First Published in 2005. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

After the end of the Second World War businessmen and economists throughout the world feared that the American postwar inflationary boom would end in a serious slump. The slump took a long time to come, and when it did appear in 1949 it was both mild and short lived. In its mildness and brevity it foreshadowed the American business recessions since that time and, indeed, may foreshadow the end of the business cycle as it has been known in the past. This book presents the first full-scale study of the 194849 recession in the United States, making it the focal point of a detailed, analytical account of American business fluctuations from the end of the Second World War until the beginning of the Korean War. The main part of the book is prefaced by a review of fluctuations from 1945 to 1967 and of the business cycle theory, which places the postwar events in perspective. Of special importance are the studies of the ending, in early 1948, of the period of re-stocking and re-equipment; of the impact of the changedfarm situation in this deflationary atmosphere, and use of modern consumption theory to explain the changes in household spending after the war and during the recession.
Dr. Blyth has drawn extensively upon the results of modern economic research, and has woven the econometric findings and the historical narrative together with a theoretical analysis. He conclusively rejects the theory that recent U.S. business cycles are the result of any largely self-perpetuating fluctuation in investment in stocks. Instead he draws attention to the persistent destabilizing roles of changes in defense expenditure and of changes in monetary policy-inventory investment performs the largelypassive role of aggravating these changes.
The book, first published in 1969, will be of value not only to specialists in business cycle studies, but to economists and others concerned with the problems of stability and growth in the international economy, as well as to economic historians.

First Published in 2005. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

The pit brow lasses who sorted coal and performed a variety of jobs above ground at British coal mines prompted a violent debate about womens work in the nineteenth century.
Seen as the prime example of degraded womanhood, the pit brow woman was regarded as an aberration in a masculine domain, cruelly torn from her natural sphere, the home. The, attempt to restrict womens work at the mines in the 1880s highlights the dichotomy between the fashionable ideal of womanhood and the necessity and reality of female manual labour.
Although only a tiny percentage of the colliery labour force, the pit lasses aroused an interest out of all proportion to their numbers and their work became a test case for womens outdoor manual employment. Angela John discusses the implications of this debate, showing how it encapsulates many of the ambivalences of late Victorian attitudes towards working-class female employment, and at the same time raises wider questions both about womens work in industries seen as traditionally male enclaves, and about the ways in which women within the working community have been presented by historians.This book was first published in 1980.

Technical changes in the first half of the nineteenth century led to unprecedented economic growth and capital formation throughout Western Europe; and yet Ireland hardly participated in this process at all. While the Northern Atlantic Economy prospered, the Great Irish Famine of 184550 killed a million and a half people and caused hundreds of thousands to flee the country. Why the Irish economy failed to grow, and why Ireland starved remains an unresolved riddle of economic history.
Professor Mokyr maintains that the Hungry Forties were caused by the overall underdevelopment of the economy during the decades which preceded the famine. In Why Ireland Starved he tests various hypotheses that have been put forward to account for this backwardness. He dismisses widespread arguments that Irish poverty can be explained in terms of over-population, an evil land system or malicious exploitation by the British. Instead, he argues that the causes have to be sought in the low productivity of labor and the insufficient formation of physical capital results of the peculiar political and social structure of Ireland, continuous conflicts between landlords and tenants, and the rigidity of Irish economic institutions.
Mokyrs methodology is rigorous and quantitative, in the tradition of the New Economic History. It sets out to test hypotheses about the causal connections between economic and non-economic phenomena. Irish history is often heavily coloured by political convictions: of Dutch-Jewish origin, trained in Israel and working in the United States. Mokyr brings to this controversial field not only wide research experience but also impartiality and scientific objectivity.
The book isprimarily aimed at numerate economic historians, historical demographers, economists specializing in agricultural economics and economic development and specialists in Irish and British nineteenth-century history. The text is, nonetheless, free of technical jargon, with the more complex material relegated to appendixes. Mokyrs line of reasoning is transparent and has been easily accessible and useful to readers without graduate training in economic theory and econometrics since ists first publication in 1983.

Peter Mathiass subject is the creation in late eighteenth-century England of the industrial system and thereby the present world. That unique conjuncture poses the sharpest questions about the nature of industrialization, social change and historical explanation, issues that are his principal scholarly concern. For many readers these collected studies will be as indispensable as the authors general introduction, The First Industrial Nation, whether for the richness of their material or the freedom and subtlety of his analysis.
These fascinating essays are divided into two groups: general themes, the uniqueness in Europe of the industrial revolution, capital formation, taxation, the growth of skills, science and technical change, leisure and wages, diagnoses of poverty; and topics, the social structure, the industrialization of brewing, coinage, agriculture and the drink industries, advances in public health and the armed forces, British and American public finance in the War of Independence, Dr Johnsonand the business world.
This book was first published in 1979.

Dr Dorothy Marshall covers a vital period in English social development, during which the traditional social hierarchy of order and degree was giving place to a class society marked by the growth of a self-conscious working class.
The author shows how, between 1776 and 1851, industrialization brought about major changes in the structure of society, so that by 1851 the outlines of modern urban and industrial society had been irrevocably drawn. She examines the social implications of the Industrial Revolution, referring in particular to the growth of urban society, the repercussions on the rural community and the resulting alterations in the social structure. She examines upper-, middle- and working-class opinions on such topics as religion and education, and traces the effect of the economic and social changes on the constitution and on political life. In the final chapter Dr Marshall describes the way in which the abuses of the new society brought about the demand for parliamentary legislation to deal with the injustices of the Poor Law, the factory system, and the problem of sanitation. This fascinating book was first published in 1973.

This is a fascinating insight into some of the most important thinking of the industrial revolution in Israel.

Technological revolution, rapid industrialization and higher levels of productivity all drew more and more people from the agricultural workforce and new ideas were needed to combat this serious loss of labour.

At the time this book was first published, Professor Halperim's had somthing new and original to offer. He argued that agriculture could be combined with industry without undermining that age-old social asset, the village community, and bring it into line with changing conditions.

As he predicted the development of areas comprising a score or more of villages, ranging around non-agriculture has been preserved, and rural society has continued to exist although it has assumed different forms. The name proposed by the author for this new formation is Agrindus, as it expresses the integration of AGRiculture and INDUStries.

First Published in 2005. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

First Published in 2005. This book has been written as an outline history of the development of Japanese business. A good deal of literature exists on some aspects, and some periods, but this is the first attempt to follow the entire course from the Tokugawa period to the present, and to analyse the salient features from the vantage point of modernisation. A separate section in each chapter deals exclusively with the value problem and the impact of values on business and economic development. The Glossary gives an explanation of Japanese terms that are used in the text.

First published in 2005. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

First Published in 2005. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

First Published in 2005. Part of a series on Economic History, this book looks at Tropical Development from 1880 to 1913. These essays were prepared during the year 1967-8 for the tropics modern economic development began in the last quarter of the nineteenth century with its revolutionary reduction of transport costs and heavy international flow of capital.

This classic book tells the story of the development of Income Tax from its beginning in 1799 to the present day and relates it to the social, economic and political history of the period.
There have been studies of Income Tax at various stages in its growth; studies of finance and taxation in general in which Income Tax has been closely concerned; studies too of some of the Chancellors of the Exchequer who have made significant contributions to the Income Tax system; but this is the first time an attempt has been made to encompass the whole 160 years or so of its life in one volume.
And a fascinating story it is too when set in perspective. The author shows how Income Tax was introduced to finance the Napoleonic Wars, how it was revived by Peel to pay for Free Trade, and how it underwrote Victorian prosperity and confidence. He then describes its immense expansion through two World Wars to its present position as a dominant feature of British finance. This book was first published in 1966.

First Published in 2005. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

A great deal has been talked about the economic recovery of Western Germany since the Second World War. It is know htat this recovery was accompanied by the return of the Federal Republic to the markets of the world. Not so much is know abotu the details - about the work effected through the opitimism of the Minister for Economics, Professor Ludwig Erhard.
In this book, the minister himself speaks. A detailed description is given of the stages by which first the Bizone, and then the Federal Republic, has effected the remarkable comeback which has created keen interest and concern. The book goes into the full detail which might be expected from on who is in charge of the entire machinery. The description of the way in which Government policy was employed to stimulate a free market economy is of great technical interest. Equally important is the detailed description of the way in which every nook and cranny is exploited to give the Federal Republic a foothold in foreign markets. No opportunity is neglected, from the fostering of the most ambitious long-term capital development schemes to the publication of day-to-day reports on trade openings. This book was first published in 1954.

Biographies of Frederick the Great generally emphasise the military and diplomatic events of his reign and neglect to discuss fully the significance of his economic policy.

In this series of essays Dr. Henderson deals with various aspects of the Prussian economy in Frederick the Great's reign. He describes Frederick's commercial policy, the reconstruction of Prussia after the Seven Years War and the state of the Prussian economy in 1780's, showing that alone among his contemporaries Frederick left his country with a far more flourishing economy than it had been when he ascended the throne. The role of the private entrepreneur in Prussia at this time is illustrated by surveys of the careers of the merchants Splitgerber and Gotzkowsky who promoted the expansion of Prussia's armament, silk and porcelain industries. This book was first published in 1963.

First Published in 2005. In the decade of the sixties, which brought so many disappointments to the British people, one signal achievement stands out: the revival of "The City"-London's financial district-as a major centre of international finance. To work in the City now seems to hold the promise of moving up fast, not merely to good pay and good social standing but to an early share of responsibility. George Lewis French Bolton was born in 1900 and started work in the City before he was seventeen. This volume is a collection of works by Sir George Bolton on the revival of the City from 1957 to 1970.

First Published in 2005. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

First Published in 2005. This book is an attempt by a layman to explain to other laymen the purposes and processes of industrial assurance, an institution which exercises a far-reaching influence upon the life of the community, and in which for that reason the community, through its political organs of Parliament and administration, has long taken an inquisitive, critical, and entirely proper interest. This will be of interest to those studying the long experience which will enable its standards to be still further raised and those vested in its professional practitioners.

International Money was first published in 1981.

First Published in 2005. The Irish Report is a scarce document, known to comparatively few economists. This reprint of the Report and of portions of the Minutes of Evidence, set against the historical background, will not only be of interest to the student of monetary theory and of monetary history, but also help to give perspective on some present-day problems of monetary and exchange policy, particularly in the countries of the sterling area. The Irish Report was frequently cited in the pamphlet literature of the time, and in Parliamentary debate, and discussed in detail the exchange situation between Ireland and England.

This book was first published in 1985.

First Published in 2005. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

This book was first published in 1969. This volume includes essays on the development of the Lancashire and Yorkshire railway network; the early Railway Capital Market and tables n expenses, capital and gross revenue and expediture.