Neutrinos continue to be the most mysterious and, arguably, the
most fascinating particles of the Standard Model as their intrinsic
properties such as absolute mass scale and CP properties are
unknown. The open question of the absolute neutrino mass scale will
be addressed with unprecedented accuracy by the Karlsruhe Tritium
Neutrino (KATRIN) experiment, currently under construction. This
thesis focusses on the spectrometer part of KATRIN and background
processes therein. Various background sources such as small Penning
traps, as well as nuclear decays from single radon atoms are fully
characterized here for the first time. Most importantly, however,
it was possible to reduce the background in the spectrometer by
more than five orders of magnitude by eliminating Penning traps and
by developing a completely new background reduction method by
stochastically heating trapped electrons using electron cyclotron
resonance (ECR). The work beautifully demonstrates that the
obstacles and challenges in measuring the absolute mass scale of
neutrinos can be met successfully if novel experimental tools (ECR)
and novel computing methods (KASSIOPEIA) are combined to allow
almost background-free tritium ss-spectroscopy.
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