The book examines the extent to which Chinese cyber and network security laws and policies act as a constraint on the emergence of Chinese entrepreneurialism and innovation. Specifically, how the contradictions and tensions between data localisation laws (as part of Network Sovereignty policies) affect innovation in artificial intelligence (AI). The book surveys the globalised R&D networks, and how the increasing use of open-source platforms by leading Chinese AI firms during 2017-2020, exacerbated the apparent contradiction between Network Sovereignty and Chinese innovation. The drafting of the Cyber Security Law did not anticipate the changing nature of globalised AI innovation. It is argued that the deliberate deployment of what the book refers to as 'fuzzy logic' in drafting the Cyber Security Law allowed regulators to subsequently interpret key terms regarding data in that Law in a fluid and flexible fashion to benefit Chinese innovation.

This book is the first-ever to explore commercial arbitration in the Ethiopian context. Alternative conflict resolution mechanisms are nothing new to the country: arbitration as a dispute settlement mechanism by which a third party issues a binding decision on a dispute between two or more parties by exercising the jurisdictional mandate conferred on it by the parties themselves was established with the adoption of the Civil Code in 1960. This pioneering book evaluates the extent to which Ethiopia's laws and institutions allow disputing parties to effectively reap the benefits of international commercial arbitration. It interprets the relevant legislation and attempts to bridge the gaps in it, in order to help lawyers, arbitrators, arbitral institutions, academics and judges to understand and apply it. It also helps parties seeking to complete international transactions pertaining to Ethiopia make the right choice regarding conflict resolution.

This book presents a comprehensive assessment of anti-cartel enforcement and investigative procedures in India. It makes a case for enhanced sanctions for cartel conduct in India. Cartels are considered the most pernicious violation of competition law, referred to as "cancer to the free market economy". While competition laws in most jurisdictions prescribe strict sanctions against cartels, Indian Competition Law provides only civil penalties, with an upper ceiling for proven cartel conduct. This volume assesses the effectiveness of anti-cartel enforcement of the Competition Commission of India (CCI). It explores investigative procedures of the CCI through multiple qualitative and quantitative indicators and the extent to which enforcement of anti-cartel laws in India has led to cartel deterrence. Further, it also examines the priorities and processes of the CCI in terms of anti-cartel enforcement, their sanctioning mechanism and their dependency of computation of penalty on varied factors. Featuring detailed case law studies and engaging data, this book will be an essential read for students and researchers of law and legal studies, competition law, corporate law, intellectual property law, and business law.

Fiduciary duties are widely viewed as essential to myriad private relationships, including guardianships, employment relationships, trusts, business organizations, and professional relationships. Recently, legal scholars and courts have devoted increasing attention to the application of fiduciary principles to public officials and public institutions. Some have argued that fiduciary relationships are unified by a common structure, but courts and commentators typically treat each fiduciary relationship as distinct. As a result, fiduciary law is often viewed as fragmented. The Research Handbook on Fiduciary Law shows that fiduciary law can be a distinctive field of study in its own right. This timely work presents important accounts of fiduciary relationships and new ideas on how fiduciary law can be explained. Coverage includes discussion of fiduciary obligations, fiduciary remedies, the role of equity and trusts, and public fiduciary law. A number of comparative perspectives are introduced to highlight similarities and differences between leading jurisdictions. The chapters in this Research Handbook help to show why this subject has drawn so many distinctive points of view, and sheds new light on a multi-faceted and rapidly growing field of study. This Research Handbook will be of interest to readers concerned with both the theory and practice of fiduciary law, as it incorporates significant new insights and developments in the field. It will also act as a starting point of new inquiry for those looking to contribute to the field themselves. Contributors include: S.M. Bainbridge, S.L. Bray, C.M. Bruner, M. Conaglen, E.J. Criddle, D.A. DeMott, E. Fox-Decent, S. Galoob, M. Gelter, A.S. Gold, M. Harding, G. Helleringer, C. Hill, J. Hill, L.P.Q. Johnson, S.H. Kim, A. Laby, E. Leib, A. Licht, B. McDonnell, P. Miller, D.T. Rave, D.G. Smith, A. Tuch, J. Velasco

This book provides updated, full-picture analysis of the laws and practices of cross-border debt finance in the PRC. It is featured by the first-handed experiences of the author's academic research and legal practice in this field over two decades. The author discusses legal and regulatory issues, transaction structures and documentation in relation to two debt finance products: loan and bond, covering the inbound structure (Chinese debtors' raising funds from the international market) and the outbound structure (Chinese creditors' supplying funds to the international market). For cross-border loans, this book thoroughly illustrates the foreign debt regulatory regime in the PRC and approaches the lending by Chinese banks to support exports and overseas investments under the "Belt and Road Initiative" (BRI). For cross-border bonds, it discusses how Chinese issuers, by designing various transaction structures, enter into the international bond market, and then researches the "opening-up" of Chinese bond market to both international issuers (for issuing "Panda Bonds") and investors (for purchasing Chinese bonds). This book is used as an authoritative source for not only students and researchers, but also bankers and legal practitioners, who are interested in the Chinese debt finance market.

This book indicates the shortcomings of the current international legal system and customary international norms that govern international aviation law to comply with contemporary air transport market realities. As the air transport market develops globally, the safety regime of civil aviation should also be governed and applied globally. In this book, the author departs from current international legal norms to examine the emerging legal field of global administrative law. Through that lens, the possibility of reconstructing the set of legal mechanisms that govern domestic and international administrative interaction in the global field of aviation safety is explored. This book demonstrates that a legal system is never complete but always develops in tandem with changing needs, i.e. the participation of the affected parties. Exploring the principles of GAL theory contributes to addressing the contemporary legal issues relating to state compliance with international aviation safety standards that would otherwise not be covered by customary international law. In particular, the principles of GAL theory regarding global governance and the 'public' character of global regulations, the role of individuals and states in global governance, and state sovereignty are considered valuable contributions to contemporary global aviation safety issues in practice. It is asserted in this book that proper checks and balances in global aviation safety can be improved by making these accessible to individuals by way of national courts. Finally, establishing public awareness of global aviation safety standards will eventually create greater pressure on states to implement and enforce them. This book is in an area increasing academic and research interest of practitioners of public international aviation law, global administrative law, global governance, and global aviation safety, global air transport market regulations.

'This book is an excellently constructed piece of legal writing which covers a topic of significant social and economic importance. It is a work of excellent analytical clarity and contains a vast amount of research and considerable detail. . . Academics in corporate law and corporate governance in addition to corporate social responsibility and company law generally will find much to interest them in this publication as will students who study in these areas, particularly postgraduates.' - John Quiggin, Journal of Business Law 'This is legal scholarship of the finest kind, concerned with an issue of supreme political, economic and social importance. Professor Keay takes the debate on the object of the modern public corporation by the scruff of its neck and skilfully navigates between the Scylla and Charybdis of the shareholder/stakeholder debate. This book, characterised by admirable analytical clarity and a huge amount of research, faithfully summarises the debate hitherto, and propels us to the next stage with a powerful argument, which challenges, effectively, both the stakeholder and shareholder theories.' -Harry Rajak, University of Sussex School of Law, UK The Corporate Objective addresses a question that has been subject to much debate: what should be the objective of public corporations? It examines the two dominant theories that address this issue, the shareholder primacy and stakeholder theories, and finds that both have serious shortcomings. The book goes on to develop a new theory, called the Entity Maximisation and Sustainability Model. Under this model, directors are to endeavor to increase the overall long-run market value of the corporation as an entity. At the same time as maximizing wealth, directors have to ensure that the corporation survives and is able to stay afloat and pursue the development of the corporation's position. Andrew Keay seeks to explain and justify the model and discusses how the model is enforced, how investors fit into the model, how directors are to act and how profits are to be allocated. Analyzing in depth the existing theories which seek to explain the corporate objective, this book will appeal to academics in corporate law and corporate governance as well as law, finance, business ethics, organizational behavior, management, economics, accounting and sociology. Postgraduate students in corporate law and corporate governance, directors, and government regulators will also find much to interest them in this study. Contents: Preface 1. Public Companies: Context, Theory and Objectives 2. Shareholder Primacy 3. Stakeholder Theory 4. An Entity Maximisation and Sustainability Model 5. The Enforcement of the Entity Maximisation and Sustainability Model 6. Investors 7. Managerial Discretion and Accountability 8. Allocation of Profits 9. Epilogue

This book gives practical assistance to everyone who needs to understand, negotiate or draft a confidentiality agreement. The book is divided into three parts: a practical explanation of how English law protects confidential information in a commercial context a discussion of commercial practice in relation to confidentiality agreements, including commentary on the provisions of such agreements a selection of precedents for confidentiality agreements (also provided on the accompanying CD). This 3rd edition has been updated and expanded and now includes: a checklist of things to consider before entering into a confidentiality agreement additional precedents for such situations as confidentiality undertakings by visitors to premises and a job applicants, a confidentiality agreement where disclosure is restricted to a particular person only in an organisation, and a confidentiality agreement with prospective licensees of software additional drafting notes throughout additional commentary on when confidentiality obligations are implied (and the extent of the implied obligations) in commercial situations.

This book explores whether global music copyright law and the performers' rights regime (PRR) have been able to improve the economic position of artists, as they were originally intended to. The author investigates whether this regime effectively addresses contemporary issues regarding royalty payments and cover songs in Sri Lankan music, drawing on the empirical findings of a case study she conducted on the Sinhala music industry. She finds that the PRR developed internationally and implemented in Sri Lanka is predicated on a particular view of the role of performers and their relationships with other actors in the music industry; although this view can be found in the USA, UK and India, it does not seem to reflect the established practices and relationships within Sri Lanka's contemporary music industry. While providing a socio-historical and legal analysis of these differing industrial settings and investigating the manner in which they impact the PRR's (in)ability to deliver improved economic security for Sinhala singers, the book also offers policymakers recommendations on how to supplement current national copyright law and the PRR in order to provide a secure economic position for music artists in Sri Lanka.

Examining the law of export credit insurance and export credit guarantees, this book clarifies the legal nature of ECI and ECGs as insurance and guarantees respectively by comparing their legal characteristics regarding contract formation process, terms and conditions, duty of fair presentation, claim handling process and subrogation and recoveries. It further explores why some export credit agencies provide export credit guarantees in addition to export credit insurance, notwithstanding that an ECG is a more client-friendly product and easier than ECI for banks to use. Analysing the legal principles applicable to export credit insurance and export credit guarantees reflected by English case authorities and statutory law, the book is a doctrinal study informed by substantive empirical research. It studies a large number of export credit insurance and export credit guarantee contractual terms, to propose several model clauses and scrutinise the influences of the Insurance Act 2015 on ECI. This book is an important reference for students, academics and practitioners in the field of commercial and insurance law. In particular, it seeks to provide guidelines for all potential parties who wish to arrange an ECI/ECG transaction, including export credit agencies, private credit insurers, brokers, banks, exporters and buyers, to correctly identify and choose the suitable cover.

This book covers technologies that pose new challenges for consumer policy, creative developments that can help protect consumers' economic interests, innovative approaches to addressing perennial consumer concerns, and the challenges entailed by emerging ways of creating and delivering consumer products and services. In addition, it reflects on past successes and failures of consumer law and policy, explores opportunities for moving consumer law in a different direction, and discusses potential threats to consumer welfare, especially in connection with the changing political landscape in many parts of the world. Several chapters examine consumer law in individual countries, while others have an international focus.

The crisis of distribution is one of the longest standing and most complicated issues facing human society. Imbued with social, political, historic, and cultural elements, it varies significantly across different countries as a result of all these factors. As an emerging economy which transferred from a planned to a market economy, China has experienced large distribution gaps since it implemented the Reform and Opening-up Policy in the early 1980s, requiring stronger economic law to mitigate and regulate the crisis of distribution. In this second volume, the author analyses crises of distribution from a theoretical perspective and proposes law and policy solutions. Believing that such crises are a collective result of systematic limitations, the author proposes a theoretical framework of "system-distribution-development" in order to resolve distribution problems and promote economic development. He argues that a crisis of distribution cannot be avoided without coordinated development of economic law and relevant constitutional, civil, and commercial law systems. In addition, it is necessary to differentiate the territories, industries, enterprises, and individuals that constitute such diverse systems. The book should be of keen interest to researchers and students of law, economics, and political science.

The crisis of distribution is one of the longest standing and most complicated issues facing human society. Imbued with social, political, historic, and cultural elements, it varies significantly across different countries as a result of all these factors. As an emerging economy which transferred from a planned to a market economy, China has experienced large distribution gaps since it implemented the Reform and Opening-up Policy in the early 1980s, requiring stronger economic law to mitigate and regulate the crisis of distribution. In this two-volume set, the author analyzes distribution crises from a theoretical perspective and proposes law and policy solutions. In this first volume, he discusses the four main concepts and focus points of the crisis of distribution - distribution itself, the crises it faces, the rule of law, and development. Concentrating on the major distribution problems China faces in particular, the author proposes regulatory methods which can be used to overcome the distribution dilemma, such as tools from policy and economic law, and reiterates the significance of theory building in resolving the issues. The book should be of keen interest to researchers and students of law, economics, and political science.

This book explores various approaches around the world regarding price term control, and particularly discusses the effectiveness of two major paths: ex ante regulatory and ex post judicial intervention. Price control and its limits are issues that affect all liberal market economies, as well as more regulated markets. For the past several years, courts in many different countries have been confronted with the issue of whether, and to what extent, they should intervene regarding price-related terms in standard form contracts - especially in the area of consumer contracts. Open price clauses, flat remunerations, price adjustment clauses, clauses giving the seller/supplier the right to ask for additional payments, bundling or partitioning practices, etc.: a variety of price related terms are used to manipulate customers' choices, often also by exploiting their behavioral biases. The result is an unfavorable contract that is later challenged in court. However, invalidating a given price term in standard forms e.g. of a banking or utilities contract only has an inter partes effect, which means that in thousands if not millions of similar contracts, the same clauses continue to be used. Effective procedural rules are often lacking. Therefore, pricing patterns that serve to hide rather than to reveal the real cost of goods and services require special attention on the part of regulators. The aim of this book is to determine the various approaches in the world regarding price term control, and particularly to discuss the efficiency of both paths, ex ante regulatory and ex post judicial intervention. Thanks to its broad comparative analysis, this book offers a thorough overview of the methods employed in several countries. It gathers twenty-eight contributions from national rapporteurs and one supra-national rapporteur (EU) to the 2018 IACL Congress held in Fukuoka. These are supplemented by a general report presented at the same IACL Congress, which includes a comparative analysis of the national and supranational reports. The national contributors hail from around the globe, including Africa (1), Asia (5), Europe (17), the European Union (1) and the Americas (5).

This fourth edition of Business Law offers comprehensive and accessible coverage of the key aspects of business law. Established legal topics such as the English legal system, Contract, Consumer, Intellectual Property, Company and Employment Law, and emerging areas such as Health, Safety and Environmental Law are all addressed in the context of business. The work has been thoroughly updated to include all the major recent developments in business law, such as the new EU Trade Secrets Directive and case outcomes decided since the publication of the last edition. The book also discusses the impact of Brexit. In addition, the book features extensive diagrams and tables, revision summaries, reading lists, and clear key case boxes for easy reference. This book is ideal reading for undergraduate law and business studies students, while also applicable to practitioners and those with a more general interest in business law.

Law and the Technologies of the Twenty-First Century provides a contextual account of the way in which law functions in a broader regulatory environment across different jurisdictions. It identifies and clearly structures the four key challenges that technology poses to regulatory efforts, distinguishing between technology as a regulatory target and tool, and guiding the reader through an emerging field that is subject to rapid change. By extensive use of examples and extracts from the texts and materials that form and shape the scholarly and public debates over technology regulation, it presents complex material in a stimulating and engaging manner. Co-authored by a leading scholar in the field with a scholar new to the area, it combines comprehensive knowledge of the field with a fresh approach. This is essential reading for students of law and technology, risk regulation, policy studies, and science and technology studies.

Interim remedies and provisional measures are a critical component of civil/commercial litigation and arbitration. The objective of this book is to set out not just the law and practice in relation to the primary interim remedies and preservation measures available in England & Wales and China, but also to provide the comparative analysis between the two jurisdictions concerning these interim measures. The system for interim remedies in England & Wales is well-established, but preservation measures in China are a work in progress and many differences exist between the two legal systems, both in terms of theory and practice. For example, China does not recognise the general concept of interim measures, if looked at from the English law point of view, though it does have similar concepts of Property preservation, evidence preservation and behaviour preservation. China has recently adopted Chinese Civil Code 2020 and in writing this book the authors have incorporated all the relevant elements from the new Code. There is no equivalent of Practice Directions in China, and this book provides provide much needed clarity on this area, drawing together the law and guidance which is presently scattered across numerous local courts in the different provinces. This is an important book that is likely to have a significant impact on existing scholarship regarding interim remedies in England, Wales and China, and be of interest of all parties involved in cross-border litigation. Its readership will include industry professionals, academics, policy-makers and government officials.

The book starts from the premise that the current aviation framework, in Brazil, cannot sustain a full liberalisation in the long run. While the competition rules in place offer a strong framework, which only requires small modifications, these rules are not "enough" to foster a "healthy" liberalisation. In fact, until recently, Brazilian airlines were operating in a homogenous market, where competition was artificial. This artificial competition, obtained through the imposition of a legal obligation to provide water and a snack and grant a 23kg bag allowance, has resulted in a highly concentrated domestic market with very few players. Compared to other same size markets, such as China or India, Brazil is far behind in terms of airlines operating at national level. Consequently, the opening of the domestic market must be closely regulated to avoid national carriers suffocating under external pressure. For this reason, state intervention during the liberalisation process is crucial. State intervention is also with regard to the protection of passengers. The other major problem is the protection framework for passengers which is much too uncertain and burdensome. In a sense, it is detrimental to the domestic market and passengers. Indeed, there is no harmonisation of passenger compensation leading to contradictory judgments and possible high moral damages which hinders legal certainty for airlines. Compared to the situation in the EU, in Brazil, airlines have a limited range of defences, which are often dismissed by courts. This book, therefore, critically analyses the policies and regulations in place by mainly comparing the Brazilian framework to the European one. This choice has been motivated by the fact that European liberalisation is considered the best so far, and as Brazil is starting this process much later, it could benefit from the European experience. This book will be of particular interest to scholars and practitioners interested in the Brazilian system.

This book discusses the international right to water and the liberalization of water services. It is concerned with the harmonization of the right to water with the legal systems under which liberalization of water services has taken or may take place. It assesses paths of harmonization between international human rights law and international economic law in this specific field. The issue of the compatibility between the fulfilment of the right to water and the liberalization of water services has been at the heart of a passionate public debate between opponents and advocates of the privatization of the utility. The book provides an unbiased analysis of different international legal regimes under which the liberalization of water services has occurred or is likely to occur, notably international investment law, international trade law and European Union law, in order to assess whether the main features of the right to water can be guaranteed under each of these systems of law and whether there is space for prospective harmonization. The work will be an invaluable resource for academics, researchers and policy-makers working in the areas of International Human Rights Law, International Economic Law, International Water Law, International Trade Law and EU Law.

This book focuses on recent developments in consumer law, specifically addressing mandatory disclosures and the topical problem of information overload. It provides a comparative analysis based on national reports from countries with common law and civil law traditions in Asia, America and Europe, and presents the reports in the form of chapters that have been drafted on the basis of a questionnaire, and which use the same structure as the questionnaire to allow them to be easily compared. The book starts with an analysis of the basic assumptions underlying the current consumer protection models and examines whether and how consumer models adapt to the new market conditions. The second part addresses the information obligations themselves, first highlighting the differences in the reported countries before narrowing the analysis down to countries with a general pre-contractual information duty, particularly the transparency requirements that often come with such a duty. The next part examines recent developments in the law on food labelling, commercial practices and unfair contract terms in order to identify whether similar traits can be found in European and non-European jurisdictions. The fourth part of the book focuses on specific information obligations in the financial services and e-commerce sectors, discussing the fact that legislators are experimenting with different forms of summary disclosures in these sectors. The final part provides a critical appraisal of the recent developments in consumer information obligations, addressing the question of whether the multiple criticisms from behavioural sciences necessitate abandonment or refinement of current consumer information models in favour of new, more adequate forms of consumer protection, and providing suggestions.

Under the current multilateral trading system, most business entities have turned their attention away from focusing exclusively on their domestic market to the management of international business transactions on the global market. Around the world, this trend has increased the demand for education and training on the principles of international trade and, more practically, the administration of international business transactions.

This book aims to give upper-level undergraduates and graduate students a comprehensive understanding of the administrative and practical aspects of international commerce. It seeks to provide students, as the potential future practitioners of international trade, with the ability to gather and administrate the information needed to decide on and manage complex international business transactions, including in- and outsourcing problems, exports and imports.

This book covers in one handy volume all the major topics associated with ship operations. Carefully, co-ordinated to ensure breadth, relevance and lack of overlap, the topics covered are addressed by authors are the very top of their profession, whether in legal practice or academia, and are presented in a manner which is topical and clear. Part I offers a detailed and critical analysis of issues of contemporary importance concerning new liability regimes and developments. Part 2 discusses how parties, in particular ship operators, attempt in contemporary practice to allocate their risks concerning ship operations. Part 3 evaluates the legal position of those involved in more 'back office' operations. The book provides an invaluable guide to recent legal and practical developments and offers a comprehensive, well-informed and thoroughly practical guide on what is a very complex and developing area of law. It will therefore be of great use to legal practitioners and administrators of ship operations worldwide, as well as students in this area and academics associated with maritime law generally.

Title 13 presents regulations governing the activities of the Small Business Administration and the Department of Commerce in the areas of business credit, finance, and economic development. Additions and revisions to this section of the code are posted annually by January. Publication follows within six months.