Hybrid systems have many applications in automotive, such as engine, brake and stability control, air traffic control and manufacturing plant control. The most effective hybrid control algorithms are based on full state feedback. However, in most cases, only partial information about the internal state of the hybrid plant can be measured. Observability is of fundamental importance to establish the conditions for reconstruction of the state of a system and has been thoroughly investigated in the continuous and discrete domain but not for hybrid systems. Written in a tutorial style, this monograph reviews and places in context how the continuous and the discrete dynamics, as well as their interactions, intervene in the observability property of a quite general class of hybrid systems: linear hybrid systems called H-systems. It provides a tutorial on hybrid systems observability in its various forms to students in control and its application as well as to practitioners in the field.

Automotive Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning is an authoritative guide in the CDX Master Automotive Technician Series that teaches students everything they need to know about mobile HVAC, from basic system design and operation to strategy-based diagnostics. The text combines tried-and-true techniques with information on the latest technology so that students can successfully diagnose and fix any mobile HVAC problems they encounter in the shop. * Outcome focused with clear learning objectives, assessments, and seamless coordination with task sheets * Covers the history and evolution of mobile HVAC systems, as well as emerging technologies * Explains system operation using the "Refrigerant Cycle," which helps students understand the purpose of each component * Structured in modules to build on existing knowledge for a complete understanding of mobile HVAC systems * Prepares students for a career in automotive repair with important safety procedures, proper tool use, explanatory illustrations, charts, and technician tips * Offers instructors an intuitive, methodical course structure and helpful support tools Engaging and accessible, this text equips students with the knowledge and skills they need to become successful, certified mobile HVAC technicians.

A comprehensive review and analysis of the human factors research associated with the implementation of crash warning system interfaces has led to the development of guidelines intended to be used by anyone responsible for the conceptualisation, development, design, testing, or evaluation of in-vehicle crash avoidance systems, especially for forward collision (headway warning), lane change (blind-spot warning), and road departure warnings. This book is intended to highlight issues to be addressed and provide guidance in the development of Collision Warning Systems (CWSs). Information is presented on a variety of topics relevant to the driver-vehicle interface (DVI) of CWS devices.

Book & CD-ROM. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) began in 1975 to evaluate the effectiveness of vehicle safety technologies associated with the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. By June 2014, NHTSA had evaluated the effectiveness of virtually all the life-saving technologies introduced in passenger cars, pickup trucks, SUVs, and vans from about 1960 up through about 2010. A statistical model estimates the number of lives saved from 1960 to 2012 by the combination of these life-saving technologies. Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for 1975 to 2012 documents the actual crash fatalities in vehicles that, especially in recent years, include many safety technologies. This book focuses exclusively on the fatality reduction attributable to vehicle safety technologies introduced since 1956 (when factory-installed lap belts first became optionally available on some cars) and, from 1968 onwards, largely associated with the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and/or related programs such as safety ratings. It develops a vehicular fatality-risk index by calendar year that measures how much safer the average car or LTV on the road has become relative to a car or LTV on the road in 1955.

In 2012 over 1.7 million rear-end crashes occurred on our nation's highways, resulting in more than 1,700 fatalities and 500,000 injured people. Many of these crashes could have been mitigated, or possibly even prevented, had rear-end collision avoidance technologies been in place. However, slow and insufficient action to develop performance standards for these technologies and require them in passenger and commercial vehicles, as well as a lack of incentives for manufacturers, has contributed to the ongoing and unacceptable frequency of rear-end crashes. This book describes the common causes of rear-end crashes, considers some of the latest potential solutions and countermeasures, reiterates and reclassifies previous recommendations, and issues new recommendations aimed at reducing the number and severity of such crashes. The book discusses the Safety Board special investigation which addresses the prevention of rear-end collisions through the use of Intelligent Transportation Systems. It discusses some of the challenges, including implementation, consumer acceptance, public perception, and training, associated with the deployment of vehicle- and infrastructure-based collision warning systems.

Light Vehicle Diesel Engines, published as part of the CDX Master Automotive Technician Series, prepares students with practical, accessible information necessary for ASE A9 certification. Taking a “strategy-based diagnostic” approach, it covers how to maintain, diagnose, and repair light and medium-duty diesel engines, increasingly common in North American, Asian and European vehicles and trucks. • Fully explains contemporary clean diesel technology, from basic combustion principles to engine design and operation to advanced topics in electronic engine controls, injection and emission systems • Detailed coverage of the latest diesel engine technologies, such as exhaust aftertreatment systems, gas sensor technology, recirculation systems, common rail injection systems, and on-board diagnostic systems • Focus on technology used in the newest engine models from Ford, FCA, GM, and Mercedes-Benz • Emphasis on understanding emission systems operation and adhering to industry standards during the service and repair of diesel engines • Forecasts future directions of diesel engines in the context of the VW scandal and new GHG emission standards • Offers instructors an intuitive, methodical course structure and helpful support tools • Outcome focused with clear objectives, assessments, and seamless coordination with tasksheets Ideal for courses in light and medium duty diesel engines, engine management, or fuel systems, Light Vehicle Diesel Engines equips students with the skills to successfully maintain and repair a new generation of diesel engines.

This book, Continuously Variable Transmission Systems - CVT of which there's also a companion DVD by the same title, was a long time in the making. Various transmissions were purchased with the specific task of disassembling then to gather the needed resources (photos, diagrams, etc) to develop this CVT series. The information seen here is found nowhere else. You can purchase a specific CVT service manual, which will guide you during the repair, but won't tell you how a CVT works. Here, you can get the needed procedures and operating information to guide you during repairs in the field. This book and it's companion DVD video forms a unique training resource, which you can use to gain a complete CVT understanding. Who can benefit from this manual? If you're an automotive technician, DIY-mechanic or just interested in learning about this technology as a whole, then this book is for you. Also, if you're simply a consumer that would like to give this technology a try, read on and get an insight on how and why the CVT works and came about. Enjoy... Table of Contents * CVT Transmission Basic Operation * CVT Hydraulic Control * CVT Belt to Pulley Clamping * CVT Transmission Stepper Motor * CVT Computer Control * CVT Speed Sensors * CVT Transmission Fluid Type * CVT Water to Oil Cooler * CVT Hydraulic Oil Pump * CVT Pressure Tests * CVT Pressures * CVT Valve Body * CVT PWM Solenoids * CVT Transmission Reverse Clutch * CVT Transmission Forward Clutch * CVT Tuning and Performance * CVT Paddle Shifting vs. Formula 1 PDK (Doppelkupplung)

DMV-Test.com is happy to present a selection of 250 questions, answers and rationales in printed form. Questions pertain to national driving standards and are not specific to any single US state. Learn where your knowledge strengths and weaknesses are before you show up to the DMV to take your actual exam.

OBD-2 Automotive Code Encyclopedia and Cross-Reference Guide By Mandy Concepcion This guide was written without the sponsoring of any one particular company or organization. No endorsements are made or implied. Any reference to a company or organization is done purely for sake of information. Here, you'll also have access to a series of useful cross-reference automotive sensor values, such as MAP, TPS, FRP or fuel-rail-pressure sensor, etc, which makes for a useful tool during repairs. All codes seen in this guide were backward engineered from the development of our Scan-1 OBD-II Scanner and Diagnostic System. Due to our extensive development with automotive ECMs and the Scan-1 we were able to compile the most complete OBD-2 code list in the industry. Due to the nature of the development of the Scan-1 the definitions here may differ somewhat from other publications. In one word, the Scan-1 being a completescanner and diagnostic tool generated a large amount of information, which we're now able to bring to you in a cost effective way. In this publication, you'll also have access to all the Generic OBD 2 code definitions, as well as the code setting criteria. Keep in mind that although the OBD-2 code definition is the same for all manufacturers; this isn't so for the code setting criteria. An effort has been made to keep the data as simple and straightforward as possible. In certain cases, the manufacturer has specified multiple instances of the same code. When presented with this situation, simply study the multiple instances and apply them to the vehicle at hand.

Since its introduction in 1965, the big-block Chevy engine has been a force to be reckoned with on both the street and track. Over the past four decades, the big-block has undergone a constant evolution toward greater efficiency and durability. It's also picked up more displacement, as General Motors is now offering crate engines up to 572 ci, and aftermarket versions have gone much larger still.

In "How to Build Killer Big-Block Chevy Engines," author Tom Dufur reviews the commonly available factory parts along with many aftermarket offerings, and discusses the advantages of both. Additionally, he includes popular buildup recipes and showcases the dyno results, proving theories and sharing in-depth research. Dufur's decades of experience designing, assembling, tuning, and racing the big-block Chevy engine truly shines through. A wealth of full-color photos, charts, and graphs makes it easy to understand the critical points of these great engines.

In-depth chapters on design, engine preparation, and assembly show you how to develop your own big-block Chevy to its full potential. Whether your big-block is destined for life in a street car, a race car, or even a boat, the wealth of information in this book will ensure it has ample power and longevity once it's all together.

The photos in this edition are black and white. The GM LS-Series engines have made history. These engines produce copious amounts of horsepower and do it very efficiently, and therefore the LS engines have been installed in many GM cars as well as transplanted into hot rods and multitudes of muscle cars. These wildly popular engines have been modified in many ways, and one of the most popular and affordable modifications is stroking an LS engine. By adding more cubic inches, these engines are producing exceptional horsepower and torque.

Author Stephen Kim covers the various models of LS engines, so if you're buying an engine you are able to select the best stroker platform. He also guides you through each crucial step of building a stroker or big-inch LS engine. He starts by discussing the stroker options, the maximum stroke and bore for aluminum as well as iron block engines, and the best cranks, rods, and pistons from various aftermarket suppliers. The budding LS engine builder is then able to select parts or the stroker kit that best fits the particular motor and the budget.

Kim delves into the benefits and drawbacks to stroking the range of LS aluminum and iron block motors. But, he also examines the aftermarket blocks from World, Dart, and GM Performance Parts for stroking. LS engine s are the hottest engine family on the market right now, and for good reason. While there are other LS engine books on the market, this is the only one that specifically addresses increasing displacement as a means of gaining real world usable horsepower.

The fifth edition of Delmar's Automotive Service Excellence (ASE) Test Preparation Manual for the A8 ENGINE PERFORMANCE certification exam contains an abundance of content designed to help you successfully pass your ASE exam. This manual will ensure that you not only understand the task list and therefore the content your actual certification exam will be based upon, but also provides descriptions of the various types of questions on a typical ASE exam, as well as presents valuable test taking strategies enabling you to be fully prepared and confident on test day.

By 1955, the one-size car to fit all-customers era ended, and by 1960, Ford offered compact, mid-size, and full-size cars. While Ford's Mustang and Thunderbird stole the headlines, Ford's full-size models, the Galaxies, Fairlanes, XL/500s, LTD, Crown Victorias, and others, delivered exceptional comfort, performance, and style in a variety of different trim levels and power train packages. For families, the full-size car was the chosen mode of transportation. Many owners remember these cars from their youth, and hold them in high regard. These models populated the roads and garages because Ford offered a full range of cars with the base six-cylinder engines all the way up to the high-performance 429 cubic-inch V-8. Full Size Fords: 1955-1970 is a fascinating retrospective of the cars - the design process, manufacturing, equipment packages, and a thorough listing of options, interior patterns, and paint codes. All models from 1955 to 1970 that brought Ford to dominance in the full-size category are revealed in compelling detail. The introduction of the Galaxie, the development of the Skyliner retractable roof car, the radical redesign of the 1960 models to counter Chevy's new sedan, and much more is covered. Period magazine reviews provide insight and perspective of the driving experience and performance of various full-size models. A fascinating retrospective on Ford Y-Block engines as well as Ford FE engine family and the new for 1970 Lima series engine is also provided. In addition, author David Temple examines Ford's racing exploits, featuring the dual-quad 427 Cammer engine, the Galaxie Grand National race car, and factory and lightweight drag cars. The inside pages of this book are printed in black and white.

One of the most distinctive and interesting eras in hot rodding was the early '60s, when Gasser-class and altered wheelbase machines were changing the definition of what a hot rod was. Eventually, the altered wheelbase machines gave rise to the Funny Car, but before they did, they left a permanent mark on the history of drag racing. In How to Build Altered Wheelbase Cars, renowned writer Steve Magnante first walks readers through the colorful history of the altered wheelbase period and then shows them how to perform these radical modifications themselves. Magnante's fun and colorful style makes for entertaining reading, and the coverage of floorpan mods, chassis alterations, and both front and rear suspension upgrades are covered in great detail on three different chassis types. After reading this book, the basic technical tenets of altering vehicle wheelbase will be understood and the almost mythical legend surrounding such cars will be fully realized. What were once considered race only modifications can now be civilized for street use, and Magnante carefully reviews all of the relevant points for optimal appearance, performance, and safety. The techniques and processes detailed between the covers of How to Build Altered Wheelbase Cars have been proven on Magnante's own personal vehicles, and after his many street miles and drag strip passes, readers can rely on Steve's advice. With plenty of historical images for reference and clear step-by-step how-to photos, you can build your own altered-wheelbase car for fun on the street or the strip.

Years ago, enthusiasts had limited in-car entertainment system options. One could install a high-performance head unit, amp, speakers, and upgrade a few other components, and that was about it. Today, in-car entertainment system options are virtually limitless, and they are one of the most popular automotive upgrades. In fact, upgrading or replacing a stock stereo system is just the tip of the in-car entertainment iceberg. Enthusiasts can install a complete entertainment system, including audio and video, MP3 player (iPod), HD radio, satellite radio, and more. Video monitors for DVD and game systems can be incorporated in the dash, head rest, or anywhere else. When you consider GPS navigation and hands-free Bluetooth cell phone systems, the options are only limited by a person's creativity and budget. How to Design and Install In-Car Entertainment Systems presents the entire spectrum of audio/video, navigation, communication, and entertainment technology, and explains how you can create a complete custom system or an integrated stock/aftermarket system. It explains how to plan, select, integrate, and install popular systems under a specific budget for a certain level of performance. This includes design and installation considerations for amps, head units, GPS navigation, iPod integration with head units, satellite radio, digital audio broadcasting, and even computers (carputers). It features how-to installations, thorough explanations for building subwoofer boxes, fabricating kick panels, electrical upgrades such as charging systems, and a comprehensive resource guide.