The ideal of an inclusive and participatory Internet has been undermined by the rise of misogynistic abuse on social media platforms. However, limited progress has been made at national - and to an extent European - levels in addressing this issue. In England and Wales, the tackling of underlying causes of online abuse has been overlooked because the law focuses on punishment rather than measures to prevent such abuses. Furthermore, online abuse has a significant impact on its victims that is underestimated by policymakers. This volume critically analyses the legal provisions that are currently deployed to tackle forms of online misogyny, and focuses on three aspects; firstly, the phenomenon of social media abuse; secondly, the poor and disparate legal responses to social media abuses; and thirdly, the similar failings of hate crime to tackle problems of online gender-based abuses. This book advances a compelling argument for legal changes to the existing hate crime, and communications legislation.

European broadcasting policy has attracted attention from many disciplines because it has dual nature: cultural and commercial. This book offers a detailed treatment of European broadcasting law, set against an overview of policy in this area. In this respect the authors identify tensions within the EU polity as regards the appropriate level, purpose and mechanism of broadcast regulation. Key influences are problems of competence, the impact of changing technology and the consequences of increasing commercialisation. Furthermore, the focus of the analysis is on the practical implications of the legal framework on viewers, and the authors distinguish both between citizen and consumer and between the passive and active viewer. The underlying question is the extent to which those most in need of protection by regulation, given the purpose of broadcasting, are adequately protected.

This volume tackles a quickly-evolving field of inquiry, mapping the existing discourse as part of a general attempt to place current developments in historical context; at the same time, breaking new ground in taking on novel subjects and pursuing fresh approaches. The term "A.I." is used to refer to a broad range of phenomena, from machine learning and data mining to artificial general intelligence. The recent advent of more sophisticated AI systems, which function with partial or full autonomy and are capable of tasks which require learning and 'intelligence', presents difficult ethical questions, and has drawn concerns from many quarters about individual and societal welfare, democratic decision-making, moral agency, and the prevention of harm. This work ranges from explorations of normative constraints on specific applications of machine learning algorithms today-in everyday medical practice, for instance-to reflections on the (potential) status of AI as a form of consciousness with attendant rights and duties and, more generally still, on the conceptual terms and frameworks necessarily to understand tasks requiring intelligence, whether "human" or "A.I."

This supplemental text on PR law is intended to be used with other mass communication textbooks. It is intended for the mass communication law course, which is a mainstay (although not always required course) in all accredited programs in mass communication, journalism, broadcasting, telecommunications, public relations, mass media, and related curricula.

This cumulative supplement to The Law of Freedom of Information covers all key developments in the subject up to June 2005. It is an essential purchase for all who already own the main work, and maintains its currency. The supplement updates the main work paragraph by paragraph, following the same structure as the main work. It includes full analysis of the guidance issued by the Department for Constitutional Affairs in October 2004 and the current awareness guidance and policy development documents issued by the Information Commissioner. The authors also examine the first decisions of the Commissioner and the decisions of the Ombudsman including her ruling on the disclosure of the advice given by the Attorney General on the legality of the war with Iraq. In addition, the supplement covers recent decisions from the USA, Canada, New Zealand, Australia and Ireland, as well as UK decisions on data protection and confidentiality. The comprehensive, analytical approach of the main work provides the complete reference volume for practitioners advising on the relevant legislation: those working within or advising the myriad public bodies upon which the Freedom of Information Act 2000 imposes new duties regarding the disclosure and handling of information; those advising clients with a personal, professional or commercial interest in obtaining information from those newly obliged to provide it; and those in the business community for whom the Act raises important concerns about the potential accessibility of commercially sensitive information The supplement and the main work are also available as a pack (ISBN 0199288054: GBP180.00).

In this book, Yuko Suda examines the Safe Harbor debate, the passenger name record (PNR) dispute, and the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Transactions (SWIFT) affair to understand the transfer of personal data from the European Union (EU) to the United States. She argues that the Safe Harbor, PNR, and SWIFT agreements were made to mitigate the potentially negative effects that may arise from the beyond-the-border reach of EU data protection rules or US counterterrorism regulation. A close examination of these high-profile cases would reveal how beyond-the-border reach of one jurisdiction's regulation might affect another jurisdiction's policy and what responses the affected jurisdiction possibly makes to manage the effects of such extraterritorial regulation. The Politics of Data Transfer adds another dimension to the study of transatlantic data conflicts by assuming that the cases exemplify not only the politics of data privacy but also the politics of extraterritorial regulation. A welcome and timely collection uncovering the evolution of and prospects for the politics of data privacy in the digitalized and interconnected world.

The integration of robotic systems and artificial intelligence into healthcare settings is accelerating. As these technological developments interact socially with children, the elderly, or the disabled, they may raise concerns besides mere physical safety; concerns that include data protection, inappropriate use of emotions, invasion of privacy, autonomy suppression, decrease in human interaction, and cognitive safety. Given the novelty of these technologies and the uncertainties surrounding the impact of care automation, it is unclear how the law should respond. This book investigates the legal and regulatory implications of the growing use of personal care robots for healthcare purposes. It explores the interplay between various aspects of the law, including safety, data protection, responsibility, transparency, autonomy, and dignity; and it examines different robotic and AI systems, such as social therapy robots, physical assistant robots for rehabilitation, and wheeled passenger carriers. Highlighting specific problems and challenges in regulating complex cyber-physical systems in concrete healthcare applications, it critically assesses the adequacy of current industry standards and emerging regulatory initiatives for robots and AI. After analyzing the potential legal and ethical issues associated with personal care robots, it concludes that the primarily principle-based approach of recent law and robotics studies is too abstract to be as effective as required by the personal care context. Instead, it recommends bridging the gap between general legal principles and their applicability in concrete robotic and AI technologies with a risk-based approach using impact assessments. As the first book to compile both legal and regulatory aspects of personal care robots, this book will be a valuable addition to the literature on robotics, artificial intelligence, human-robot interaction, law, and philosophy of technology.

Media Law for Producers is a comprehensive handbook that explains, in lay terms, the myriad legal issues that the producer will face on a regular basis - contracts, permits, defamation, patents, releases and insurance, libel, royalties and residuals, as well as protecting the finished production. This revised and expanded edition includes such Internet-related topics as Internet music law, online registration, and online privacy. Other new topics covered include:
- Implied and express contracts in the project/idea submission process
- Assignment/transfer of copyright
- Music clip licensing
- Use of other people's trademarks in media production
- Parody as a defense to copyright infringement

Clear explanations examine the how and why of different types of production contracts, and checklists provide a quick means for producers to determine when their productions might be at greatest risk to legal challenges. Media Law for Producers also examines the substantial changes in copyright term resulting from recent copyright legislation.
Legal problems can be very costly to media producers. Lawyers and court fees, coupled with the loss of work time, can lead to bankruptcy. Media Law for Producers cuts through the legalese and illustrates legal issues to help producers recognize the legal questions that can arise during production.
*A useful, practical guide for the active producer
*Completely revised and updated to include a new chapter on Interactive Media
*Contains new sample contracts and forms

Broadcasting in the European Union: The Role of Public Interest in Competition Analysis explores whether and to what extent EC Competition law promotes media pluralism and how broadcasting's public service and commercial interests can be reconciled in Europe, where public and economic competition have traditionally been defined as distinct concepts. It employs a multi-disciplinary approach to identify how the term 'public interest' is used by different actors. Publicists, it is believed, compete on words, not on products or prices. Against the background of increased commercialisation, this book takes a different point of view. It identifies how EC law and the case law of the European Courts balance public interest considerations with economic competition on media markets. It also contrasts various policy options and examines issues from EC merger control to the marketing of sports rights. This book offers the first comprehensive application of competition analysis to European broadcasting.

Wenn heute uber Informationstechnik in der offentlichen Verwaltung" geschr- ben oder geredet wird, geschieht dies meist im Kontext von Electronic Gove- ment," wobei diese Thematik dann auch noch haufig auf die Bereitstellung el- tronischer Burgerservices reduziert wird. Dabei hat die offentliche Verwaltung selbstverstandlich schon lange vor der Verbreitung des Internets massiven Gebrauch von der Informationstechnik - macht - nur blieb die Auseinandersetzung damit lange Zeit einem sehr kleinen Kreis von Praktikern und Wissenschaftlern vorbehalten. Ursachlich dafur war - niger der Wunsch nach Exklusivitat, sondern vor allem der Umstand, dass sich ausserhalb dieses Kreises kaum jemand fur das Thema erwarmen konnte. Im Zuge von E-Government hat sich diese Situation schlagartig geandert. Die Anzahl der Kongresse, Messen, Umfragen, Benchmarkings usw. zum Thema hat in den letzten Jahren zwar spurbar nachgelassen, doch nach wie vor wird E- Government von denen, die sich damit beschaftigen (und das sind heute noch - mer sehr viel mehr Personen als noch vor zehn Jahren), als zentrales Instrument zur Modernisierung des Behordenapparats angesehen. Inzwischen wissen wir aber auch, dass gerade strukturelle Veranderungen vielfach sehr schleppend verlaufen und die IT im offentlichen Sektor noch immer nicht die Durchschlagskraft" - reicht hat, die ihr vielfach zugeschrieben wurde und die angesichts der technischen Moglichkeiten auch ohne weiteres vorstellbar ist. Fur das eher zogerliche Aufgr- fen der mit moderner IT eroffneten Veranderungsoptionen gibt es zahlreiche Grunde, von denen in den nachfolgenden Beitragen immer wieder die Rede sein wird."

Privacy has become a pressing concern for many users of digital platforms who fear legal or social liability for sharing personal details online. Yet for queer women and others, an emphasis on privacy fails to reflect the creativity and struggles of everyday people seeking to represent themselves and form meaningful connections through social media. Personal but Not Private explores how queer women share and maintain their identities through digital technologies despite overlapping technological, social, economic, and political concerns. Focusing on representations of sexual identity through Tinder, Instagram, and Vine, this volume uncovers how queer women are continuously engaging in identity modulation, or the process through which people and platforms adjust or modify personal information, to form relationships, increase their social and economic participation, and counter intersecting forms of oppression. While queer women's representations of sexual identity give rise to publics and counterpublics through intimate and collective self-representation, platform-specific elements like design and governance place limitations on queer women's agency and often make them targets of censorship, harassment, and discrimination. This book also considers how identity modulation can be applied to a range of people negotiating digital contexts and promotes tangible changes to digital platforms and their broader social, economic, and political structures to empower individuals and their personal sharing on social media. Bringing together personal interviews and empirical research, Personal but Not Private offers a new lens for examining digitally mediated identities and highlights how platforms act as complicated sites of transformation.

Journalists have often lost constitutional rights for coverage and commentary during America's wars. Based on analysis of two hundred years of law and history, this study argues that press freedom cannot and should not be suspended during armed conflict. The military and the media must work together because neither has authority over the other.

China's emergence as a great power in the twenty-first century is strongly enabled by cyberspace. Leveraged information technology integrates Chinese firms into the global economy, modernizes infrastructure, and increases internet penetration which helps boost export-led growth. China's pursuit of "informatization " reconstructs industrial sectors and solidifies the transformation of the Chinese People's Liberation Army into a formidable regional power. Even as the government censors content online, China has one of the fastest growing internet populations and most of the technology is created and used by civilians. Western political discourse on cybersecurity is dominated by news of Chinese military development of cyberwarfare capabilities and cyber exploitation against foreign governments, corporations, and non-governmental organizations. Western accounts, however, tell only one side of the story. Chinese leaders are also concerned with cyber insecurity, and Chinese authors frequently note that China is also a victim of foreign cyber--attacks--predominantly from the United States. China and Cybersecurity: Political, Economic, and Strategic Dimensions is a comprehensive analysis of China's cyberspace threats and policies. The contributors--Chinese specialists in cyber dynamics, experts on China, and experts on the use of information technology between China and the West--address cyberspace threats and policies, emphasizing the vantage points of China and the U.S. on cyber exploitation and the possibilities for more positive coordination with the West. The volume's multi-disciplinary, cross-cultural approach does not pretend to offer wholesale resolutions. Contributors take different stances on how problems may be analyzed and reduced, and aim to inform the international audience of how China's political, economic, and security systems shape cyber activities. The compilation provides empirical and evaluative depth on the deepening dependence on shared global information infrastructure and the growing willingness to exploit it for political or economic gain.

This open access book offers a new account on the legal conflict between privacy and trade in the digital sphere. It develops a fundamental rights theory with a new right to continuous protection of personal data and explores the room for the application of this new right in trade law. Replicable legal analysis and practical solutions show the way to deal with cross-border data flows without violating fundamental rights and trade law principles. The interplay of privacy and trade became a topic of worldwide attention in the wake of Edward Snowden's revelations concerning US mass surveillance. Based on claims brought forward by the activist Maximilian Schrems, the ECJ passed down two high-profile rulings restricting EU-US data flows. Personal data is relevant for a wide range of services that are supplied across borders and restrictions on data flows therefore have an impact on the trade with such services. After the two rulings by the ECJ, it is less clear then ever how privacy protection and trade can be brought together on an international scale. Although it was widely understood that the legal dispute over EU-US data flows concerns the broad application of EU data protection law, it has never been fully explored just how far the EU's requirements for the protection of digital rights go and what this means beyond EU-US data flows. This book shows how the international effects of EU data protection law are rooted in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and that the architecture of EU law demands that the Charter as primary EU law takes precedence over international law. The book sets out to solve the problem of how the EU legal data transfer regime must be designed to implement the EU's extraterritorial fundamental rights requirements without violating the principles of the WTO's law on services. It also addresses current developments in international trade law - the conclusion of comprehensive trade agreements - and offers suggestion for the design of data flow clauses that accommodate privacy and trade.

Exploring the evolution of the right to be forgotten, its challenges, and its impact on privacy, reputation, and online expression, this book lays out the current state of the law on the right to be forgotten in Canada and in the international context while addressing the broader theoretical tensions at its core. The essays contemplate questions such as: How does the right to be forgotten fit into existing legal frameworks? How can Canadian courts and policy-makers reconcile rights to privacy and rights to access publicly available information? Should search engines be regulated purely as commercial actors? What is the right's impact on free speech and freedom of the press? Together, these essays address the questions that legal actors and policy-makers must consider as they move forward in shaping this new right through legislation, regulations, and jurisprudence. They address both the difficulties in introducing the right and the long-term effects it could have on the protection of online (and offline) reputation and speech. As the question of implementing the right to be forgotten in Canada has been put forward by the Privacy Commissioner and considered by courts, Canada is in need of academic literature on the matter; a need that, with this book, we intend to fulfill. The questions put forward in this book will thus advance the legal debate in Canada and provide a rich case study for the international legal community.

Islamic State's Online Activity and Responses provides a unique examination of Islamic State's online activity at the peak of its "golden age" between 2014 and 2017 and evaluates some of the principal responses to this phenomenon. Featuring contributions from experts across a range of disciplines, the volume examines a variety of aspects of IS's online activity, including their strategic objectives, the content and nature of their magazines and videos, and their online targeting of females and depiction of children. It also details and analyses responses to IS's online activity - from content moderation and account suspensions to informal counter-messaging and disrupting terrorist financing - and explores the possible impact of technological developments, such as decentralised and peer-to-peer networks, going forward. Platforms discussed include dedicated jihadi forums, major social media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube, and newer services, including Twister. Islamic State's Online Activity and Responses is essential reading for researchers, students, policymakers, and all those interested in the contemporary challenges posed by online terrorist propaganda and radicalisation. The chapters were originally published as a special issue of Studies in Conflict & Terrorism.

Investigating Computer Crime presents practical methods for gathering electronic evidence and dealing with crimes involving computers. Based on material gathered from hundreds of investigators all over the world, it contains an incredible amount of practical, directly applicable information. It follows a step-by-step approach to the investigation, seizure, and evaluation of computer evidence. The material in the book has been used at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center and the Canadian Police College for teaching computer classes in white collar crime and sex crime investigations and by U.S. Army Intelligence in cooperation with NATO in Europe. It has also been used to teach a one-week course in computer crime investigation to agents from the IRS, Secret Service, and state and local agencies.
Computers reach into every aspect of our lives today, and as their use grows, so does the possibility of their abuse. This book is directly applicable and useful to virtually everyone working in all aspects of law enforcement. From attorneys to police investigators, from judges to students of criminology, this book guides you step-by-step through computer crime investigation. Don't be without this powerful tool for fighting this new form of crime.

In Taxes on Knowledge in America, Randall P. Bezanson explores the extent to which the publication and distribution of current public information is effected by economic exactions. The book begins with a brief overview of the English history and experience with knowledge taxes, before turning to a discussion of knowledge taxes in America from colonial times to the present. In addition to covering traditional printed publications, Bezanson looks at recent developments in broadcast and cable telecommunications, devotes a chapter to the history of the postal system, and gleans insight from three benchmark Supreme Court decisions. Bezanson provocatively concludes that knowledge is common property and knowledge taxes should be measured by their impact on the diversity of ideas and availability of information throughout society.

Social media offers a platform for individual self-expression and the sharing of information. However, social media issues are boundless, permeating distinct legal disciplines. The law has struggled to adapt and for good reason: how does the law regulate this medium over the public/private law divide? This book engages with the legal implications of social media from both public and private law perspectives and outlines how the law has endeavoured to adapt the existing tools to social media. The expert contributors explore a range of ideas to investigate the intersection between law and social media and they provide an insight into the challenges the legal community currently face. This collection explores key topics such as public and private law implications, the gap between the lay and legal understandings of social media, the conflict of laws regarding social media and the individual rights associated with social media. This timely study of a complex and ever-changing area of law will be of interest to legal scholars, students and practitioners and will provide a valuable source of reference for those studying or researching media and journalism. Contributors include: R.D. Barnes, E. Garnier, L.E. Gillies, E. Harbinja, E.B. Laidlaw, D. Mac Sithigh, D. Mangan, A. Mills, A.D. Murray, J. Rowbottom, A. Scott, I. Walden, L. Woods, P. Wragg

Dieses Buch gibt einen umfassenden rechtlichen Uberblick uber den Vertrieb von Waren und Dienstleistungen im Internet. Behandelt werden zentrale Bereiche des elektronischen Geschaftsverkehrs. Dazu zahlen beispielsweise das Vertragsrecht, Prozessrecht sowie das Fernabsatzrecht im Internet. Eine Reihe potentieller Rechtsprobleme werden dargestellt, die es zu wissen gilt, wenn man selbst Waren- und Dienstleistungsvertrage uber das Internet abschliesst oder sich anderweitig mit diesem Bereich beschaftigt. Dieses Buch dient als zuverlassiger und verstandlicher Rechtsberater, um sich in dem sehr komplexen Bereich des Vertriebs- und Fernabsatzrechts im Internet orientieren zu konnen. Es richtet sich sowohl an Praktiker aus Wirtschaft, Justiz und Anwaltschaft, als auch an Verbraucherschutzverbande und Wissenschaftler."

Since its emergence, big data has brought us new forms of energy, technology and means of organization which will generate greater values by crossover, integration, openness and sharing of data. Nevertheless, risks caused by open access and the flow of data also bring us enormous challenges to privacy, business secrets and social and national securities. This raises people's awareness on data sharing, privacy protection and social justice, and becomes a significant governance problem in the world. In order to solve these problems, Data Rights Law 1.0 is innovative in that it proposes a new concept of the "data person". It defines "data rights" as the rights derived from the "data person" and "data rights system" as the order based on "data rights". "Data rights law" is the legal normative formed out of the "data rights system". In this way, the book constructs a legal framework of "data rights-data rights system-data rights law". If data is considered as basic rights, on which new order and laws are to be built, it will bring brand new and profound meaning to future human life.

This work offers assistance to those who already have good elementary Italian language skills and wish to expand their vocabulary with expressions used in the Italian media.It is directed towards the academically influenced reader as well as interested laypeople. Based on the style of an Italian daily newspaper, the themes presented cover a broad range of subjects from politics to business, justice, labor and social issues as well as cultural topics, the environment, traffic, and sports.

This book examines the legal and policy aspects of cyber-security. It takes a much needed look at cyber-security from a geopolitical perspective. Through this lens, it seeks to broaden the reader's understanding of the legal and political considerations of individuals, corporations, law enforcement and regulatory bodies and management of the complex relationships between them. In drawing on interviews conducted with experts from a wide range of fields, the book presents the reader with dilemmas and paradigms that confront law makers, corporate leaders, law enforcement, and national leaders. The book is structured in a novel format by employing a series of vignettes which have been created as exercises intended to confront the reader with the dilemmas involved in cyber-security. Through the use of vignettes, the work seeks to highlight the constant threat of cyber-security against various audiences, with the overall aim of facilitating discussion and reaction to actual probable events. In this sense, the book seeks to provide recommendations for best practices in response to the complex and numerous threats related to cyber-security. This book will be of interest to students of cyber-security, terrorism, international law, security studies and IR in general, as well as policy makers, professionals and law-enforcement officials.

Internet Marketplaces explains and analyses the legal questions and challenges posed by the increased use of online auctions and exchanges for business transactions. Rather than focusing on internet businesses as a whole, the author studies the rules related to closed internet marketplaces where commercial dealings are carried out. The book provides a detailed analysis of the new business models that are being employed, their legal structures, and the extent to which further work is still required to fill in the legal infrastructure.

This timely work examines the interplay between intellectual property protection and antitrust rules in the communications industry, with particular focus upon the role of externalities in that interplay. There is substantial discussion of the innovation process and of how companies leverage their intellectual property rights in order to obtain market leadership. Particular emphasis is also placed upon how legal doctrines have developed to cope with these issues, and related economic analysis is also discussed.