Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions and New Energy is a summary of selected experimental and theoretical research performed over the last 19 years that gives profound and unambiguous evidence for low energy nuclear reaction (LENR), historically known as cold fusion.
In 1989, the subject was announced with great fanfare, to the chagrin of many people in the science community. However, the significant claim of its discoverers, Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons, excess heat without harmful neutron emissions or strong gamma radiation, involving electrochemical cells using heavy water and palladium, has held strong.
In recent years, LENR, within the field of condensed matter nuclear science, has begun to attract widespread attention and is regarded as a potential alternative and renewable energy source to confront climate change and energy scarcity. The aim of the research is to collect experimental findings for LENR in order to present reasonable explanations and a conclusive theoretical and practical working model.
The goal of the field is directed toward the fabrication of LENR devices with unique commercial potential demonstrating an alternative energy source that does not produce greenhouse gases, long-lived radiation or strong prompt radiation. The idea of LENR has led to endless discussions about the kinetic impossibility of intense nuclear reactions with high coulomb barrier potential. However, recent theoretical work may soon shed light on this mystery.
Understanding this process is one of the most challenging and perhaps important issues in the scientific world. This book includes previously unpublished studies, new and controversial theories to approach LENR with access to new sources and experimental results. The book offers insight into this controversial subject and will help readers re-evaluate their perspective on LENR as a possible alternative energy source.

Edited by internationally recognized authorities in the field, this expanded and updated new edition of the bestselling Handbook, containing many new articles, is aimed at the design and operation of modern particle accelerators. It is intended as a vade mecum for professional engineers and physicists engaged in these subjects. With a collection of more than 2000 equations, 300 illustrations and 500 graphs and tables, here one will find, in addition to common formulae of previous compilations, hard to find, specialized formulae, recipes and material data pooled from the lifetime experience of many of the world's most able practioners of the art and science of accelerators.The seven chapters include both theoretical and practical matters as well as an extensive glossary of accelerator types. Chapters on beam dynamics and electromagnetic and nuclear interactions deal with linear and nonlinear single particle and collective effects including spin motion, beam-environment, beam-beam, beam-electron, beam-ion and intrabeam interactions. The impedance concept and related calculations are dealt with at length as are the instabilities with the various interactions mentioned. A chapter on operational considerations including discussions on the assessment and correction of orbit and optics errors, realtime feedbacks, generation of short photon pulses, bunch compression, tuning of normal and superconducting linacs, energy recovery linacs, free electron lasers, cryogenic vacuum systems, steady state microbuching , cooling, space-charge compensation, brightness of light sources, collider luminosity optimization and collision schemes, machine learning, multiple frequency rf systems, fel seeding. Chapters on mechanical and electrical considerations present material data and important aspects of component design including heat transfer and refrigeration. Hardware systems for particle sources, feedback systems, confinement, including undulators, and acceleration (both normal and superconducting) receive detailed treatment in a sub-systems chapter, beam measurement and apparatus being treated therein as well.A detailed name and subject index is provided together with reliable references to the literature where the most detailed information available on all subjects treated can be found.

Science is at a cross-roads. For several decades, the Standard Model of particle physics has managed to fit vast amounts of particle scattering data remarkably well, but many questions remain. During those decades, some sophisticated theoretical hypotheses such as string theory, quantum gravity, and quantum cosmology have been proposed and studied intensively, in an effort to break the log-jam of the Standard Model. None of those hypotheses have succeeded to date. Of greater concern is the increasing tendency by some practitioners in those fields to downplay the empirical principles of science.In response, this book is a restatement of those principles, covering numerous aspects of observation. A particular focus is on contextuality versus realism, the two fundamentally contrasting ideologies that underpin modern physics.

A P Balachandran has a long and impressive record of research in particle physics and quantum field theory, bringing concepts of geometry, topology and operator algebras to the analysis of physical problems, particularly in particle physics and condensed matter physics. He has also had an influential role within the physics community, not only in terms of a large number of students, research associates and collaborators, but also serving on the editorial boards of important publications, including the International Journal of Modern Physics A.This book consists of articles by students and associates of Balachandran. Most of the articles are scientific in nature, with topics ranging from noncommutative geometry, particle physics phenomenology, to condensed matter physics. Various chapters focus on new perspectives and directions resulting from Balachandran's contributions to physics, as well as some reminiscences of collaborating and working with Balachandran.

Muography is a term recently introduced to embrace different techniques that profit from the penetration capability of the muon component of cosmic rays to investigate the interior of large and otherwise inaccessible structures. Primary cosmic rays — high energy particles originating outside the solar system — interact with the Earth atmosphere and generate muons, particles with the same electric charge as the electron, while their mass is 200 times heavier. At the Earth's surface, cosmic muons represent the most abundant component of cosmic rays, and favourably, they can feature energies sufficiently high to penetrate even thick and dense materials, giving the opportunity of unveiling the internal structure of large volumes.Muography was made possible by the development of detectors in the field of particle physics, allowing the exploitation of this natural source for imaging in a vast variety of fields, characterizing this technique as truly interdisciplinary, and leading to significant advances in several disciplines. This book tries to cover all aspects of this methodology, with the different chapters pointing to the general physics principles, to the technological and image reconstruction challenges and to the principal applications in several fields, such as archaeology and geology but also civil and industrial applications.The volume contributors had omitted unnecessary technical details, while focusing on the main features and methodologies. Hence, the book not only targets scientists working in the field but also non-specialists, who might enjoy the reading as a tutorial.

Fundamental interactions are mediated by bosonic fields, quanta of which are realized as particles. The properties of these fields typically obey certain symmetry rules. In this book we discuss the symmetry between two types of interactions - electromagnetic, which are familiar to anyone who turned on the electric lights, and weak, which govern the nuclear reactions that fuel the Sun. While there is a symmetry between these two types of interactions, it is broken. The unified theory of electroweak interactions was developed over 50 years ago. The Higgs scalar field named after one of the theorists that proposed it, is believed to be responsible for the breaking of the electroweak symmetry. Yet, it is only now after the discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012 by the LHC experiments, that we can study the mechanism of the electroweak symmetry breaking. This book discusses the theoretical developments that led to the construction of this theory, the discovery and the experimental observations that need to come to fully establish the validity of the model.

This review volume is intended to survey the field of quantum fluctuational phenomena induced by material bodies, which is commonly encompassed under the name of Casimir physics. H B G Casimir first discovered that zero-point fluctuations in the electromagnetic field caused an attractive force between closely separated metallic plates. Now - 75 years later - the field is burgeoning, with numerous experimental verifications and applications to practical devices starting to emerge.In this book, new ideas about Casimir physics are brought to bear on such diverse subjects as cosmology, where the Casimir energy may explain the dark energy that causes the cosmic repulsion, and nonstatic regimes, such as Casimir or quantum friction. Unsolved problems, including divergences in Casimir self-energies, the meaning of local energy densities in inhomogeneous backgrounds, and discrepancies between theory and experiment, are treated in some detail. It is hoped that this collection of papers will serve as an introduction to the field for newcomers to the subject, and that it will inspire a new burst of research into the nature of the quantum vacuum.

This book is a tribute to Jack Steinberger (1921-2020) whose contributions play an important role in the development of particle physics. Together with Leon M Lederman and Melvin Schwartz, he was awarded the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of the muon neutrino. The book begins with an introduction by Julia Steinberger and a collection of photographs of Jack Steinberger, followed by the sharing by Jack's former colleagues, students, and friends of their interactions with him on research in physics as well as many personal reminiscences. The second part of the book is a special collection of published works by Jack Steinberger and collaborators and a commentary by W-D Schlatter on Jack Steinberger's early papers, Nobel Prize experiment, CP-violation in kaon decay, CDHS neutrino experiment, and ALEPH e+e- experiment.

The quest for the unification of fundamental interactions has become the most challenging frontier of sciences in the 21st century. This book presents a detailed analysis and systematic investigation of the foundations of the hyperunified field theory (HUFT) in light of the path integral formulation with the least action principle. Alternative to other unification theories, the starting point of HUFT is initiated from a simple notion that the universe is made of the fundamental building block which is always moving and obeys the basic rule. Such a rule is delved into in this book by proposing the maximum locally entangled-qubits motion principle together with the scaling and gauge invariance principle. These two basic guiding principles are demonstrated to lay the foundations of HUFT, which enable enables us to discuss a series of long-standing fundamental questions, such as: why does the fundamental building block of nature appear as an entangled qubit-spinor field? what brings about the fundamental symmetry of nature? how does the inhomogeneous hyperspin gauge symmetry govern all basic forces? what is the nature of gravity and space-time? how can the space-time dimension and qubit-spinor field be categorized? why do we live in a universe with only four-dimensional space-time? why are there more than one family of leptons and quarks? how does the early universe evolve to be inflationary? what is the nature of dark matter and dark energy?Foundations of the Hyperunified Field Theory will be of great interest to graduate and senior undergraduate students, junior and senior researchers in theoretical physics, quantum field theory, particle physics, gravitational theory, cosmology, as well as mathematical physics and general physics.

This book focuses on the basics of particle physics, while covering as many frontier advances as possible.The book introduces readers to the principle of symmetry, properties and classification of particles, the quark model of hadrons and the interactions of particles. Following which, the book offers a step-by-step presentation on the unified theory of electromagnetic and weak interaction, as well as the gauge theory of strong interaction: quantum chromodynamics (QCD).In sequential order of the book's development, readers will study topics on the deep inelastic scattering and parton model, the mixing of electrically neutral particle and anti-particles of neutral K meson, neutral B meson and neutral D meson, the CP non-conservation, the charmonium, the exotic states, the glue-ball and hybrid state, the lattice gauge theory, the neutrino oscillation and CP violation of lepton system. Several new models beyond the standard model, such as the grand unified theory and supersymmetric model, are then discussed. As one of the salient takeaways of this book, readers will also explore the interface between cosmology and particle physics.This book is suitable for senior undergraduates, graduate students, teachers and researchers in the field of particle physics. It is also valuable for experimental and theoretical particle physicists as a foundation for further research.

This book provides a brief exposition of the principles of beam physics and particle accelerators with an emphasis on numerical examples employing readily available computer tools. However, it avoids detailed derivations, instead inviting the reader to use general high-end languages such as Mathcad and Matlab, as well as specialized particle accelerator codes (e.g. MAD, WinAgile, Elegant, and others) to explore the principles presented. This approach allows readers to readily identify relevant design parameters and their scaling. In addition, the computer input files can serve as templates that can be easily adapted to other related situations. The examples and computer exercises comprise basic lenses and deflectors, fringe fields, lattice and beam functions, synchrotron radiation, beam envelope matching, betatron resonances, and transverse and longitudinal emittance and space charge. The last chapter presents examples of two major types of particle accelerators: radio frequency linear accelerators (RF linacs) and storage rings. Lastly, the appendix gives readers a brief description of the computer tools employed and concise instructions for their installation and use in the most popular computer platforms (Windows, Macintosh and Ubuntu Linux). Hyperlinks to websites containing all relevant files are also included. An essential component of the book is its website (actually part of the author's website at the University of Maryland), which contains the files that reproduce results given in the text as well as additional material such as technical notes and movies.

This book is centered on a surprising Tevatron and LHC experimental result, the accurate equality of gauge boson and top quark energy Ew + Ez = Et. The ramifications of this unanticipated result extend down to the lower energies, and lead to two new elementary particle paradigms. The first is the use of energies E rather than masses m for analysing particle excitation patterns, where E =mc2. The second is the recognition that ground-state particle energies are generated in the form of quantized energy packets that are produced in ' -boost' energy excitations, where -1 ~137 is the fine structure constant. Repeated -boosts form a 'reservoir' of energy packets, which merge and reproduce the quantized energies of the various particle and quark ground-state configurations. An -generated energy excitation path extends upward from the electron to the top quark t. The steps in this path, which contain two -boosts, combine coherently to give the energy equation Eelectron x 18/ 2 = Et, which is accurate to 0.3%. A branching energy path reproduces the energy of the bottom quark b to 0.1%.Particle energies and lifetimes are conjugate quantities, and the -quantized particle energies are reflected in -quantized particle mean lifetimes, as revealed by lifetime plots on a logarithmic -spaced grid. The accurate factor-of-137 spacings between the classical electron radius, Compton radius, and Bohr orbit radius suggest introducing both a radial and a mass dependence into , which leads to an equation for the transformation of Coulomb energy into electron non-electromagnetic mass. The electron spin and magnetic moment are reproduced by a Compton-sized relativistically spinning sphere (RSS). The anomalous electron magnetic moment is also accounted for by the RSS, in response to Richard Feynman's 1961 Challenge to provide such an explanation. The mathematics used here is straightforward, and the calculations are guided by fits to the elementary particle RPP energy and lifetime data bases, which are provided here in Appendices A and B.

This book provides a concise introduction to both the special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity. The format is chosen to provide the basis for a single semester course which can take the students all the way from the foundations of special relativity to the core results of general relativity: the Einstein equation and the equations of motion for particles and light in curved spacetime. To facilitate access to the topics of special and general relativity for science and engineering students without prior training in relativity or geometry, the relevant geometric notions are also introduced and developed from the ground up. Students in physics, mathematics or engineering with an interest to learn Einstein's theories of relativity should be able to use this book already in the second semester of their third year. The book could also be used as the basis of a graduate level introduction to relativity for students who did not learn relativity as part of their undergraduate training.

Frank Wilczek is one of the foremost theoretical physicists of the past half-century. He has made several fundamental contributions that shape our understanding of high energy physics, cosmology, condensed matter physics, and statistical physics. In all these fields his many discoveries continue to play a key role in shaping the direction of modern theoretical physics.Among Wilczek's major achievements is the discovery of asymptotic freedom, which predicts and explains the ultraviolet behavior of non-abelian gauge theories. The axion, which he co-discovered and named, has emerged as the prevalent candidate for explaining the origin of dark matter in the Universe. His invention of color-flavor locking explains chiral symmetry breaking in high density quantum chromodynamics. His introduction of fractional statistics and anyons are pivotal to our understanding of the fractional quantum Hall effect and form the building blocks of topological quantum computing. His invention of the time crystal concept has catalyzed extensive investigations of dynamical phases of physical systems.Frank Wilczek received the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of asymptotic freedom. He is also the recipient of several Prizes and honorary awards including the MacArthur Fellowship, the Lorentz Medal of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Lilienfeld Prize of the American Physical Society, the High Energy and Particle Physics Prize of the European Physical Society, and the King Faisal International Prize for Science of the King Faisal Foundation. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society. He is also a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Sweden.He is currently the Herman Feshbach Professor of Physics at MIT Center for Theoretical Physics. He also holds a professorship at Stockholm University, is a Distinguished Professor at Arizona State University, and is the founding director of the Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and Chief Scientist of the Wilczek Quantum Center at Shanghai Jiao Tong University.This volume serves as a tribute to Frank Wilczek's legendary scientific contributions, commemorating his 70th birthday and the first 50 years of his career as a theoretical physicist. The contributors include several of his PhD students, close collaborators, and both past and present colleagues.

The results of renormalized perturbation theory, in QCD and other quantum field theories, are ambiguous at any finite order, due to renormalization-scheme dependence. The perturbative results depend upon extraneous scheme variables, including the renormalization scale, that the exact result cannot depend on. Such 'non-invariant approximations' occur in many other areas of physics, too. The sensible strategy is to find where the approximant is stationary under small variations of the extraneous variables. This general principle is explained and illustrated with various examples. Also dimensional transmutation, RG equations, the essence of renormalization and the origin of its ambiguities are explained in simple terms, assuming little or no background in quantum field theory. The minimal-sensitivity approach leads to 'optimized perturbation theory,' which is developed in detail. Applications to Re+e-, the infrared limit, and to the optimization of factorized quantities, are also discussed thoroughly.

Accelerators as research and industrial tools are increasingly becoming a key driver of the advances of a modern society. As accelerators and its science evolved to meet the ever-increasing needs of society, the field of accelerator physics has evolved and deepened over the past few decades, and many of its branches developed into special topics of research by their own rights. It is appropriate at this time to start accumulating this hard-earned expertise by the accelerator physics community. With this view, a selection of these special topics is presented in this volume, Special Topics in Accelerator Physics. Although not exhaustive, they are chosen to present accelerator physics as a diversified and exciting field and written based on the practicing and teaching experiences of the author accumulated over the past decades. The book is presented as an advanced textbook. The material on each topic has been intended to be self-contained. The reader is assumed to have a basic knowledge of accelerator physics to put the material in some context.

Skyrmions - A Theory of Nuclei surveys 60 years of research into the brilliant and imaginative idea of Tony Skyrme that atomic nuclei can be modelled as Skyrmions, topologically stable states in an effective quantum field theory of pions. Skyrme theory emerges as a low-energy approximation to the more fundamental theory of quarks and gluons - quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Skyrmions give spatial structure to the protons and neutrons inside nuclei, and capture the interactions of these basic particles, allowing them to partially merge. Skyrme theory also gives a topological explanation for the conservation of baryon number, a fundamental principle of physics.The book summarises the particle and field theory background, then presents Skyrme field theory together with the mathematics needed to understand it. Many beautiful and surprisingly symmetric Skyrmions are described and illustrated in colour. Quantized Skyrmion motion models the momentum, energy and spin of nuclei, and also their isospin, the quantum number distinguishing protons and neutrons. Skyrmion vibrations also need to be quantized, and the book reviews how the complicated energy spectra of several nuclei, including Carbon-12 and Oxygen-16, are accurately modelled by rotational/vibrational states of Skyrmions. A later chapter explores variants of Skyrme theory, incorporating mesons heavier than pions, and extending the basic theory to include particles like kaons that contain strange quarks. The final chapter introduces the Sakai-Sugimoto model, which relates Skyrmions to gauge theory instantons in a higher-dimensional framework inspired by string theory.

The growing number of scientific and technological applications of plasma physics in the field of Aerospace Engineering requires that graduate students and professionals understand their principles. This introductory book is the expanded version of class notes of lectures I taught for several years to students of Aerospace Engineering and Physics. It is intended as a reading guide, addressed to students and non-specialists to tackle later with more advanced texts. To make the subject more accessible the book does not follow the usual organization of standard textbooks in this field and is divided in two parts. The first introduces the basic kinetic theory (molecular collisions, mean free path, etc.) of neutral gases in equilibrium in connection to the undergraduate physics courses. The basic properties of ionized gases and plasmas (Debye length, plasma frequencies, etc.) are addressed in relation to their equilibrium states and the collisional processes at the microscopic level. The physical description of short and long-range (Coulomb) collisions and the more relevant collisions (elementary processes) between electrons' ions and neutral atoms or molecules are discussed. The second part introduces the physical description of plasmas as a statistical system of interacting particles introducing advanced concepts of kinetic theory, (non-equilibrium distribution functions, Boltzmann collision operator, etc). The fluid transport equations for plasmas of electron ions and neutral atoms and the hydrodynamic models of interest in space science and plasma technology are derived. The plasma production in the laboratory in the context of the physics of electric breakdown is also discussed. Finally, among the myriad of aerospace applications of plasma physics, the low pressure microwave electron multipactor breakdown and plasma thrusters for space propulsion are presented in two separate chapters.

In addition to expanding and clarifying a number of sections of the first edition, it generalizes the analysis that eliminates the noncausal pre-acceleration so that it applies to removing any pre-deceleration as well. It also introduces a robust power series solution to the equation of motion that produces an extremely accurate solution to problems such as the motion of electrons in uniform magnetic fields.

Problems with the conceptual foundations of quantum mechanics date back to attempts by Max Born, Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, as well as many others in the 1920s to continue to employ the classical concept of a particle in the context of the quantum world. The experimental observations at the time and the assumption that the classical concept of a particle was to be preserved have led to an enormous literature on the foundations of quantum mechanics and a great deal of confusion then and now among non-physicists and students in any field that involves quantum theory. It is the historical approach to the teaching of quantum mechanics that is at the root of the problem.Spacetime is the arena within which quantum mechanical phenomena take place. For this reason, several Appendices are devoted to the nature of spacetime as well as to topics that can help us understand it such as vacuum fluctuations, the Unruh effect and Hawking radiation.Because of the success of quantum mechanical calculations, those who wish to understand the foundations of the theory are often given the apocryphal advice, 'just ignore the issue and calculate'. It is hoped that this book will help dispel some of the dismay, frustration, and confusion among those who refuse to take to heart this admonition.

This hands-on textbook introduces physics and nuclear engineering students to the experimental and theoretical aspects of fission physics for research and applications through worked examples and problem sets. The study of nuclear fission is currently undergoing a renaissance. Recent advances in the field create the opportunity to develop more reliable models of fission predictability and to supply measurements and data to critical applications including nuclear energy, national security and counter-proliferation, and medical isotope production. An Introduction to Nuclear Fission provides foundational knowledge for the next generation of researchers to contribute to nuclear fission physics.

The first version of quantum theory, developed in the mid 1920's, is what is called nonrelativistic quantum theory; it is based on a form of relativity which, in a previous volume, was called Newton relativity. But quickly after this first development, it was realized that, in order to account for high energy phenomena such as particle creation, it was necessary to develop a quantum theory based on Einstein relativity. This in turn led to the development of relativistic quantum field theory, which is an intrinsically many-body theory. But this is not the only possibility for a relativistic quantum theory. In this book we take the point of view of a particle theory, based on the irreducible representations of the Poincare group, the group that expresses the symmetry of Einstein relativity. There are several ways of formulating such a theory; we develop what is called relativistic point form quantum mechanics, which, unlike quantum field theory, deals with a fixed number of particles in a relativistically invariant way. A central issue in any relativistic quantum theory is how to introduce interactions without spoiling relativistic invariance. We show that interactions can be incorporated in a mass operator, in such a way that relativistic invariance is maintained. Surprisingly for a relativistic theory, such a construction allows for instantaneous interactions; in addition, dynamical particle exchange and particle production can be included in a multichannel formulation of the mass operator. For systems of more than two particles, however, straightforward application of such a construction leads to the undesirable property that clusters of widely separated particles continue to interact with one another, even if the interactions between the individual particles are of short range. A significant part of this volume deals with the solution of this problem. Since relativistic quantum mechanics is not as well-known as relativistic quantum field theory, a chapter is devoted to applications of point form quantum mechanics to nuclear physics; in particular we show how constituent quark models can be used to derive electromagnetic and other properties of hadrons.

This textbook is a unique and ambitious primer of nuclear physics, which introduces recent theoretical and experimental progresses starting from basics in fundamental quantum mechanics. The highlight is to offer an overview of nuclear structure phenomena relevant to recent key findings such as unstable halo nuclei, superheavy elements, neutron stars, nucleosynthesis, the standard model, lattice quantum chromodynamics (LQCD), and chiral effective theory. An additional attraction is that general properties of nuclei are comprehensively explained from both the theoretical and experimental viewpoints. The book begins with the conceptual and mathematical basics of quantum mechanics, and goes into the main point of nuclear physics - nuclear structure, radioactive ion beam physics, and nuclear reactions. The last chapters devote interdisciplinary topics in association with astrophysics and particle physics. A number of illustrations and exercises with complete solutions are given. Each chapter is comprehensively written starting from fundamentals to gradually reach modern aspects of nuclear physics with the objective to provide an effective description of the cutting edge in the field.

The volume of these proceedings is devoted to a wide variety of items, both in theory and experiment, of particle physics such as electroweak theory, fundamental symmetries, tests of standard model and beyond, neutrino and astroparticle physics, hadron physics, gravitation and cosmology, physics at the present and future accelerators.