This body of work provides detailed information on the nature of the fire problem for policymakers who must decide on allocations of resources between fire and other pressing problems, and within the fire service to improve codes and code enforcement, training, public fire education, building technology, and other related areas.

The U.S. Fire Administration (USFA) has partnered with the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) "to research what types of behaviors cause smoking fire fatalities and develop sound recommendations for behavioral mitigation strategies to reduce smoking fire fatalities in the United States...."

The objective of this study was to identify on-duty firefighter fatalities, occurring in the U.S. in 1994, and analyze the circumstances surrounding firefighter fatalities. They study is intended to help identify potential approaches that could reduce the number of deaths that occur each year. In addition to the 1994 findings, this study includes a special analysis of wildland firefighting fatalities, which claimed an unusually high number of lives this year, and an analysis of risk management and recognition in the fatal incidents.

This body of work provides detailed information on the nature of the fire problem for policymakers who must decide on allocations of resources between fire and other pressing problems, and within the fire service to improve codes and code enforcement, training, public fire education, building technology, and other related areas.

This report identifies relationships between city characteristics and the causes of residential fires, with special emphasis on climate, demographic, and socioeconomic factors.

The purpose of this manual is to identify the various grants and innovative funding alternatives available for emergency medical services (EMS) and fire protection services. Where appropriate, a discussion of the pros and cons of a particular funding source is discussed. Examples are given to illustrate houw alternative funding is being successfully implemented in EMS agencies and fire departments across the country.

The formation of a functional and safe technical rescue team, whether single- or multi-discipline, requires careful planning, a large time commitment from the team members, equipment research and acquisition, risk analysis, training, and funding. This manual provides guidance on how to for a technical rescue team.

An innovative technology was evaluated to generate fire and health safe soft furnishings. Nanoparticle-based thin coatings on a polyurethane foam and nonwoven barrier fabric were applied using Layerby- layer (Lbl) assembly. This is the first report of using Lbl on a complex three dimensional substrate, to improve the fire resistance of foam and barrier fabrics, and with sodium montmorillonite clay (MMT), carbon nanofibers (CNF) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). The Lbl process was tailored for each nanoparticle in order to fabricate durable coatings that completely covered the entire substrate surface. The CNF and MWCNT coatings on foam were thinner and contained fewer nanoparticles, but resulted in the greatest reduction in peak heat release rate (flammability). The reduction in foam flammability due to the nanoparticle \Lbl coatings is as high as 1138% greater than 17 other commercial fire retardants commonly used in foam. This technology has strong commercial viability for foam due to easy and flexibility of the Lbl process and the significant reduction in foam flammability caused by the coatings. However, Lbl does not work for nonwoven barrier fabrics as the structure was unable to remain intact during the fabrication process. In order to enable other agencies to access the potential health risk of using this nanoparticle-based technology for reducing the flammability of soft consumer products, this project developed the methodology to promote, collect, and quantify nanoparticles released from these substrates. In general, the release of nanoparticles was an order of magnitude higher from simulated chewing than simulated wear and tear, highest from the barrier fabric, and lowest for MMT. The release was between 0.50 mass fraction % to 0.0003 mass fraction % of the total nanoparticle loading on the substrate.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the circumstances surrounding fire fighter fatalities in the United States in 1986 in an attempt to identify potential means for reducing the number of deaths that occur each year. In addition to the 1986 findings, this study will also include special analyses of particular recurring scenarios, using NFPA's data base of fire fighter fatalities from 1977 through 1986.

This body of work provides detailed information on the nature of the fire problem for policymakers who must decide on allocations of resources between fire and other pressing problems, and within the fire service to improve codes and code enforcement, training, public fire education, building technology, and other related areas.

This body of work provides detailed information on the nature of the fire problem for policymakers who must decide on allocations of resources between fire and other pressing problems, and within the fire service to improve codes and code enforcement, training, public fire education, building technology, and other related areas.

The purpose of this report is to identify key concerns regarding the hazards of firefighter training and to explore how the training hazards have changed and helps fire departments reduce these hazards by offering suggestions based on the experiences of the study participants.

This body of work provides detailed information on the nature of the fire problem for policymakers who must decide on allocations of resources between fire and other pressing problems, and within the fire service to improve codes and code enforcement, training, public fire education, building technology, and other related areas.

This body of work provides detailed information on the nature of the fire problem for policymakers who must decide on allocations of resources between fire and other pressing problems, and within the fire service to improve codes and code enforcement, training, public fire education, building technology, and other related areas.

This body of work provides detailed information on the nature of the fire problem for policymakers who must decide on allocations of resources between fire and other pressing problems, and within the fire service to improve codes and code enforcement, training, public fire education, building technology, and other related areas.

This body of work provides detailed information on the nature of the fire problem for policymakers who must decide on allocations of resources between fire and other pressing problems, and within the fire service to improve codes and code enforcement, training, public fire education, building technology, and other related areas.

This project was carried out by the Society of Fire Protection Engineers (SFPE) and was supported by the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS's) Science and Technology Directorate and the United States Fire Administration (USFA). SFPE is an engineering association for advancing the science and practice of fire protection engineering. Water supply is an important subject to the fire service, fire protection engineers, and city managers. These manuals (volumes I & II) are intended to provide a reference for concepts and terminology to facilitate communication and understanding among these organizations.

The use of halon 1301 for fire fighting is being phased out due to its deleterious effects on stratospheric ozone. This report summarizes the findings of a three year study designed to characterize and identify super-effective thermal fire-fighting agents as possible replacements for these widely used compounds. Four distinct aspects related to the effectiveness of potential thermal agents have been considered. First, existing thermodynamic databases maintained by NIST have been searched in order to identify chemical compounds which are predicted to extract large amounts of heat from a combustion zone. Second, two liquids that were identified as being particularly interesting during the database search were tested experimentally for their extinguishing effectiveness. Third, detailed chemical-kinetic modeling and experimental studies of extinguishing volume fractions in simple flame systems were employed to improve the understanding of the effects of thermal agents on diffusion flames. Fourth, empirical heat transfer correlations for spray cooling of a surface were used to estimate the efficiencies of surface cooling by thermal agents. The database searches used two primary sources -- the Design Institute for Physical Properties database containing 1458 compounds from 83 family types and a smaller database, REFPROP, containing 43 compounds which is tailored to refrigerant applications. Additional substances were included that are not well represented in these databases. Compounds having high 1) heats of vaporization, 2) liquid-phase heat capacities, and 3) total heat absorption due to phase changes (if applicable), heating of a liquid (if applicable), and the heating of the gas phase to combustion temperatures were identified. The results are reported in tables of compounds ordered in terms of their ability to extract heat. The following recommendations are made based on the findings of the study: 1. The effectiveness of HFE7100 as a fire-extinguishing agent should be tested on full-scale simulations of aircraft fires. 2. Additional studies of the effectiveness of fire extinguishing agents released as liquids should be performed with a focus on confirming and understanding their enhanced performance relative to that expected based on simple heat extraction. 3. Experiments should be designed and performed with a goal of better understanding the interactions of liquid agent droplets with heated and reacting surfaces. Such an understanding is needed to better predict the effectiveness of liquid agents and could lead to improved approaches for delivering such agents to a fire.

In April of 1999, the North American Coalition for Fire and Life Safety Education conducted a symposium to examine fire safety challenges of those who cannot take life saving action, in a timely manner, in the event of a fire; specifically young children (under five), older adults (over sixty-five), and people with disabilities. The symposium was conducted in Washington, D.C. The following report represents the suggested "solutions" formulated by the attendees. It is important to note that they intend to address "shared responsibilities" of both fire service representatives and representatives of the advocacy groups.

This body of work provides detailed information on the nature of the fire problem for policymakers who must decide on allocations of resources between fire and other pressing problems, and within the fire service to improve codes and code enforcement, training, public fire education, building technology, and other related areas.

This handbook is designed to serve as a compendium of basic information about the tools and techniques of fire investigation.

This body of work provides detailed information on the nature of the fire problem for policymakers who must decide on allocations of resources between fire and other pressing problems, and within the fire service to improve codes and code enforcement, training, public fire education, building technology, and other related areas.

This body of work provides detailed information on the nature of the fire problem for policymakers who must decide on allocations of resources between fire and other pressing problems, and within the fire service to improve codes and code enforcement, training, public fire education, building technology, and other related areas.

A literature-based study was conducted at the Building and Fire Research Laboratory of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, to compare characteristics and usage of steel, copper, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride and polybutylene fire sprinkler pipe primarily related to residential and light hazard installations. This report addresses key variables such as material properties, usage criteria and limitations, system design, installation requirements, economics, and maintenance.

This body of work provides detailed information on the nature of the fire problem for policymakers who must decide on allocations of resources between fire and other pressing problems, and within the fire service to improve codes and code enforcement, training, public fire education, building technology, and other related areas.