This book contains the proceedings of the Gregory Breit Centennial Symposium. The legacy of Breit to atomic, nuclear and particle physics is discussed vis-a-vis modern developments in these fields. Among other subjects, the present status of the Breit interaction in atomic physics and of the nucleon-nucleon interaction are reviewed. The second part of the book contains a more in-depth presentation of the status of modern nuclear physics, from relativistic heavy ion physics to nuclear structure physics and nuclear astrophysics. The recently confirmed discovery of supersymmetry in nuclei is also discussed.

UNDER THE SPELL OF THE GAUGE PRINCIPLE - by G 't HooftThe University of Bologna and its Academy of Sciences, in collaboration with the Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics and the Italian Physical Society, celebrated in 1998 the bicentenary of a great pioneer in the field of electric phenomena - Luigi Galvani, the father of macroelectricity. During these two centuries, the physics of electric phenomena has given rise first to the Maxwell equations, then to quantum electrodynamics, and finally to the synthesis of all reproducible phenomena, the "Standard Model". A cornerstone of the Standard Model is quantum chromodynamics (QCD), which describes the interaction between quarks and gluons in the innermost part of the structure of matter.The discovery of QCD will be recalled in the future as one of the greatest achievements of mankind. Many physicists, the world over, have contributed to its creation on both the experimental and the theoretical front. Professor Antonino Zichichi has played an important role in this scientific venture, as documented by his works which are reproduced in this invaluable volume.One of the founders of European physics, Professor Victor F Weisskopf, contributes with his memories of the time when QCD had many problems. This volume owes its existence to a founding father of QCD, Professor Vladimir N Gribov, whose sudden demise prevented him from directly contributing to its final edition. Two world leaders in subnuclear theoretical physics, Professors Gerardus 't Hooft and Gabriele Veneziano, illustrate the significance of the contributions of Antonino Zichichi in QCD.

This book collects extended and specialized reviews on topics linking astrophysics and particle physics at a level intermediate between a graduate student and a young researcher. The book includes also three reviews on observational techniques used in forefront astrophysics and short articles on research performed in Latin America. The reviews, updated and written by specialized researchers, describe the state of the art in the related research topics. This book is a valuable complement not only for research but also for lecturers in specialized course of high energy astrophysics, cosmic ray astrophysics and particle physics."

Back in1954,a paper[2] by Bondi and Gold was to pick upona much olderqu- tion and raise anew one that would trigger another longdebate. The old question hadbeenaroundsince the beginning of the twentiethcentury, whenBorn?rstraised it[1] and others followed suit. This was the question of whethera uniformly acc- erated charge (in?at spacetime) would radiateelectromagnetic energy. The new question arose from the claim by Bondi and Gold that (inthe contextof general relativity now)a static charge ina static gravitational ?eld cannot radiateenergy. If this were the case,thenaparticular version of the equivalence principle would thereby be contradicted. This book reviews the problem discovered by Bondi and Gold and discusses the ensuingdebate ascarried on by Fulton and Rohrlich [3], DeWitt and Brehme [4], Mould [5], Boulware [6], andParrott [7].Various solutionshave been proposed by the above (and otherswhoare not discussed here). One of the aims here will be to putforward arather different solution to Bondi and Gold's radiation problem. So eventhough the paperscited are discussed to a large extent in chronological order, the reason for writing this is not justto produce an historical reference. Andeven though the version of general relativity applied hereis entirely consensual, every one of these papersis criticised on at leastoneimportant count, soI suspectthat the resultas a whole should not be described asconsensual.

The main theme of this book is semiclassical methods for systems with spin, in particular methods involving trace formulae and torus quantisation and their applications in the theory of quantum chaos, e.g. the characterisation of spectral correlations. The theoretical tools developed here not only have immediate applications in the theory of quantum chaos - which is the second focus of the book - but also in atomic and mesoscopic physics. Thus the intuitive understanding of semiclassical spin dynamics will also be helpful in emerging subjects like spintronics and quantum computation.

Interesting and new specific results of current theoretical and experimental work in various fields at the frontier of particle scattering and X-ray diffraction are reviewed in this volume. Special emphasis is placed on the study of the microstructure of solids, crystals and liquids, both classically and quantum mechanically. This gives the reader essential insights into the dynamics and properties of these states of matter. The authors address students interested in the physics of quantum solids, crystallography and material science as well as physical chemistry and computational physics.

Highly charged ions are the most chemically reactive species known to mankind. This reactivity is due to the extremely large potential energy they posses. This textbook deals with the wide range of interactions which occur when such ions interact with other forms of matter, especially solid surfaces and gasses. Particular emphasis is placed on situations where the kinetic energy associated with the interactions is small so that the effects of the high potential energy are most apparent. Experimental and theoretical techniques of investigation are covered in addition to the findings they produce.
The treatment aims to be instructive to the beginner while leading on to a level where the newest findings are reviewed. As such the text is suitable for final year undergraduates, postgraduates or experienced researchers.

Scattering of light by light is a fundamental process arising at the quantum level through vacuum fluctuations. This short book will explain how, remarkably enough, this quantum process can entirely be described in terms classical quantities. This description is derived from general principles, such as causality, unitarity, Lorentz, and gauge symmetries. The reader will be introduced into a rigorous formulation of these fundamental concepts, as well as their physical interpretation and applications.

This book provides a coherent and comprehensive overview of the generation and application of mono-energetic positron beams. It has been written by acknowledged experts, at a level accessible to graduate students working, or planning to work, with positron beams, and to scientists in other areas who want to know something about the field.

The book begins with a brief historical introduction and an overview of how positron beams are generated and transported. A description of the fate of slow positrons in gaseous and condensed matter, with reference to many of the fundamental measurements made possible by the advent of positron beams, is followed by a discussion on applications in the study of solid surfaces, defect profiling in subsurface regions, interfaces and thin films, and the probing of bulk properties in novel ways. The book ends with a look at the future, considering the prospects for intense positron beams and their potential for further research.

Ion implantation is one of the key processing steps in silicon integrated circuit technology. Some integrated circuits require up to 17 implantation steps and circuits are seldom processed with less than 10 implantation steps. Controlled doping at controlled depths is an essential feature of implantation. Ion beam processing can also be used to improve corrosion resistance, to harden surfaces, to reduce wear and, in general, to improve materials properties. This book presents the physics and materials science of ion implantation and ion beam modification of materials. It covers ion-solid interactions used to predict ion ranges, ion straggling and lattice disorder. Also treated are shallow-junction formation and slicing silicon with hydrogen ion beams. Topics important for materials modification topics, such as ion-beam mixing, stresses, and sputtering, are also described.

An outgrow of an earlier workshop held by the community of European Solar Radio Astronomers (CESRA), this topical volume collects reviews on the current multiwavelength findings and perspectives from the space missions RHESSI, TRACE and SOTTO. The aspects of solar physics dealt with are particle acceleration during flares, large-scale disturbances, and coronal plasma physics.

Dark Energy and Dark Matter are among the greatest mysteries in modern cosmology. The present work explores in depth how large cosmic structures can help us unveil the nature of these components of the Universe. One the one hand, it focuses on a signature that Dark Energy imprints on the Cosmic Microwave Background through its impact on the time-evolution of gravitational potentials: the integrated Sachs-Wolfe (iSW) effect. Another cosmological background, the Cosmic Infrared Background, is considered for the first time in the study of the iSW effect and demonstrated to be a highly efficient and promising tracer. Changing the perspective on the problem, the use of superstructures for iSW detection is then extensively reviewed: using precise solutions to Einstein's general relativity equations, the full iSW effect is computed, especially due to the cosmic voids predicted by the theory. Using measurements from the most recent data, it is subsequently shown how the iSW probes the solidity of the cosmological standard model. On the topic of Dark Matter, an original study is presented, showing that temperature measurements of the intergalactic medium shed light on the nature of Dark Matter particles, providing the tightest constraints on their decay properties.

This thesis discusses two key topics: strangeness and charge symmetry violation (CSV) in the nucleon. It also provides a pedagogical introduction to chiral effective field theory tailored to the high-precision era of lattice quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Because the nucleon has zero net strangeness, strange observables give tremendous insight into the nature of the vacuum; they can only arise through quantum fluctuations in which strange-antistrange quark pairs are generated. As a result, the precise values of these quantities within QCD are important in physics arenas as diverse as precision tests of QCD, searches for physics beyond the Standard Model, and the interpretation of dark matter direct-detection experiments. Similarly, the precise knowledge of CSV observables has, with increasing experimental precision, become essential to the interpretation of many searches for physics beyond the Standard Model. In this thesis, the numerical lattice gauge theory approach to QCD is combined with the chiral perturbation theory formalism to determine strange and CSV quantities in a diverse range of observables including the octet baryon masses, sigma terms, electromagnetic form factors, and parton distribution functions. This thesis builds a comprehensive and coherent picture of the current status of understanding of strangeness and charge symmetry violation in the nucleon.

The introduction of spin is believed to be a necessary tool if one wishes to quantize general relativity. Then the main problem is to see if the introduction of spin generalizing the general relativity from a geometric point of view, i.e. through the concept of torsion, can be experimentally verified.

The reader can find in this book both theoretical and experimental arguments which show the necessity for the introduction of spin, and then of torsion, in gravity. In fact, torsion constitutes the more natural and simple way to introduce spin in general relativity. For that reason it is of fundamental importance to see if there are some experiences that indicate -- if not directly, then at least indirectly -- the presence of torsion. This book presents a discussion on experiments with a polarized-mass torsion pendulum, the search for galactic dark matter interacting with a spin pendulum, a description of a space-based method for determination of the gravitational constant and space-based measurements of spin in gravity, as well as a discussion on theoretical arguments, for instance the nature of torsion and nonmetricity, the viability of gravitational theories with spin -- torsion and spin-spin interaction, many-dimensional gravitational theories with torsion, spinors on curved spaces, the spinors in real space -- time, etc.

We know that until now there has been no evidence for torsion, but this fact cannot prevent us from considering in some detail this implement of research that seems to be important from both a geometrical and a physical point of view.

This thesis represents a unique mix of theoretical work discussing the Lorentz theory of gravity and experimental work searching for supersymmetry with the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment at the Large Hadron Collider. It begins by reviewing a set of widely-discussed theoretical solutions to the cosmological constant problem, including a natural solution provided by the recently developed Lorentz gauge theory of gravity. The Schwartzschild metric, de Sitter space, and quantum versions of the theory are also discussed. The thesis then looks to supersymmetry for an alternative solution. The idea behind supersymmetry is reviewed and an experimental search for supersymmetry is presented. A major contribution was to estimate one of the most significant backgrounds in this search, which arises from top-antitop quark pair production or W boson production in association with multiple jets where the W boson decays into the hadronically-decaying tau leptons and neutrinos. This background was estimated through a novel method involving kinematically analogous events but including a well-measured muon. This search significantly extends limits on supersymmetric partners of gluons from previous searches.

The book is devoted to processes at the interaction of high energy charged particles and photons with crystals. Among them are the creation of electron-positron pair by photon in crystalline field, the radiation of particles in this field and, connected with these effects, the new type of electromagnetic showers in crystals, the channeling of fast particles in crystal and channeling radiation. At high energies, the processes of quantum electrodynamics (QED) in intense external fields play an important role in crystals. The first third of the book contains a new formulation of QED in external fields which is valid for any external field, including an essentially nonuniform one and has vast applications.

The 1996 Carg se Summer Institute on Frontiers in Particle Physics was organized by the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris (M. Levy), the Ecole Nonnale SupCrieure, Paris (J. lliopoulos), the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (R. Gastmans), and the Universite Catholique de Louvain (J.-M. Gerard), which, since 1975, have joined their efforts and worked in common. It was the twelfth Sunnner Institute on High Energy Physics organized jointly at Carg se by three of these universities. The Standard Model for fundamental interactions is constructed on two essential ingredients: the gauge symmetry and the mass generation mechanism. Now that the gauge theory aspect has been finnly established, the new challenge for the young researchers in elementary particle physics is the understanding of the origin of the masses. The standard Higgs mechanism is believed to be responsible for generating the masses of ALL fundamental particles. Professor D. Treille discussed the prospects for Higgs boson search and described the experimental determinations of the gauge boson masses. The influence of the top quark mass on electroweak processes has been emphasized by Professor J.L. Rosner, while Professor M. Neubert introduced the heavy-quark effective theory which allows you to get rid of heavy-quark masses. The theoretical determinations of the light quark masses have been critically analyzed by Professor H. Leutwyler. Professor A. Pich presented the various experimental tests on lepton universality and Professor R.L. MBssbauer reviewed our present knowledge on the neutrino masses."

Neutron stars are the most compact astronomical objects in the universe which are accessible by direct observation. Studying neutron stars means studying physics in regimes unattainable in any terrestrial laboratory.

Understanding their observed complex phenomena requires a wide range of scientific disciplines, including the nuclear and condensed matter physics of very dense matter in neutron star interiors, plasma physics and quantum electrodynamics of magnetospheres, and the relativistic magneto-hydrodynamics of electron-positron pulsar winds interacting with some ambient medium. Not to mention the test bed neutron stars provide for general relativity theories, and their importance as potential sources of gravitational waves. It is this variety of disciplines which, among others, makes neutron star research so fascinating, not only for those who have been working in the field for many years but also for students and young scientists.

The aim of this book is to serve as a reference work which not only reviews the progress made since the early days of pulsar astronomy, but especially focuses on questions such as: "What have we learned about the subject and how did we learn it?," "What are the most important open questions in this area?" and "What new tools, telescopes, observations, and calculations are needed to answer these questions?."

All authors who have contributed to this book have devoted a significant part of their scientific careers to exploring the nature of neutron stars and understanding pulsars. Everyone has paid special attention to writing educational comprehensive review articles with the needs of beginners, students and young scientists as potential readers in mind. This book will be a valuable source of information for these groups.

The NATO Advanced Study Institute 2000 was held in Cascais, a small town located in a renowned beach resort area, near Lisbon. The aim of the Meeting was to provide an overview and to cover the recent devel opments in some of the most important topics in Particle Physics and Cosmology, including Neutrino Physics, CP violation, B-Physics, Baryo genesis, Dark Matter, Inflation, Supersymmetry, Unified Theories, Large Extra-Di ensions and M-theory. In the NATO ASI 2000, we had the priv ilege to have among the lecturers, some of the most prominent physicists working in the fields of Particle Physics and Cosmology. Furthermore, there was a strong participation by a large number of young scientists, including graduate students and post-docs who had an opportunity to learn about the latest developments in the field and discuss the various topics with lec turers and other participants. The enthusiasm of the young participants, the generosity of the lecturers in giving their time to participate in open discussions and debates, together with the social events and the pleasant environment of Cascais, all contributed to the great success of the Meeting. We are very grateful to Camara Municipal de Cascais for their support and organization of the reception in the beautiful Palace Condes Castro de Guimaraes and we are also specially grateful to colonel Eugenio de Oliveira for his support, to commander A. Monteiro de Macedo and to Mr."

Terahertz (THz) radiation with frequencies between 100 GHz and 30 THz has developed into an important tool of science and technology, with numerous applications in materials characterization, imaging, sensor technologies, and telecommunications. Recent progress in THz generation has provided ultrashort THz pulses with electric field amplitudes of up to several megavolts/cm. This development opens the new research field of nonlinear THz spectroscopy in which strong light-matter interactions are exploited to induce quantum excitations and/or charge transport and follow their nonequilibrium dynamics in time-resolved experiments. This book introduces methods of THz generation and nonlinear THz spectroscopy in a tutorial way, discusses the relevant theoretical concepts, and presents prototypical, experimental, and theoretical results in condensed matter physics. The potential of nonlinear THz spectroscopy is illustrated by recent research, including an overview of the relevant literature.

The first part of this third volume of Wigner's Collected Works is devoted to his analysis of symmetries in quantum mechanics, of the relativistic wave equations, of relativistic particle theory, and of field theory. It is introduced by the masterly annotation of Arthur S. Wightman. Abner Shimony annotates the second part where the reader will find Wigner's contributions to the foundations of quantum physics and to the problems of measurement.

This book offers a concise presentation of theoretical concepts characterizing and quantifying the slowing down of swift heavy ions in matter. Although the penetration of charged particles through matter has been studied for almost a hundred years, the quantitative theory for swift penetrating ions heavier than helium has been developed mainly during the past decade and is still progressing rapidly. The book addresses scientists and engineers working at accelerators with an interest in materials analysis and modification, medical diagnostics and therapy, mass spectrometry and radiation damage, as well as atomic and nuclear physicists. Although not a textbook, this monograph represents a unique source of state-of-the-art information that is useful to a university teacher in any course involving the interaction of charged particles with matter.

In the past decade there has been an extemely rapid growth in the interest and development of quantum group theory.This book provides students and researchers with a practical introduction to the principal ideas of quantum groups theory and its applications to quantum mechanical and modern field theory problems. It begins with a review of, and introduction to, the mathematical aspects of quantum deformation of classical groups, Lie algebras and related objects (algebras of functions on spaces, differential and integral calculi). In the subsequent chapters the richness of mathematical structure and power of the quantum deformation methods and non-commutative geometry is illustrated on the different examples starting from the simplest quantum mechanical system - harmonic oscillator and ending with actual problems of modern field theory, such as the attempts to construct lattice-like regularization consistent with space-time Poincare symmetry and to incorporate Higgs fields in the general geometrical frame of gauge theories. Graduate students and researchers studying the problems of quantum field theory, particle physics and mathematical aspects of quantum symmetries will find the book of interest.

This monograph surveys the role of some associative and non-associative algebras, remarkable by their ubiquitous appearance in contemporary theoretical physics, particularly in particle physics. It concerns the interplay between division algebras, specifically quaternions and octonions, between Jordan and related algebras on the one hand, and unified theories of the basic interactions on the other. Selected applications of these algebraic structures are discussed: quaternion analyticity of Yang-Mills instantons, octonionic aspects of exceptional broken gauge, supergravity theories, division algebras in anyonic phenomena and in theories of extended objects in critical dimensions. The topics presented deal primarily with original contributions by the authors.