In this work, the authors present a fully statistical approach to model non--native speakers' pronunciation. Second-language speakers pronounce words in multiple different ways compared to the native speakers. Those deviations, may it be phoneme substitutions, deletions or insertions, can be modelled automatically with the new method presented here.

The methods is based on a discrete hidden Markov model as a word pronunciation model, initialized on a standard pronunciation dictionary. The implementation and functionality of the methodology has been proven and verified with a test set of non-native English in the regarding accent.

The book is written for researchers with a professional interest in phonetics and automatic speech and speaker recognition.

The International Symposium on Acoustical Imaging is a unique forum for advanced research, covering new technologies, developments, methods and theories in all areas of acoustics. This interdisciplinary Symposium has been taking placecontinuously since 1968. In the course of the years the proceedings volumes in the Acoustical Imaging Series have become a reference for cutting-edge research in the field. In 2011 the 31st International Symposium on Acoustical Imaging was held in Warsaw, Poland, April 10-13. Offering both a broad perspective on the state-of-the-art as well as in-depth research contributions by the specialists in the field, this Volume 31 in the Series contains an excellent collection of papers insix major categories:
Biological and Medical Imaging
Physics and Mathematics of Acoustical Imaging
Acoustic Microscopy
Transducers and Arrays
Nondestructive Evaluation and Industrial Applications
Underwater Imaging"

November, 2008 Anna Schwarz, Johannes Janicka In the last thirty years noise emission has developed into a topic of increasing importance to society and economy. In ?elds such as air, road and rail traf?c, the control of noise emissions and development of associated noise-reduction techno- gies is a central requirement for social acceptance and economical competitiveness. The noise emission of combustion systems is a major part of the task of noise - duction. The following aspects motivate research: * Modern combustion chambers in technical combustion systems with low pol- tion exhausts are 5 - 8 dB louder compared to their predecessors. In the ope- tional state the noise pressure levels achieved can even be 10-15 dB louder. * High capacity torches in the chemical industry are usually placed at ground level because of the reasons of noise emissions instead of being placed at a height suitable for safety and security. * For airplanes the combustion emissions become a more and more important topic. The combustion instability and noise issues are one major obstacle for the introduction of green technologies as lean fuel combustion and premixed burners in aero-engines. The direct and indirect contribution of combustion noise to the overall core noise is still under discussion. However, it is clear that the core noise besides the fan tone will become an important noise source in future aero-engine designs. To further reduce the jet noise, geared ultra high bypass ratio fans are driven by only a few highly loaded turbine stages.

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN INTELLIGENT FOOD PACKAGING This book is a state-of-the-art exposition of nanotechnology and food packaging which is undergoing rapid advancement. This book is specially designed with an emphasis on the state-of-the-art in nanotechnology and food packaging. It offers fascinating techniques for producing smart and active food packaging and also discusses its toxicity and the role that nanosensors play in detecting different pathogens in food packaging. The concluding chapters also explain recent developments concerning the incorporation of health supplements in food packaging and their future role in producing intelligent food packaging. The 16 chapters of this book were contributed by academic and industry experts working in their respective areas of research and are thoughtfully arranged in a systematic fashion that preserves the flow of knowledge. An attempt has been made to include all the information in a single monograph to better understand the topics and technologies involved in the application of nanotechnology in intelligent food packaging. Audience The book is aimed at researchers, industry scientists such as chemists, biologists, polymer technologists, food packaging industrialists, biotechnologists, health experts, quality/food safety officials, and policymakers. It will also be helpful to graduate students in the fields of materials science, polymer science, and biotechnology to better understand the fundamental concepts involved in food packaging in relation to extending shelf life.

The FET College series is designed to meet the needs of students and lecturers of the National Certificate Vocational.

This practical introduction focuses on how to design integrated solutions for industrial vision tasks from individual algorithms. The book is now available in a revised second edition that takes into account the current technological developments, including camera technology and color imaging processing. It gives a hands-on guide for setting up automated visual inspection systems using real-world examples and the NeuroCheck® standard software that has proven industrial strength integrated in thousands of applications in real-world production lines. Based on many years of experience in industry, the authors explain all the essential details encountered in the creation of vision system installations. With example material and a demo version of the software found on "extras.springer.com" readers can work their way through the described inspection tasks and carry out their own experiments.

Adaptive 3D Sound Systems focuses on creating multiple virtual sound sources in 3D reverberant spaces using adaptive filters. Adaptive algorithms are introduced and explained, including the multiple-error filtered-x algorithm and the adjoint LMS algorithm. The book covers the physical, psychoacoustical, and signal processing aspects of adaptive and non-adaptive 3D sound systems. Included is an introduction to spatial hearing, sound localization and reverberation, frequency selectivity of the human auditory system, the state of the art in HRTF-based 3D sound systems, binaural synthesis, and loudspeaker displays. The adaptive approach to HRTF-based 3D sound systems is examined in detail for the general case of creating multiple virtual sound sources at the ears of multiple listeners in a reverberant 3D space. The derived solution can be applied to other applications, such as cross-talk cancellation, loudspeakers and room equalization, concert hall simulation, and active sound control. Several solutions for the problem of moving listeners are introduced. Strategies for enlarging the zones of equalization around the listeners' ears, correct loudspeakers positioning, and using multiresolution filters are proposed. Fast multiresolution spectral analysis using non-uniform sampling is developed for implementation of multiresolution filters. The well-focused topics, along with implementation details for adaptive algorithms, make Adaptive 3D Sound Systems suitable for multimedia applications programmers, advanced level students, and researchers in audio and signal processing.

Fermentation and the use of micro-organisms is one of the most important aspects of food processing - an industry that is worth billions of US dollars world-wide. Integral to the making of goods ranging from beer and wine to yogurt and bread, it is the common denominator between many of our favorite things to eat and drink. In this updated and expanded second edition of Food, Fermentation, and Micro-organisms, all known food applications of fermentation are examined. Beginning with the science underpinning food fermentations, the author looks at the relevant aspects of microbiology and microbial physiology before covering individual foodstuffs and the role of fermentation in their production, as well as the possibilities that exist for fermentation's future development and application. Many chapters, particularly those on cheese, meat, fish, bread, and yoghurt, now feature expanded content and additional illustrations. Furthermore, a newly included chapter looks at indigenous alcoholic beverages. Food, Fermentation, and Micro-organisms, Second Edition is a comprehensive guide for all food scientists, technologists, and microbiologists working in the food industry and academia today. The book will be an important addition to libraries in food companies, research establishments, and universities where food studies, food science, food technology and microbiology are studied and taught.

In the course of the years the volumes in the Acoustical Imaging Series have developedto become well-known and appreciated reference works. Offering both a broad perspective on the state of the art in the field as well as an in-depth look at its leading edge research, this Volume 30 in the Series contains again an excellent collection of contributions, presented in five major categories: "

ROLE OF MICROBES IN INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS AND PROCESSES The book covers recent breakthroughs and highlights the major role microbes play in industrial products and processes. With the advent of industrial biotechnology, microbes became popular as cell factories, and with the recent advancements in recombinant DNA technology, the application of microorganisms in various sectors has increased enormously for the development of various processes and products. Role of Microbes in Industrial Products and Processes covers recent breakthroughs and highlights the major role microbes play in industrial products and processes. It mainly focuses on the bio-refinery concept where bio-energy production and wastewater treatment are done simultaneously using micro-algae. Additionally, this book describes the role of microbes involved in the production of various enzymes, organic acids, and bio-polymers. It also provides detailed insight on modeling and simulation of bioprocess for the production of sugar alcohol; recovery of value-added products from organic waste using microbes is also reported. Detailed insights into the treatment of wastewater released from various industries, especially pharmaceutical wastewater, are given. Audience The book is intended for researchers, scientists, and postgraduates in chemical/biochemical engineering and bioprocess engineering, and others working in the domain of food microbiology, bioenergy/refinery, waste valorization to value-added products, and microbial production of bioplastics, sugar alcohols, enzymes, and organic acids.

Service and maintenance procedures for small generators manufactured before 1990.

The purpose of this bibliography is to list all of the known literature on acoustic emission in a single volume. The bibliography is intended to serve as a reference to the literature for those interested in the acoustic emission phenomenon, for those engaged in materials research, and for those interested in applying acoustic emission as a nonde structive testing method. It provides an invaluable reference to source materiaf for both undergraduate and graduate students interested in the subjects of acoustic emission, microseismic activity, and nondestructive testing. In addition, it provides a vaIuable desk-top reference for engineers and scientists in the fields of pressure vessel design and maintenance, stress analysis, mechanical engineering, welding engineering, nuclear engineering, metallurgy, and quality control. In compiling the bibliography every effort was made to search the literat ure for all the publications and obtain copies, index them, and publish a complete, com prehensive bibliography of the literature on acoustic emission. This bibliography is the most complete ever published. It includes essentially all of the literature on acoustic emission that has ever been published up through the first quarter of 1977. Publications listed are in the form of technical reports and memoranda, journal articles, technical presentations, proceedings, doctoral, master, and bachelor theses, patents, bound volumes, translations, and newspaper articles. Some references, however, are not technical articles, but consist of editorials or staff-written journal articles which are included because they represent apart of the literature."

Beyond Sound: The College and Career Guide in Music Technology is a must-read for anyone who loves music technology and wants to build a career in this competitive, fast-paced and exciting world. It is an outstanding resource for college and high school students, high school career centers, university placement centers, and libraries. Beyond Sound reflects on major technological advancements in recent history and explains why now is the ideal time to start a music technology career. An in-depth consideration of music technology education looks at over 200 schools that offer Music Technology, Music Recording, Music Industry, and Music Business programs. Beyond Sound considers the differences between BM, BS, BA, and BFA degrees as well as Graduate School, Trade School, and Art school programs. The reader is given the tools to research and make informed decisions about where to go to pursue their own formal music technology education. Beyond Sound provides practical guidance on career preparation, including how to get a great internship, how to land that first job, and how to make connections and move up in the business. Music technology jobs in recording, live sound, television and film, digital media, video games, retail sales, and education are described in great depth and clarity. Successful professionals in each of these fields share their stories, experiences, advice, and suggestions in candid interviews that provide the reader with a rare glimpse inside the professional world of music technology. Author Scott L. Phillips draws on his seventeen-year career as a technology trainer and educator, his scholarly research of music technology programs, and his extensive network of music technology professionals to bring the reader an intimate and accurate view of the exciting world of music technology. With this book, the aspiring music technologist will be able to learn about, prepare for, and begin a successful career that goes far Beyond Sound.

Only a space limitation of 115 seats prevented this First International Symposium on Acoustical Holography from having an attendance of over 250. Unfortunately, the size of the auditorium of the Douglas Advanced Research Laboratories required that attendance be by invitation only, and many deserving and interested scientists could not be present. This volume presents the proceedings of the symposium, and hopefully will help compen sate those individuals who were unable to attend. The symposium itself consisted of sixteen formal papers. The seven teenth, by Dr. P. Greguss, was not received in time to be read but is included in these proceedings. The presence of Professor Dennis Gabor considerably enhanced the informal sessions, which frequently became as spirited as one might expect in a new field. Dr. H. M. A. El-Sum, a consultant to the Douglas Advanced Research Laboratories and a pioneer in the field of holography, set the stage with the first paper. He provided a general introduction to the physical principles and practical methods involved in optical and acoustical holography. His paper also included a summary of various specific techniques currently used in sound holography, with the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations involved for each approach."

This literature study presents an overview of underwater acoustic networking. It provides a background and describes the state of the art of all networking facets that are relevant for underwater applications. This report serves both as an introduction to the subject and as a summary of existing protocols, providing support and inspiration for the development of network architectures.

Sensors, Instrumentation and Special Topics, Volume 6. Proceedings of the 29th IMAC, A Conference and Exposition on Structural Dynamics, 2011, the sixth volume of six from the Conference, brings together 27 contributions to this important area of research and engineering. The collection presents early findings and case studies on fundamental and applied aspects of Structural Dynamics, including papers on Structural Health Monitoring, High Intensity Noise Generation and other Special Topics.

Karlheinz Brandenburg and Mark Kahrs With the advent of multimedia, digital signal processing (DSP) of sound has emerged from the shadow of bandwidth limited speech processing. Today, the main appli cations of audio DSP are high quality audio coding and the digital generation and manipulation of music signals. They share common research topics including percep tual measurement techniques and analysis/synthesis methods. Smaller but nonetheless very important topics are hearing aids using signal processing technology and hardware architectures for digital signal processing of audio. In all these areas the last decade has seen a significant amount of application oriented research. The topics covered here coincide with the topics covered in the biannual work shop on "Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics". This event is sponsored by the IEEE Signal Processing Society (Technical Committee on Audio and Electroacoustics) and takes place at Mohonk Mountain House in New Paltz, New York. A short overview of each chapter will illustrate the wide variety of technical material presented in the chapters of this book. John Beerends: Perceptual Measurement Techniques. The advent of perceptual measurement techniques is a byproduct of the advent of digital coding for both speech and high quality audio signals. Traditional measurement schemes are bad estimates for the subjective quality after digital coding/decoding. Listening tests are subject to sta tistical uncertainties and the basic question of repeatability in a different environment.

Building Valve Amplifiers is a unique hands-on guide for anyone working with tube audio equipment--as an electronics hobbyist, audiophile or audio engineer. This 2nd Edition builds on the success of the first with technology and technique revisions throughout and, significantly, a major new self-build project, worked through step-by-step, which puts into practice the principles and techniques introduced throughout the book.

Particular attention has been paid to answering questions commonly asked by newcomers to the world of the valve, whether audio enthusiasts tackling their first build or more experienced amplifier designers seeking to learn about the design principles and trade-offs of "glass audio." Safety considerations are always to the fore, and the practical side of this book is reinforced by numerous clear illustrations throughout.
The only hands-on approach to building valve and tube amps--classic and modern--with a minimum of theoryDesign, construction, fault-finding, and testing are all illustrated by step-by-step examples, enabling readers to clearly understand the content and succeed in their own projectsIncludes a complete self-build amplifier project, putting into practice the key techniques introduced throughout the book

The first part of this collection sets out the results of some experimental and theoretical investigations into the optical properties of nontransition metals. The extensive future pros- pects of metal optics are indicated; the use of metal optics enables a whole series of import- ant electron properties of metals to be determined. Results obtained by studying intermolecular forces (the hydrogen bond and van der Waals forces) using spectroscopic methods (Raman effect and infrared absorption) are presented in the second part. A method of studying the true absorption of the drop phase of a water cloud is described. Methods of increasing the dispersion of manufactured spectral instruments and constructing various infrared spectrometers are indicated. The publication is intended for scientific workers, graduates, and students concerned with problems of metal optics, the electron properties of metals, and molecular spectroscopy. v CONTENTS OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NONTRANSITION METALS G. P. Motulevich Introduction .**.*...* " ...*...**. 1 Chapter I. Method of the Kinetic Equation in Metal Optics...5 1. Kinetic equation for the infrared part of the spectrum *.*..*...*...**.**.. 5 2. Anomalous skin effect . * ...* . * . . * ...* . . * * * * * ...* . . * ...9 3. Normal skin effect * * ...* ...* * . * ...* * * ...* ...11 . . * ...4. Weakly anomalous skin effect...* * * * ...* * ...* ...* . 13 ...

This document was commissioned by the Facility Guidelines Institute as the sole reference for acoustics in health care facilities. It was written by the Health Care Acoustics Working Group, a permanent committee of the Acoustics Research Council (ARC), comprised of members of leading professional societies in acoustics, noise control engineering, acoustical consulting and related professions. ARC organized the health care Working Group in 2004-5 drawing its members from ten constituencies that range from medicine to law, public policy, architecture, design and engineering in order to provide constructive, guidance on sound and vibration based on research and best practices. "Sound and Vibration 2.0" has been adopted as the sole reference standard for acoustics in health care facilities by: the 2010 FGI/ASHE "Guidelines for the Design and Construction of Healthcare Facilities" (used in 60 countries); the US Green Building Council s "LEED for Healthcare" (used in 87 countries); The Green Guide for Health Care V2.2; and the International Code Council's IGCC (2011).

Sound and vibration are topics of increasing prominence in the design, construction, and operation of healthcare facilities. A satisfactory acoustical environment in a healthcare facility is now viewed as an essential component of effective healthcare.

Sensible acoustical and privacy planning in the early design stages of a healthcare facility project can be solved effectively and affordably with a few strokes of the designer's pencil. The recommended minimum design requirements presented in this work are therefore intended to aid designers in achieving satisfactory acoustical and privacy environments in healthcare facilities. This handbook includes comprehensive, practical, and measureable guidelines for all aspects of acoustics in the design, construction, and evaluation of all types of healthcare facilities, including large general hospitals, specialized patient care facilities, and ambulatory patient care facilities.

Professional studio design is a specialized science, with more than a touch of "black magic" thrown in. Over the past few years, Sound on Sound magazine has made one trip each month to a reader's studio. These visits have demonstrated that it is fairly simple to make a huge improvement to an untreated project-studio room, without spending a fortune. However, they've also proven that beginners' attempts at DIY acoustic treatments often cause more problems than they solve. Utilizing knowledge from dozens of visits to readers' home and project studios, the SOS team imparts easy-to-understand, organized troubleshooting advice. Learn how to rid yourself of monitoring problems and get an accurate monitoring system, how to enhance the sound of your recording space, and how to perfect your instrumental and vocal recordings. Decrease the time you spend re-recording and mixing, simply by improving your room with advice from the guys who have seen it all when it comes to make-do small studios. Contains: A structured look at the problems that most often plague small studios, with individual studio case studies addressing each issue Real solutions that you can both afford and implement; no thousand-dollar investments or idealized studio designs that don't work with your space! Case studies that look at small studios' specific problems, with additional break-outs tips that address quick fixes to common problems

Inverse problems have a long history in acoustics, optics, electromagnetics and geophysics, but only recently have the signals provided by ocean acoustic sensors become numerous and sophisticated enough to allow for realistic identification of the ocean parameters. Acoustic signals propagating for long distances in the water column and reflections of underwater sound from the ocean boundaries provide novel problems of interpretation and inversion. The chapters in this volume discuss some of the contemporary aspects of these problems. They provide recent and useful results for bottom recognition, inverse scattering in acoustic wave guides, and ocean acoustic tomography, as well as a discussion of some of the new algorithms, such as those related to matched-field processing, that have recently been used for inverting experimental data. Each chapter is by a noted expert in the field and represents the state of the art. The chapters have all been edited to provide a uniform format and level of presentation.

In Max/MSP/Jitter for Music, expert author and music technologist V. J. Manzo provides a user-friendly introduction to a powerful programming language that can be used to write custom software for musical interaction. Through clear, step-by-step instructions illustrated with numerous examples of working systems, the book equips you with everything you need to know in order to design and complete meaningful music projects. The book also discusses ways to interact with software beyond the mouse and keyboard through use of camera tracking, pitch tracking, video game controllers, sensors, mobile devices, and more.
This book will be of special value for everyone who teaches music at any level, from classroom instructors to ensemble directors to private studio instructors. Whether you want to create simple exercises for beginning performers or more complex programs for aspiring composers, this book will show you how to write customized software that can complement and even inspire your instructional objectives.
No specialist foreknowledge is required to use this book to enliven your experience with music technology. Even musicians with no prior programming skills can learn to supplement their lessons with interactive instructional tools, to develop adaptive instruments to aid in composition and performance activities, and to create measurement tools with which to conduct research.
This book allows you to:
-Learn how to design meaningful projects for composition, performance, music therapy, instruction, and research
-Understand powerful software through this accessible introduction, written for beginners
-Follow along through step-by-step tutorials
-Grasp the principles by downloading the extensive software examples from the companion website
This book is ideal for:
-Music educators at all levels looking to integrate software in instruction
-Musicians interested in how software can improve their practice and performance
-Music composers with an interest in designing interactive music
-Music therapists looking to tailor programs to the needs of specific groups or individuals
And all who are interested in music technology.
Visit the companion website at www.oup.com/us/maxmspjitter http: //www.oup.com/us/maxmspjitter

In this comprehensive guide, Brixen takes the reader through the complex and confusing aspects of audio metering, imparting the knowledge and skills needed to utilize optional signal levels and produce high-quality audio. Covering all aspects of this fundamental subject, Audio Metering: Measurements, Standards and Practice begins with the basics, such as audio definitions and digital techniques, and works up to more complex topics like hearing and psychoacoustics. This revised and expanded third edition includes: Updated information on loudness metering, covering both existing and new standards. Definitions of terms such as LKFS, LUFS, gating, LRA. Explanations of signal types and musical sounds and structures. Further details on immersive audio. Skills needed for both small-room acoustics and large auditorium sound design without loss of sound quality. Descriptions of measurement signals and systems for audio and acoustic sound. A chapter on listening tests from small set-ups to large-scale comparisons of PA/SR-systems. Packed full of valuable information with a wide range of practical applications, this is the essential reference guide to audio metering for technicians, engineers, and tonmeisters, as well as sound designers working with acoustics, electroacoustics, broadcast, studio recording, sound art, archiving, audio forensics, and theatrical and live-audio setups.