Self-defense, as a legal concept, is easy to describe but difficult to apply. Generally, a person who is without fault may use reasonable force or defensive force for the purpose of defending one's own life or the lives of others, including, in certain circumstances, the use of deadly force, provided there is no reasonable alternative to avoid it. When someone begins to parse the words of this description, however, he or she runs immediately into a maze of self-defense laws that appear to be at odds with each other. Bruce Lawlor clears up the confusion by identifying the major issues that surface in most self-defense cases and by describing how the law has dealt with them historically. Its purpose is not to provide legal advice, but to illuminate the path that must be taken to decide whether a claim of self-defense is valid. It examines a variety of issues, including the duty to retreat and stand-your ground laws, what is a deadly threat, when is fear of mortal danger reasonable, and even what happens when a person mistakenly shoots some in self-defense. When Deadly Force Is Involved: A Look at the Legal Side of Stand Your Ground, Duty to Retreat and Other Questions of Self-Defense brings a bit of order to the confusion behind self-defense.

In this book, reputed experts highlight the special features of Canadian intellectual property law. Situated at the crossroads between legal traditions in Europe and the United States, Canada's intellectual property laws blend various elements from these regions and offer innovative approaches. The chapters focus primarily on patents, trademarks, and copyright, covering both historical and contemporary developments. They are designed to bring perspective to and reflect upon what has become in recent years a very rich intellectual property environment. Dealing with the characteristic features of Canadian intellectual property law, this book will be of great interest to scholars and researchers, and undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate students of comparative and international intellectual property law, as well as those concerned with industrial property law and copyright law.

Since the 1st edition of this fundamental work appeared twenty years ago, international civil process law has undergone breathtaking developments. No stone has remained in place. In the Amsterdam Treaty of 1997 the ambitious goal of creating a standardised European legal framework was postulated. After only a few years a standardised regulatory order of legal jurisdiction, international service notification and hearing of evidence, effectiveness range of civil judgments and insolvency law have been created. The expansion of the European Union through the accession of new states has ushered in an extensive system of European civil action law in its field of application. This new issue considers all the modifications and updates the work to the latest conditions. The author looks at all aspects of German international civil procedural law especially the jurisdiction including the problems of the immunity of foreign states, state-owned companies and state-owned banks, international jurisdiction, the execution of the procedures with foreign connections and foreigner participation, the recognition and declaration of execution of foreign civil judgments, international sub judice cases, international arbitration and international legal aid. Specific importance is given to the presentation of European civil action law. The EuGVVO (European Regulation on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement) and other important EU regulations are looked at in detail. The work combines the scientific grasp of the problems with the presentation of the decades of practical experience of the author. A comprehensive index facilitates the use.

What is the future of civil rights? Like a living thing, discrimination evolves, adapting to its time. As discrimination becomes more individualized, as difference becomes more pronounced, we need a civil rights that is attuned to the way identity is performed today. Outsiders is filled with stories that demand attention, stories of people whose search for identity has cast them to the margins. Their stories reveal that we need to refresh our vision of civil rights. Taking its cue from religious discrimination law, Outsiders proposes two major changes to civil rights law. The first is a right to personality. Identity comes from within. The goal of civil rights law should be to take people as they come, to let each of us determine who we are and how we relate to the world around us. The second change is a shift in how the law responds to discrimination. The critical question driving equality law should be whether there is space to accommodate a person's identity. Accommodations are about respecting difference, not erasing it. Accommodations are a way to bring outsiders in. Outsiders seeks to change the way we think about identity, equality, and discrimination. It argues that difference, not sameness, should be the cornerstone of civil rights. Mixing doctrine and theory, art, and personal narrative, Outsiders proposes a civil rights for everyone. Being different is universal. We are all outsiders.

Restitution is the body of law concerned with taking away gains that someone has wrongfully obtained. The operator of a Ponzi scheme takes money from his victims by fraud and then invests it in stocks that rise in value. Or a company pays a shareholder excessive dividends or pays them to the wrong person. Or a man poisons his grandfather and then collects under the grandfather's will. In each of these cases, one party is unjustly enriched at the expense of another. And, in each, the law of restitution provides a way to undo the enrichment and transfer the defendant's gains to a party with better rights to them. Tort law focuses on the harm, or costs, that one party wrongfully imposes on another. Restitution is the mirror image; it corrects gains that one party wrongfully receives at another's expense. It is an important topic for every lawyer and for anyone else interested in how the legal system responds to injustice.
In "Restitution, " Ward Farnsworth presents a guide to this body of law that is compact, lively, and insightful--the first treatment of its kind that the American law of restitution has received. The book explains restitution doctrines, remedies, and defenses with unprecedented clarity and illustrates them with vivid examples. Farnsworth demonstrates that the law of restitution is guided by a manageable and coherent set of principles that have remarkable versatility and power. "Restitution "makes a complex and important area of law accessible, understandable, and interesting to any reader.

This new fourth edition of a well-established book is a timely response to the continuing development of the new rules of civil procedure in force in most of the jurisdictions of the English-speaking Caribbean. The new edition has been substantially revised to cover amendments to, and recent case law interpreting and applying, the Civil Procedure Rules of the various territories. It is essential reading for law students and legal practitioners in the region.

At a time of unprecedented growth in arbitrations between investors and States over energy resources, International Energy Investment Law: The Pursuit of Stability examines and assesses the variety of contract- and treaty-based instruments in commercial and international law that strive to protect the respective interests of investors and States in the international energy industry. It covers most forms of energy, especially oil and gas, and considers issues arising from energy network operation including transit. It pays particular attention to their practical impact through an analysis of their enforcement by arbitration tribunals and bodies, such as ICSID, the ICC and the LCIA. The book also examines growing challenges presented by environmental and human rights concerns to the stability of long-term agreements.
Investors in the international energy industry have long sought to secure guarantees from host States to mitigate the risk of unilateral revision of the deal at a future date. In recent years the traditional method of securing such guarantees has been supplemented by an unprecedented growth of international investment law in the form of BITs, MITs and other treaty-based instruments. Many States have also introduced guarantees into their domestic legislation. This 'multi-tier' regime of stability has fundamentally altered the legal framework for energy investors and host States and offers extensive scope for international arbitration in the event of disputes. It is a system that is currently being tested in a number of high-value commercial disputes as a result of a wave of unilateral State action, most evidently in Latin America and East Europe. The protections for investors are being tested as arbitrators develop new notions of 'legitimate expectations' and give content to 'fair and equitable treatment', while mapping out more precisely the duties which investors have to host States. This book examines critically the interaction between contract and treaty forms of stability in the new multi-tier setting, including two highly detailed regional case studies of Latin America and East Europe. In its concluding section, it looks forward to new challenges arising from climate change, human rights and environmental issues.

Since World War I scholars and practitioners alike have addressed themselves to defining and assessing the "new diplomacy," which the British diplomatist Harold Nicolson has branded the "American method." He distinguishes contemporary practice from earlier forms of diplomacy which, in The Evolution of Diplomatic Method (1954), on the basis of historical orientation, he designates the Greek, Roman, Italian, and French "systems" of diplo macy, in this order. Intensified multilaterial, as differentiated from bilateral, diplomacy - or what Lord Maurice Hankey treats as Diplomacy by Con ference (1946) - has become one of the principal qualities characterizing twentieth century diplomatic usage. "Conference diplomacy," in turn, consists of both ad hoc and regularized components. The latter, sometimes designated "parliamentary diplomacy," is essentially a form of institutionalized conferencing permeating the func tioning of permanent mechanisms called international organizations. Within them member states pursue national and collective interests and espouse national policies, confer and negotiate respecting mutual problems, engage in forensic and often public exposition, and reduce decision making, but usually only ostensibly, to a formalized voting process.

The point of origin for this work is the question: to which extent the a oeuniversal succession by virtue of the transactiona can be made useful for the business transation. The organizational possibilities made possible by the German Reorganization of Companies Act 1994 - and on a legally comparative level, the Swiss Merger Act 2003 and the Austrian Companies Code 2007 - prompted this examination.

Diese Festschrift ist dem bedeutenden Anwalt gewidmet. Der Jubilar hat sich besonders auf den Gebieten des gewerblichen Rechtsschutzes und Urheberrechtes einen Namen gemacht.

This unique collection of largely unpublished papers brings together the founding fathers of law and economics to provide their own views on the origins and intellectual history of the field. Law and economics emerged as a separate field of scholarship during the early 1960s, fueled by two seminal papers, one by Ronald Coase and one by Guido Calabresi. The ideas generated by scholars researching in the field have deeply influenced the major disciplines of economics and the law. These 16 essays (including three by Nobel Laureates in Economic Sciences) provide an impressive blend of differing experiences and varying perspectives, reflecting on the intellectual foundations of the field, its early struggles for recognition, and its remarkable advance during the last four decades of the twentieth century, and into the twenty-first. The essays clearly outline, and contribute new insights into, all of the central issues of this still vibrant research programme. A unifying theme of the book is the central importance attached by each scholar to scientific analysis, rather than to any particular ideology or dogma. This book provides an absorbing intellectual history of law and economics, and will be a fascinating read for academics and researchers with an interest in law and economics, the history of economic thought, public choice and public policy.