First published in 2000. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

This book presents a unique real-world-centred approach to economic life from a phenomenological approach. It offers a much-needed alternative to conventional economic thinking, giving a transdisciplinary depiction of the economic process's social, cultural, technological, political, and ecological dimensions. Doing so appeals to students and researchers in economics aiming to get an alternative to the reductionist model-based approach. Written in a jargon-free and non-technical way, it appeals to non-economists alike and those seeking a more profound and living understanding of the economic process. What is the role of nature in the economic process? Is there more to economics than we have been told? Do we have infinite needs? What are these needs? Can we keep on growing forever? Does economic growth improve our wellbeing? Why is the income gap widening? What is the role of financial capital in our current world? Are there other forms of producing, distributing, and consuming wealth beyond markets? What are the functions of markets, and how do they work in the real world? These and many other aspects are discussed in living and holistic ways in this book. It is a must-read for all those interested in gaining a more profound and genuine understanding of our current reality and those looking for ways out of our current crises.

This is an academic inquiry into how labor power has been dehumanized and commodified around the world through the ages for capital accumulation and industrialization, and colonial and post-colonial economic transformation. The study explores all major episodes of slaveries beginning from the ancient civilizations to the end of Transatlantic Slave Trade in the eighteenth century; the worlds of serfdoms in the context of Western Europe, Eastern Europe, and Russia; the worlds of feudalisms in the context of Latin America, Japan, China, and India; the worlds of indentured servitudes in the context of the Europeans, the Indians, and the Chinese; the worlds of guestworkers in the contexts of the United States and Western Europe; the worlds of migrant labor programs in the context of the Gulf States; and the contemporary world of neoslavery focusing on human trafficking in both developing and developed countries, and forced labor in global value chains. The book is designed not only for students and academia in labor economics, labor history, and global socio-economic and political transformations, but also for the intelligent and inquiring policy makers, reformers, and general readers across the disciplinary pursuits of Economics, Political Science, History, Sociology, Anthropology, and Law.

Has America always been the champion of free trade? Debates about free trade and protection are one of the dominant features of 19th century economic discourse. The writings of the British classical economists, in particular, have been the subject of extensive secondary literature. In contrast, the writings of their American counterparts have often been overlooked. This collection seeks to help rectify this, by giving access to an extensive range of 19th-century American writings on trade issues. Many of the pieces selected are unavailable, even in America. Each has been carefully retypeset. Early American economics is often criticized for lacking the theoretical sophistication of European economics. The picture which emerges from these texts is more complex. It seems that far from being of universal application, the ideas of the English classical economists did not fit neatly in the context of 19th-century America, and it is much harder to draw a sharp doctrinal divide between protectionists and free-traders. The texts reproduced discuss: "the American system" of protection for infant industries; the North/South divide in the US, made manifest by the slavery question and the civil

Contents:
Part I. The foundations of the twentieth-century debt
1. Sinking funds, annuities and savings banks
2. An Edwardian debt
Part II. The Great War
3. Lloyd George's Loan
4. McKenna's conversion
5. The small saver and continuous borrowing
6. The beginning of overseas borrowing and the Anglo-French Loan
7. The year of drift: internal borrowing in 1916
8. The year of drift: external borrowing in 1916
9. External borrowing 1917-18: (I) the United States of America
10. External borrowing 1917-18: (II) the neutrals, Canada and silver
11. Bonar Law's Loans
12. National War Bonds and continuous borrowing
Part III. Repayment, refinancing, conversion and funding
13. Victory and funding
14. The struggle for internal control, 1919-23
15. The external market and Canada
16. The debt to the US Treasury and the Blackett-Rathbone talks
17. The Balfour Note and the Baldwin Settlement
18. The price of indebtedness, 1924-31
19. The great conversion
20. Savings Certificates, savings banks and capital advances
21. Debt repayment and the sinking funds
22. The development of market management

This book focuses on those features of the Roman economy that are less traceable in text and archaeology, and as a consequence remain largely underexplored in contemporary scholarship. By reincorporating, for the first time, these long-obscured practices in mainstream scholarly discourses, this book offers a more complete and balanced view of an economic system that for too long has mostly been studied through its macro-economic and large-scale - and thus archaeologically and textually omnipresent - aspects. The topic is approached in five thematic sections, covering unusual actors and perspectives, unusual places of production, exigent landscapes of exploitation, less-visible products and artefacts, and divergent views on emblematic economic spheres. To this purpose, the book brings together a select group of leading scholars and promising early career researchers in archaeology and ancient economic history, well positioned to steer this ill-developed but fundamental field of the Roman economy in promising new directions.

Series Information:
Asia's Transformations

Since 1990 the UK has undergone major shifts in terms of its land, economy, society, policy and environment, all of which have had a profound effect on the geographical landscape. This fully revised edition of a well-known book presents a full description and interpretation of the changes that have occurred during the 1990s. It includes a great deal of new material from a revised team of contributors.

This book offers a comprehensive assessment of Friedrich List's economic and political thinking. It starts with a systematic positioning of List`s economic theory as well as a differentiation from other economic systems. Furthermore, it examines the ethical sources of List`s theory, as well as List`s geopolitical, technical and economic visions. The author also introduces List as the pre-thinker of social market economy and discusses his ideas on European integration, development politics and List's assessment of the main problems of the modern world economy. The book will appeal to scholars and students of the history of economic thought and economic history, as well as anyone interested in the life and work of the German economist Friedrich List (1789-1846).

Despite the increasing occurrence of consumer boycotts, little has been written about this form of social and economic protest. This timely volume fills the knowledge gap by examining boycotts both historically and currently. Drawing on both published and unpublished material as well as personal interviews with boycott groups and their targets, Monroe Friedman discusses different types of boycotts-from their historical focus on labor and economic concerns to the more recent inclusion of issues such as minority rights, animal welfare, and environmental protection. He also documents the shift in strategic emphasis from the marketplace (cutting consumer sales) to the media (securing news coverage to air criticism of a targeted firm). In turn, these changes in boycott substance and style offer insights into larger upheavals in the social and economic fabric of 20th century America.

This book brings together the articles on which Fisher's reputation was founded. It deals with central features of the English economy, in particular the importance of London, both as a social and economic hub, and the nature of internal and external trade. The essays can rightly be described as classics.

'Superb' - Tim Harford, author of How to Make the World Add Up Money is essential to the economy and how we live our lives, yet is inherently worthless. We can use it to build a home or send us to space, and it can lead to the rise and fall of empires. Few innovations have had such a huge impact on the development of humanity, but money is a shared fiction; a story we believe in so long as others act as if it is true. Money is rarely out of the headlines - from the invention of cryptocurrencies to the problem of high inflation, extraordinary interventions by central banks and the power the West has over the worldwide banking system. In Money in One Lesson, Gavin Jackson answers the most important questions on what money is and how it shapes our world, drawing on vivid examples from throughout history to demystify and show how societies and its citizens, both past and present, are always entwined with matters of money. 'A highly illuminating, well-researched and beautifully written book on one of humanity's most important innovations' - Martin Wolf, chief economics commentator, Financial Times

This volume is available individually, or as part of the 7 volume set "Emergence of International Business 1200-1800" (0-415-19072-X; $910.00/Y [Can. $1365.00/Y]).

This volume is available individually, or as part of the 7 volume set "Emergence of International Business 1200-1800" (ISBN 0-415-19072-X; $910.00/Y [Can. $1365.00/Y]).

This book is a thought-provoking study of the Palestine campaign fought by the British-led Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) from 1917 to the withdrawal from Syria in 1919. The book also provides a reassessment of General Allenby's role as a forceful and mercurial commander in the events of this period.

Under Allenby's command, the EEF first captured Jerusalem in December 1917, then annihilated the Turkish armies in Palestine at Megiddo in 1918 and proceeded to occupy the whole of the Levant. However, Matthew Hughes points out that these famous military successes mask the realities of the campaign which was poorly organised and executed, and, as a result, did little to defeat the Central Alliance. Prime Minister Lloyd George and his advisers, notably General Robertson, disagreed over the purpose of the Palestine campaign and this further impeded Allenby.

Hughes goes on to show that the occupation of the Middle East by the British was more useful in providing for a peace settlement favourable to the British empire. After installing the pro-Hashemite Arabs in Damascus at the war's end, the British were able to gain France's acceptance for their occupation of Palestine and northern Iraq. However, the British were unable to persuade France to agree to adjustments of the eastern border of Syria for a land route to Palestine from Iraq. Therefore, in 1919, with its imperial needs satisfied and the need to retrench paramount, Britain withdrew from Syria.

This book is a thought-provoking study of the Palestine campaign fought by the British-led Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) from 1917 to the withdrawal from Syria in 1919. The book also provides a reassessment of General Allenby's role as a forceful and mercurial commander in the events of this period.

Under Allenby's command, the EEF first captured Jerusalem in December 1917, then annihilated the Turkish armies in Palestine at Megiddo in 1918 and proceeded to occupy the whole of the Levant. However, Matthew Hughes points out that these famous military successes mask the realities of the campaign which was poorly organised and executed, and, as a result, did little to defeat the Central Alliance. Prime Minister Lloyd George and his advisers, notably General Robertson, disagreed over the purpose of the Palestine campaign and this further impeded Allenby.

Hughes goes on to show that the occupation of the Middle East by the British was more useful in providing for a peace settlement favourable to the British empire. After installing the pro-Hashemite Arabs in Damascus at the war's end, the British were able to gain France's acceptance for their occupation of Palestine and northern Iraq. However, the British were unable to persuade France to agree to adjustments of the eastern border of Syria for a land route to Palestine from Iraq. Therefore, in 1919, with its imperial needs satisfied and the need to retrench paramount, Britain withdrew from Syria.

"Volume 18 of Research in Economic History" contains six contributions, evenly divided between British and U.S. topics. The first discusses the use of the Charity Commission Reports as a new source for the study of British economic history. These data challenge received wisdom on crowding out during the Napoleonic Wars, the contributions of enclosures to agricultural productivity, and the role of the Glorious Revolution in establishing secure property rights. The second study revisits the more than century old debate about whether nineteenth century industrialization in Britain worsened or improved conditions for child labour. Data from the Parliamentary Papers and the censuses of 1841, 1851 and 1871 confirm high labour force participation rates for older (but not younger) children, particularly in textiles. The third paper investigates the impact of fluctuations in the weather on agricultural output in Britain, and consequently on the level of GDP. Remaining on agricultural topics, but shifting venue to the United States, the fourth essay explores the induced innovation hypothesis using state data. The authors question many of the stylized facts which have been adduced in support of the hypothesis at the national level, and argue that state level investigations permit greater sensitivity to the substantial geophysical and factor price variation within the boundaries of the United States. The fifth paper examines the role of the National Banking System in reducing exchange rate variations (deviations from par) within the United States. The final contribution considers the impact of the introduction of two parallel but completely separate telegraph systems on the operation of U.S. financial markets.

Financialisation has become a widely discussed and debated term leading to a plurality of perspectives, but no fixed definition or single reading. This book presents a critical exploration and review of the current literature on financialisation, focusing on the financialisation of NFCs and its possible implications for the macroeconomic and financial stability of advanced countries. Starting from this critical analysis, it proposes some new readings of the process of financialisation, linking it directly, on the one hand, to the evolution of interest-bearing capital and the credit system, and, on the other hand, to the historical tendencies of monopoly capital towards financial arrangements to manage corporate control. Finally, a conceptual scheme for interpretation and a mathematical model of corporate portfolio choice is developed to explain how the tendency in developed countries to place growing shares of social surplus in speculative financial channels can contribute to their long-term real stagnation. The book also underlines the excessive attention usually being paid to some micro-epiphenomena that show a fallacy of composition at the macroeconomic level and can lead to some misunderstandings of the general trends in capitalist evolution. Moreover, some doubts are raised about the extent to which financialisation actually represents a change to the present regime of accumulation. The book targets all the scholars who are interested in better understanding whether financialisation constitutes a profound change in the functioning of capitalist economic systems and what effects it can produce in social welfare in the advanced countries.

This book renews the Marxian theory of the general equivalent by highlighting the contradiction between the social functions of money (unit of account, means of circulation) and its private functions (store of value, accumulation). It draws a clear distinction between the monetary base and the commodity base of money and thus avoids the confusion between money and credit on the one hand, and money and capital on the other, which are found in other heterodox monetary theories. It accounts for the new forms of monetary constraints weighing on the banking systems under and inconvertible fiat money standard, the class relationships underlying the interventions of monetary authorities and governments, and presents a definition of the state which emphasises its mode of intervention on the collective and social conditions of capitalisms which are money and labour power. The emphasis on the contradiction between these two types of monetary functions gives a more fundamental account of the conflict between the international role and the national origin of the dollar than the Triffin dilemma, which has been constantly overcome or deferred by the US since 1960. The author explains this evolution by demonstrating how, from the 1950s onwards, the dollar began a process of acquiring relative autonomy from the US economy. By focusing on the role and international functions of the dollar, he offers a fresh look at the 2008 crisis and its consequences for the international monetary system, but also for a possible post-capitalist financial system - which post-revolutionary Russia experimented with in the form of the NEP, and whose contemporary implementation is foreshadowed by the rise of digital central bank currencies. The book thereby provides a necessary update to the tools and concepts inherited from Marx for analysing and understanding money, capital and the state.

From West Indian sugar and bottles of Southeast Asian arrack to French red wines, English felt cloth, and Mediterranean lemons, many global wares ended up in the Scandinavian borderlands during the late eighteenth century. This book explores how and why these goods came to be there and analyses what smuggling can reveal about the emergence of global trade, the formation of the nation state, and the development of consumer society in Europe's northernmost outskirts. This book shows that the global underground was ubiquitous in the Nordic countries and fundamentally altered them, politically, economically, socially, and culturally. Through re-evaluating the role of smuggling the book complements and challenges established historical accounts about state building, market dynamics, consumer culture, and ideas and identity. It also offers a roadmap for how to think about illegal global trade and how to approach this notoriously difficult research field. By integrating illegality, the book aims to show how an illicit web entangled often overlooked 'peripheral' territories with traditional 'portals of globalisation' and proposes a novel take on early modern globalisation and the paths to modernity in the European hinterlands. To achieve this a wide variety of sources are used including court records, administrative sources, diaries, ambassadorial correspondence, and maps in various languages including Swedish, Finnish, Norwegian, English, and French. This book makes a significant contribution to the literature on economic history, the first wave of globalisation, the study of shadow economies, and Scandinavian history more broadly.

The Pre-Industrial Cities Reader is designed to be used on its own or as a companion volume to the accompanying Pre-Industrial Cities: Open University textbook, in the same series. Compiled as a reference source for students, this reader is divided into three main sections, presenting key readings on: Ancient Cities, Medieval and Early Modern Cities, and Pre-Industrial Cities in China and Africa. Among the technologies discussed are: agricaultural innovations such as the heavy plough, water transport, the medieval road revolution, the first urban public transport, aqueducts, building materials such as brick and Roman concrete, weaponry and fortifications, water clocks, street lighting, and fire-fighting. Among the cities covered are: Uruk, Babylon, Thebes, Athens, Rome, Constantinople, Baghdad, Siena, Florence, Antwerp, London, Paris, Amsterdam, Mexico City, Hangzhou, Beijing and Hankou.

Series Information:
RoutledgeCurzon Studies in the Growth Economies of Asia

This book explores imperial power and the transnational encounters of shipowners and merchants in the South China Sea from 1840 to 1930. With British Hong Kong and French Indochina on its northern and western shores, the 'Asian Mediterranean' was for almost a century a crucible of power and an axis of economic struggle for coastal shipping companies from various nations. Merchant steamers shipped cargoes and passengers between ports of the region. Hong Kong, the global port city, and the colonial ports of Saigon and Haiphong developed into major hubs for the flow of goods and people, while Guangzhouwan survived as an almost forgotten outpost of Indochina. While previous research in this field has largely remained within the confines of colonial history, this book uses the examples of French and German companies operating in the South China Sea to demonstrate the extent to which transnational actors and business networks interacted with imperial power and the process of globalisation.

This book explores the economic factors that led to Britain forfeiting its North American colonies. Placing discussions within both a historical and political context, the development of the colonial economy is examined in relation to both slavery and the industrial revolution. In turn, changes to British tax policy post-1760 and the increased burden placed on American taxpayers are detailed, alongside the resentment and resistance to them. These factors, as well as nonimportation agreements and boycotts, are highlighted as the major motivations for the American Revolution. This book aims to provide an accessible foundation to the economic and political issues central to Britain's colonial activities in North America. It will be relevant to students and researchers interested in the political economy and economic history.

This set reprints works by, and about, Swedish economists working between the turn of the century and 1960. The volumes contain a number of recent articles, monographs and collections of essays. Examples are given of the lively involvement in public affairs and public discussions by the generations of economists under consideration. The editor provides an overview of Swedish economics, as well as growth and specialization within the discipline. Amongst the schools and individuals included are the early neo-classical scholars Knut Wicksell, Gustav Cassel and Eli Heckscher, the Stockholm School, including Erik Lindahl, Gunner Myrdal, Bertil Ohlin, Erik Lundberg and politically influential trade economists such as Rudolf Meidner and Gosta Rehn.