science, and engineering applications. Deep Learning Applications for Cyber-Physical Systems provides researchers a platform to present state-of-the-art innovations, research, and designs while implementing methodological and algorithmic solutions to data processing problems and designing and analyzing evolving trends in health informatics and computer-aided diagnosis in deep learning techniques in context with cyber physical systems. Covering topics such as smart medical systems, intrusion detection systems, and predictive analytics, this text is essential for computer scientists, engineers, practitioners, researchers, students, and academicians, especially those interested in the areas of internet of things, machine learning, deep learning, and cyber-physical systems.