Agricultural Policy in the United States: Evolution and Economics traces U.S. agricultural policy from its colonial roots to the present, using economic concepts to analyze and interpret political and economic consequences. It also examines the processes by which agricultural policies are developed, and the government structure which supports the implementation of legislation passed by Congress. The book includes arguments for and against common tools of U.S. agricultural policy, without influencing the reader in a particular direction. Each chapter contains questions and exercises to support students' learning, and technical economic material is contained in optional appendices. This second edition examines the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 and sets the scene for future policy developments. Additionally, it looks at trade wars and the impact of Black Swan events like the COVID-19 pandemic on agricultural resilience.

This book has been developed in association with the Cultural Heritage Department of the Council of Europe. It examines key themes and objectives for the protection of the architectural and archaeological heritage in a range of European countries. The analysis of individual countries and the group as a whole gives an assessment of how advanced current mechanisms are and the ongoing problems that remain to be managed in order to safeguard the 'common heritage'.

The Joint Contracts Tribunal's Standard Form of Building Contract is the most common contract used in the UK to procure building work. Understanding it is a core part of any construction student's degree and a vital part of the working life of professionals in the construction industry. 'The JCT98 Building Contract' works through the contract systematically explaining it in easy-to-follow language, covering all contract issues thoroughly and illustrating with case law examples the current situation and latest amendments. It is ideal reading for both the student of construction and the professional seeking to update their knowledge.

This volume looks at recent scientific knowledge and innovative techniques concerning environmental matters. The proceedings focus on topics such as hydraulic protection of territory and defence, utilization of water resources, architecture and planning of fluival/coastal landscape and much more.

The Law and Politics of Sustainability explores efforts made to address pressing environmental concerns through legislation, conventions, directives, treaties, and protocols. Articles explain the mechanics of environmental law, the concepts that shape sustainable development, case studies and rulings that have set precedents, approaches to sustainable development taken by legal systems around the world, and more. Experts and scholars in the field raise provocative questions about the effectiveness of international law versus national law in protecting the environment, and about the effect of current laws on future generations. They analyze the successes and shortcomings of present legal instruments, corporate and public policies, social movements, and conceptual strategies, offering readers a preview of the steps necessary to develop laws and policies that will promote genuine sustainability.

"The best introduction to global environmental politics I have seen."
--Andrew Hurrell, editor of "Regionalism in World Politics"

Human activity is changing the global environment on a scale unlike that of any other era. Environmental deterioration is now a global issue--ecologically, politically, and economically--that requires global solutions. Yet there is considerable disagreement over what kinds of strategies we should adopt in order to halt and reverse damage to the global ecosystem.

What kinds of international institutions are best suited to dealing with global environmental problems? Why are women and indigenous peoples still marginalized in global environmental politics? What are the consequences of the global ecological crisis for economic and security policies? The Global Politics of the Environment makes sense of the often seemingly irreconcilable answers to these questions. It focuses throughout on the tensions between mainstream strategies, which seek to build support for reforms through existing institutions, and radical critiques, which argue that environmental degradation is a symptom of a dysfunctional world order that must itself be transformed if we are to meet the challenge of saving the planet.

Schrumpfen oder wachsen? Ein zeitgenoessisches Marchen - Einleitung. ZEITEN (RHYTHMEN): Gegenwartsschrumpfung und zivilisatorische Selbsthistorisierung - Geschwindigkeit als kritischer Faktor in der OEkologie - Zeit des Rhythmus, Temporalitat der Operation - Zeit, Kunst, Musik. RAEUME (BEWEGUNGEN): UEber die Alterung von Kontinenten oder die Geschichte von der Landschaft her denken - Neue Entwicklungstypen von Grossstadten - Wer spart, braucht Ziele-eine ungehaltene Rede - Zukunftschance Schrumpfung-Stadtentwicklung in Ostdeutschland-eine Skizze. KOERPER (GESCHLECHT): Der alternde Mann - Anschwellen, Abschwellen, Schrumpfen. Zur Kulturgeschichte der Austrocknung. DENKEN (VERANTWORTUNG): Wachstum und Schrumpfung in Biologie, Medizin und Biophysik - Schrumpfen heisst Ausatmen. Analogien zum Wandel in Welt und Wirtschaft - Paradiesische Grenzerinnerungen jenseits von Eden. HANDELN (ORIENTIERUNG): Energie bleibt Energie? Es gibt mehr als ein Gesetz - Von schrumpfenden Mullmengen zu reduzierten Stoffstroemen - MacDonaldisierung, Schrumpfung, Aussterben. ZUKUNFT (ENTSCHEIDUNG): Strukturwandel der Wirtschaft, Entlastung der Umwelt? - Regionalisierung der Markte - Macht-Ohnmacht-Vermachtnis. Eine neue Perspektive - Paradiese. Von einem zu vielen.

The causes and effects of climate change are just as varied as the proposed solutions and approaches for dealing with the problem. Given the global character of climate change, comprehensive global cooperation is called for that leads to effective and appropriate international action in accordance with the respective responsibilities. These will inevitably differ depending on the capabilities and the social and economic situations of the respective actors.
The contributions in this book present a variety of ideas, approaches and tools regarding the adaptation to climate change in specific countries and regions. In addition to examining (existing) legal instruments, they also focus on the implementation of economic instruments and planning tools, as well as their (further) development. Rather than simply discussing strategies to counteract climate change by reducing emissions, the authors also search for ways of actively adapting to climate change.

Offers a guide to current environmental health and safety statutes--providing a working knowledge of the major legislations and regulations and demonstrating the steps necessary for compliance. Illustrates overall health and safety management skills for multimedia facilities.

Environmental Management Systems (EMSs) are a way in which business and industry can implement a system of self--regulation on their processes, in order to aid the promotion of clean technology. This book brings together wide ranging analysis and practical experience on Environmental Management Systems and Cleaner Production. This highlights the importance of a clear understanding of complex environmental issues and the relative impact of business and industry, linked to national and international standards and regulations, in developing an efficient Environmental Management System. The book begins by addressing the global dimension of EMSs and Cleaner Production by identifying the strategies and policies used to promote cleaner production in industry and the drivers for voluntary EMSs like the international standard ISO 14001; and their implications for business and trade. This is followed by focusing on selected national perspectives, examining the policies, strategies and initiatives in the USA, Sweden, China, Hong Kong, New Zealand and Australia. The relative merits of regulation or self--regulation are also explored, including the UK situation and the EU s Eco--management and audit schemes (EMAS), and associated certification and accreditation schemes. The second half of the book covers industrial experience of EMSs, such as the British standard BS 7750, and case studies of cleaner production; drawing on practical sector experience and company case studies from Europe, the economies of South America and South Africa, Central and Eastern Europe, and small and medium--sized enterprises (SMEs). This book will prove to be an invaluable guide for business managers tackling EMSs and practitioners involved in cleaner production. It will also be a useful reference for local and regional government officials, policymakers and Environmental Management post--graduates.

The doctrine of Direct Effect is an issue of importance to all those concerned with, or affected by the implementation of European Union directives. The doctrine of Direct Effect bestows responsibility for the implementation of directives on individual regulators, even if the member state itself has not made full arrangements for implementation. This text considers the doctrine with particular regard to the regulation of the discharge of dangerous substances to the aquatic environment in England and Wales. It contains an analysis of the evolution, applications and implications of Direct Effect.;A range of cases are studied, allowing the reader to realize the scope of this important doctrine. This book explores an area of European Law that should be understood by all those involved in the regulation of the discharge of dangerous substances.

Tunnelling is a high risk business. Success depends crucially on the nature of the ground through which the tunnel is being driven. The cost of a thorough site investigation is usually only a small fraction of the cost of the construction work but this crucial phase of a project is often given too low a priority. This text provides a review of tunnelling contracts, particularly those for sewerage and drainage tunnels. It reviews site investigation methods, contract preparation and tender evaluation, tunnel costruction, claims and records, and the post-construction phase. Examples of good and bad practice of site investigation and other aspects of tunnelling are given, and the text is supported by over 500 references. Supplementary information in the second part of the book expands on particular aspects such as ground vibration and noise. Among other topics covered are quality assurance, rock properties and testing, pollution, permeability and dewatering.

Like all industrialized countries, China is experiencing increased land contamination in recent years. Abandoned mining and manufacture sites and obsolete industrial complexes, while also creating new polluting industrial enterprises, are presenting impending environmental threats. More importantly, a number of social and economic problems have developed and must be dealt with, in some cases, as a matter of urgency in China. Contaminated land laws and regulations have been established and have evolved in the US and UK and many other jurisdictions over the past decades. Those regimes have substantially influenced the relevant legislation in the context of numerous Asian and European countries and will inevitably benefit the similar legislative efforts of China. This book is the first monograph which focuses on how China can learn from the US and UK with respect to the contaminated land legislation and demonstrates the whole picture of how contaminated land law would be created in China. It will be of interest to academics and practitioners in environmental law in China, as well as the US and UK.

Commercial chemicals contribute to our social welfare, yet can pose serious problems for the environment. How do we recognise these problems? How do we manage them? How do we objectively balance environmental risks with social benefits? This book describes the principles and practices of ecological risk assessment and cost-benefit analysis, asking key but challenging questions such as what are we trying to protect? and how do we undertake a cost-benefit analysis?. It also shows how these principles are written into legislation. The emphasis is on the EU Directives and Regulations, with a chapter on the instruments and institutions involved; but this is balanced by a review of US and International policies and legislation. In conclusion, the discussion returns to the question of attempting to balance risks with benefits, particularly in the context of the development of sustainable and globally practicable chemical control policies. The text is supplemented by a glossary that defines the inevitably large number of abbreviations and acronyms used by environmental policy-makers and regulators. The book is intended for all those who have an interest in industrial chemicals, but who need an overview of pollution and pollution control issues. It will provide an excellent reference tool for undergraduates in Environmental Science, and Policy-Makers and Environmental Consultants in the areas of ecology, ecotoxicology and risk assessment.

The European Union (EU) has a hugely important effect on the way in which environmental policies are framed, designed and implemented in many parts of the world, but especially Europe. The new edition of this leading textbook provides a state-of-the-art analysis of the EU's environmental policies. Comprising five parts, Environmental Policy in the EU covers the rapidly changing context in which EU environmental policies are made, the key actors who interact to co-produce them and the most salient dynamics of policy making, ranging from agenda setting and decision making, through to implementation and evaluation. Written by leading international experts, individual chapters examine how the EU is responding to a multitude of different challenges, including biodiversity loss, climate change, energy insecurity, and water and air pollution. They tease out the different ways in which the EU's policies on these topics co-evolve with national and international environmental policies. In this systematically updated fourth edition, a wider array of learning features are employed to ensure that readers fully understand how EU environmental policies have developed over the last 50 years and how they are currently adapting to the rapidly evolving challenges of the twenty-first century, including the COVID-19 pandemic. It is an essential resource for undergraduate and postgraduate students studying environmental policy and politics, climate change, environmental law and EU politics more broadly. The Open Access versions of chapters 19 and 20, available at https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429402333, have been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.

This seminal book results from a NATO Advanced Research Workshop at the University of Cambridge with Russian co-directorship, enabling the first formal dialogue between NATO and Russia about security issues in the Arctic Ocean. Involvinginterdisciplinary participation withexperts from 17 nations, including all of the Arctic states, this workshop itself reflects progress in Arctic cooperation and collaboration. Interests now are awakening globally to take advantage ofextensive energy, shipping, fishing and tourism opportunities in theArctic Oceanas it is being transformed from a permanent sea-ice capto a seasonally ice-free sea. This environmental state-changeis introducing inherent risks of political, economic and cultural instabilities that are centralized among the Arctic states and indigenous peoples with repercussions globally. Responding with urgency, environmental security is presented asan" "integrated approach for assessing and responding to the risks as well as the opportunities generated by an environmental state-change."" In this book diverse perspectives on environmental security in the Arctic Ocean are shared in chapters from high-level diplomats, parliamentarians and government officials of Arctic and non-Arctic states; leaders of Arctic indigenous peoples organizations; international law advisors from Arctic states as well as the United Nations; directors of inter-governmental organizations and non-governmental organizations; managers of multi-national corporations; political scientists, historians and economists; along with Earth system scientists and oceanographers. Building on the" common arctic issues " of " sustainable development and environmental protection " established by the Arctic Council environmental securityoffers an holistic approachto assess opportunities and risks as well as developinfrastructure responses with law of the sea as the key" international legal framework " to " promote the peaceful uses " of the Arctic Ocean. With vision for future generations, environmental security is a path to balance national interests and common interests in the Arctic Ocean for the lasting benefit of all."

China has industrialized and urbanized at unprecedented scale and speed since its economic take-off began in the 1980s. It has become the world's second largest economy, but pollution has pushed the environment to the limits of its carrying capacity. Chinese Environmental Law provides a comprehensive and structured analysis of the increasingly sophisticated Chinese environmental legal regime. It examines the regulation of pollution in detail, covering key environmental statutes, policies and plans, and investigates judicial innovation in the interpretation and application of environmental legal instruments. The book presents Chinese environmental law in action and in context. By discussing key institutions and processes, readers will understand the operation of the environmental law and policy, the dynamic interactions between state and non-state actors, and the special challenges to the implementation and enforcement of environmental law in the socio-economic and political context of China.

This is a study in vernacular architecture covering the Middle East and North Africa, particularly concentrating on the interaction between religion and society on the one hand and building practice and city planning on the other. Using various sources, some of which date back to the fourteenth century, the author convincingly contends that building and urban development accomplished within the Arabic-Islamic cultural framework achieved a high level of sophistication.

In recent years, a greater level of integration of the world economy and an opening of national markets to trade has impacted virtually all areas of society. The process of globalization has the potential to generate long-term benefits for developing countries, including enhanced technology and knowledge transfers and new fina- ing options supporting agricultural and economic development. However, risks of political and economic instability, increased inequality, and losses in agricultural income and production for countries that subsidize their agricultural and other e- nomic sectors threaten to offset potential benefits. Globalization can also have a profound impact on the water sector - in terms of allocation and use of water - and thus on food security as well. Other global change processes, particularly climate change, are also likely to have far-reaching impacts on water and food security, and societies around the world. To discuss these issues in-depth, the International Food Policy Research Institute, the Third World Centre for Water Management, Mexico, and the Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE), Costa Rica, held a three-day International Conference on "Globalization and Trade: Implications for Water and Food Security," at CATIE's Turrialba, Costa Rica, headquarters under the auspices of the CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food in 2005. The workshop set out to identify the major risks and emerging issues facing developing countries related to global economic and environmental change impacts on water and food security.

This book brings together three distinct areas of International Law - namely Environmental, Heritage and Ocean Law - to address the international legal protection of historically significant wrecks, with particular focus on the environmental hazards they may pose. The confluence of Heritage Law and the Law of the Sea with International Environmental Law represents an important development in international governance strategies for the twenty-first century, in particular those legal and administrative regimes that concern the world's oceans and underwater cultural heritage protection. Importantly, connections between international legal regimes, such as the 1982 Law of the Sea, and institutions like the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) and United Nations Education Scientific Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), can play a crucial part in governance strategies that involve the regulation of marine pollution and historic shipwrecks.

It contributes to the field of posthumanism through its application of posthuman feminism to international law Interdisciplinary approach. Will appeal to students and scholars with interests in legal, feminist, and posthuman theory, as well as those concerned with the contemporary challenges faced by international law.

Rights of nature is an idea that has come of age. In recent years, a diverse range of countries and jurisdictions have adopted these norms, which involve granting legal rights to nature or natural objects, such as rivers, forests, or ecosystems. This book critically examines the idea of natural objects as right-holders and analyzes legal cases, policies, and philosophical issues relating to this development. Drawing on contributions from a range of experts in the field, Rights of Nature: A Re-examination investigates the potential for this innovative idea to revolutionize the concepts of rights, standing, and recognition as traditionally understood in many legal systems. Taking as its starting point Stone's influential 1972 article "Should Trees Have Standing?," the book examines the progress rights of nature have made since that time, by identifying central themes, unifying principles, and key distinctions in how rights of nature discourse has been operationalized in the disciplines of law, philosophy, and the social sciences. These themes and principles are illustrated through a wide variety of examples, including ecosystem services, indigenous thinking, and ecological restoration, demonstrating how the relationship between humanity and the natural world may be transforming. Taking a philosophical, political, and legal perspective, this book will be of great interest to students and scholars of environmental law and policy, environmental ethics, and philosophy.

Emerging Pathogens at the Poles: Disease and International Trade Law explores the applicability and possible complicating issues of the SPS Protocol to the Polar Regions in light of emerging pathogeneses and unknown host and environmental susceptibility and resilience. It examines the current literature on emerging pathogeneses in the Arctic and Antarctic and the relationship pathogeneses has with human development and movement of goods and people in spreading pathogens in the Polar Regions. Given the endemic nature of the Polar environment and the increasing interest in these regions for tourism and industry, this topic is important to address. The major component of the work is on the relevance of the SPS Protocol and the GATT 1994 Article XX(b) exception on human, animal and plant health as a barrier to trade which is examined in the context of its application to the Arctic and Antarctic. This book is an introduction to the interdisciplinary thinking required, across both science and law, in order to appreciate the significance of global trade barriers in reducing disease transmission and spread. The spread of pathogens across boundaries has become an important geopolitical issue and the provisions of international trade law may prove decisive in limiting or exacerbating the spread of disease. Academics and students with initial knowledge of the international trade regime, or those with initial studies in health or Polar medicine, will find this cross-over a useful introduction to the complications of food, trade and disease.

This critical and cutting edge introduction to the key debates in green criminology shows readers how to approach environmental harm with a questioning mindset and demonstrates the contribution of criminologists towards solving global environmental concerns in the 21st century.

This is the first scholarly examination of climate change litigation in the Asia Pacific region. Bringing legal academics and lawyers from the Global South and Global North together, this book provides rich insights into how litigation can galvanize climate action in countries including Pakistan, Indonesia, Malaysia and China. Written in clear and accessible language, the fourteen chapters in this book shed light on the important question of how litigation may unfold as a potential regulatory pathway towards decarbonization in the world's most populous region.