The trafficking of human beings is a major worldwide problem. This book addresses the need for a system that provides the same set of quantitative and qualitative data to help develop a comprehensive counter-strategy. It analyzes various definitions as well as the complexity of phenomena that impair the collection and comparability of data. Coverage also examines different approaches with the aim of coming to an effective monitoring system.

This volume examines the nexus between immigration and crime from all of the angles. It addresses not just the evidence regarding the criminality of immigrants but also the research on the victimization of immigrants; on human trafficking; domestic violence; the police handling of human trafficking; the exportation to crime problems via deportation; the vigilantes at the U.S. border; the role of the non-immigration police in the control of immigration; and, the criminalization of immigration policy.

Using clear examples of research problems and possibilities, this book shows students how to design and do their own criminological research. Each chapter integrates research theory and practice as the text explains a variety of methods in undergraduate and professional contexts. It is the ideal resource for all students researching crime.

This study introduces key emerging perspectives in postmodern analysis and discusses how they might be integrated, synthesized, and applied in criminology, law, and social justice. Milovanovic first familiarizes readers with discourse analysis (Lacanian), chaos theory, catastrophe theory, and edgework theory. Next, he covers various practical applications through literature and film, in client-lawyer practices, etc. These new critical perspectives will be invaluable tools for scholars in law, criminology, criminal justice, sociology, and law enforcement.

These theories shed light on how nonmaterially motivated forms of crime, those that provide adrenalin rushes or excitement, can be understood. They help to explain the development of sudden forms of violence, such as criminal acts by disgruntled workers, as well as how mediation practices can curtail such escalating violence. Milovanovic also demonstrates how constitutive theorizing can serve as an umbrella integrative theory, which provides sufficient space for various syntheses. A case-in-point is how edgework theory (adrenalin rush, excitement, visceral experiences) can be understood in criminology and in the establishment of social justice.

The book presents discussions of the application of Stan Cohen's theories alongside empirical contributions in the fields of critical and green criminology. Taken together, the authors critically address harms and crimes against the environment, as well as against human and nonhuman victims.

This bundle incorporates 14 titles from key thinkers across the field of Criminology, including those featured in the Routledge student reference book, Fifty Key Thinkers in Criminology such as Carol Smart, John Braithwaite and Thomas Mathiesen. Covering a wide-spectrum of sub-disciplines from across the field, this is an essential collection that provides accessible information and comprehensive coverage for any student of Criminology.

Despite many Americans' triumphant proclamations that Barack Obama's 2008 and 2012 elections signified a post-partisan, post-racial society, it seems that the United States is more divided than ever. From the rise of the Tea Party, to strident anti-immigration and anti-welfare movements, to the so-called "war on women", the United States on its surface appears to be caught in the turmoil of a culture war that has not relented since the Reagan era. But, as John Dombrink writes in The Twilight of Social Conservatism, the conservative backlash seen during Obama's presidency is indicative not of a rising social conservative force in society, but of a waning one. Drawing on demographic research, political polls, contemporary media, and internet commentary, Dombrink demonstrates that the vitality of major social conservative ideas from the culture war era has faded. Support for once-divisive wedge issues, like same-sex marriage and reproductive rights, has increased dramatically, and Americans, particularly young Americans, are less religious and more libertarian than ever before. As he traces the end of the culture wars and the "unwedging" of American politics over the last eight years, Dombrink is quick to caution that social conservatism has not disappeared entirely from view. Nevertheless, the once-prominent "Moral Majority" pushing for dominance in American culture is now reconsidering itself as a minority, and Dombrink argues that it is unlikely that social conservative forces will ever regain the power and potency they once held in American politics. A comprehensive and insightful work, The Twilight of Social Conservatism deftly analyzes the liberalizing trends that created the social and political culture America has today and that portend to the culture America will have in years to come.

This is a study of novels by Chester Himes, Malcolm Braly, and others on the experience of doing time in American prisons. The authors are all convicts or ex-convicts who were not professional writers before their incarceration. In fact, Massey notes, the confinement seems to have motivated them to put their experiences into words. Most of the prisoners were incarcerated for armed robbery, one of the most common felonies in the United States. The relationship between that crime and the American Dream has social and political implications, but these writers are neither prisoners of conscience nor prisoners of war. How these writers describe the harsh prison environment reveals patterns and themes common to most prison novels. Although an atmosphere of violence abounds, a sense of camaraderie and an extended home feeling are equally strong characteristics of the prison novels. The writers make it clear that within prisons, inmates change, for better or worse, and sometimes this change results in positive growth.

This book, first published in 1973, explores the manner in which conceptions of deviancy arise and shows how the attitudes of non-deviants, of society and of authority, are as instrumental in forming these conceptions as the actions of the deviants themselves. Chapters include discussions on the definition of deviants and deviancy and the enforcement of the law, alongside a detailed introduction. This title will be of particular value to students and scholars with an interest in criminology and the sociology and psychology of deviancy.

During the eighteenth century English defendants, victims, witnesses, judges, and jurors spoke a language of the mind. With their reputations or lives at stake, men and women presented their complex emotions and passions as grounds for acquittal or mitigation of punishment. Inside the courtroom the language of excuse reshaped crimes and punishments, signalling a shift in the age-old negotiation of mitigation. Outside the courtroom the language of the mind reflected society's preoccupation with questions of sensibility, responsibility, and the self.

This, the nineteenth volume of "Criminal Justice History, " features seven original essays on the history of violent crimes and punishments in North America in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, including a major bibliography on capital punishment and the death penalty in the United States.

The volume also contains a long book review essay on eleven books dealing with aspects of global terrorism, and reviews of eleven individual major works on the history and ideology of cirme and criminal justice that have appeared from the end of the 1990s. The introduction outlines the issues and themes that are contained in the essays and reviews. As in the earlier volumes in this series, a comprehensive index identifies all subjects, names, and places in the volume.

Most students of criminal justice, and the general public as well, think of policing along the three basic types of municipal, sheriff, and state police. Little is known about other avenues of police work, such as the constable. In policing textbooks, when a position such as constable is mentioned, only a line or two is presented, hardly enough to indicate it is of any importance. And yet constables and numerous other alternative policing positions are of vital importance to law enforcement in Texas and in other states. Constables, Marshals, and More seeks to remedy that imbalance in the literature on policing by starting with the state of Texas, home of more than 68,000 registered peace officers. Lorie Rubenser and Gloria Priddy first lay the groundwork for how to become a peace officer. A guest chapter by Raymond Kessler discusses legal issues in alternative police work. Rubenser and Priddy then examine the oft-overlooked offices of constable, railroad police, racing commission, cattle brand inspector, university police, fire marshal, city marshal, Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission, bailiff, game warden, and district/county attorney investigators. This book will be useful for any general policing courses at both the undergraduate and the graduate levels. It will provide more in-depth analysis of these lesser known law enforcement positions and will spur student interest in employment in these areas. "There are so many law enforcement agencies in the State of Texas that we know so little about, such as game wardens, the constables, or the railroad police. At last we have an informative book that explains the legal and historical aspects of these positions and explains the roles and duties of these officers in Texas law enforcement. This is a valuable book for anyone interested in the more unusual Texas police agencies."-Willard M. Oliver, criminal justice, Sam Houston State University

This edited volume focuses on developments in recognizing, investigating, and prosecuting cases of sexual violence in (post-)conflict situations from an interdisciplinary angle. The investigation and prosecution of these cases raises new and challenging questions as to how to build evidence, but also how to address victims' concerns in that process. It addresses innovations and challenges of empirical and other new kinds of social scientific, archival and medical data collection techniques; the development of evidence in relation to charges ranging from sexual violence as a war crime, crime against humanity to genocide; evidentiary and procedural achievements and challenges involved in prosecuting sexual victimization in international courts; and how to create awareness of sexual violence crimes in order to recognize such crimes and to prevent them in the future. Contributors: Lynn Lawry, Kirsten Johnson, Jana Asher, Maxine Marcus, John Hagan, Richard Brooks, Todd Haugh, Chen Reis, Kelly Askin, Valerie Oosterveld, Sandesh Sivakumaran, Patricia Viseur Sellers, Luis Moreno-Ocampo, Linda Bianchi, Michelle Jarvis, Elena Martin Salgado, Sara Sharratt, Brigid Inder, Rachel Irwin, Teresa Doherty, Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Charlotte Ku, Renee Romkens, Larissa van den Herik, and Silke Studzinsky.

This is the first book that documents and analyzes the paramount role of secret services in the decomposition of the communist system and the conversion of its elites into new capitalists. The surge of civil society in 1980s Poland prompted a parallel expansion of the police-state apparatus. The book traces the subsequent reconstitution and privatization of social, political and material resources of the police-state and shows how these covert operations shaped other, more visible aspects of the East/Central transformation.

Since after the Second World War, the crime of aggression is - along with genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes - a "core crime" under international law. However, despite a formal recognition of aggression as a matter of international criminal law and the reinforcement of the international legal regulation of the use of force by States, numerous international armed conflicts occurred but no one was ever prosecuted for aggression since 1949. This book comprehensively analyses the historical development of the criminalisation of aggression, scrutinises in a detailed manner the relevant jurisprudence of the Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals as well as of the Nuremberg follow-up trials, and makes proposals for a more successful prosecution for aggression in the future. In identifying customary international law on the subject, the volume draws upon a wealth of applicable sources of national criminal law and puts forward a useful classification of States legislative approaches towards the criminalisation of aggression at the national level. It also offers a detailed analysis of the current international legal regulation of the use of force and of the Rome Statutes substantive and procedural provisions pertaining to the exercise of the International Criminal Courts jurisdiction with respect to the crime of aggression, after 1 January 2017."

New Zealand was the first country in the world to decriminalize all sectors of sex work. Previous criminal or civil laws governing sex work and related offenses were revoked in 2003 and sex workers became subject to the same controls and regulations as any other occupational group. This book presents an example of radical legal reform in an area of current policy debate and pushes forward the policy and legal debate for an area undergoing reform in many countries. It provides an in-depth look at New Zealand's experience of decriminalization and provides first hand views on and experience with this policy from the point of view of those involved in the sex industry, as well as people involved in developing, implementing, researching, and reviewing the policies. The book makes valuable comparisons on pre- and post-decriminalization.

First published in 1976, this book examines the practical workings of the English criminal court system, focusing on the defendant's experiences of the system and the decisions he takes as he passes through it. Indeed, the defendant in a criminal case is in a unique position to experience the whole criminal process, from the first approaches of the investigating policeman to conviction, sentence and possible appeal. Defendants in the Criminal Process is based upon the close observation of criminal cases and on interviews with defendants. The authors raise several issues and questions to be addressed by those involved in the administration of justice, whether as court administrators, judges, magistrates or lawyers. They also discuss issues of special importance for academics and others concerned with the explanation of the court process.

First published in 1984, this book examines corporate crime in the pharmaceutical industry. Based on extensive research, including interviews with 131 senior executives of pharmaceutical companies in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico and Guatemala, the book is a major study of white-collar crime. Written in the 1980s, it covers topics such as international bribery and corruption, fraud in the testing of drugs and criminal negligence in the unsafe manufacturing of drugs. The author considers the implications of his findings for a range of strategies to control corporate crime, nationally and internationally.

First published in 1979, Official Discourse is an unofficial report of theoretical investigations into a specific state of practice- the publication of reports of official inquiries into law, order and justice issues. The commissions, tribunals and committees of inquiry scrutinized in this book examine problems arising from wrongful imprisonment, police corruption, industrial picketing, and communal rioting and internment in Northern Ireland. Focusing on the reasons why government reports take the form they do, the authors venture into the areas of linguistics, psychoanalysis and Marxism. The book is an exercise in discourse analysis, an exercise in theoretical work that looks at the relationships between theory and literary production, and a critique of official conceptions of law, order and justice.

Criminological research has historically been based on the study of men, boys and crime. As a result, the criminal justice system s development of policies, programs, and treatment regimes was based on the male offender. It was not until the 1970s that some criminologists began to draw attention to the neglect of gender in the study of crime, but today, the study of gender and crime is burgeoning within criminology and includes a vast literature.

The Routledge International Handbook of Crime and Gender Studies is a collection of original, cutting-edge, multidisciplinary essays which provide a thorough overview of the history and development of research on gender and crime, covering topics based around:

• theoretical and methodological approaches
• gender and victimization
• gender and offending
• gendered work in the criminal justice system
• future directions in gender and crime research.

Alongside these essays are boxes which highlight particularly innovative ideas or controversial topics such as cybercrime, restorative justice, campus crime, and media depictions. A second set of boxes features leading gender and crime researchers who reflect on what sparked their interest in the subject.

This engaging and thoughtful collection will be invaluable for students and scholars of criminology, sociology, psychology, public health, social work, cultural studies, media studies, economics and political science.

This study examines the ways in which the moral community is "talked into being" in relation to crime, and the objects of concern that typically occupy its attention. It maps the imagined moral universe of the virtuous and the criminal and charts the relations between these two groups in the "history of the present." It examines the calls to action which symbolically endow the moral community with power. And it looks at the character and content of collective moralizing. The source materials are commentaries about crime and criminal justice appearing in selected newspapers across the Americas. The moral "talk" found there is stylized, routine, trivial and occasionally dramatic. It looks nothing like the weightier renderings of morality that derive from the reconstruction of a particular "ethic" or from the systematic probing of values and moral reasoning. And its fuzzy, offhand, unexceptional and frequently unsystematic nature makes it a difficult candidate for explaining either stability or change in crime policies. But moral talk has intrinsic importance as the creator and sustainer of an imagined moral community, a community that symbolizes the existence and vigor of morality itself and confers a crucially important identity on its self-proclaimed members. And moral talk reveals inherent intersections between normative, empirical and technical discourses, highlighting the relationships between morality, science and social engineering. Thus, a prosaic, instrumental, model of morality is particularly strong in North America, but only found in a more abstract form in Latin America, where it sits alongside a stirring vision of morality, more directly anchored in virtue. Research on social problems, moral panics and the sociology of morality has largely overlooked the type of moral discourse studied here. While emphasizing the culturally contingent nature of the findings, the conclusion reflects on their significance for understanding the nature of moralizing, the artifacts of talk and the construction of identity.

The collection considers the growing importance of the border as a prime site for state activity and the impact of such activity on human rights and global justice. It explores how state activity on the border simultaneously creates and responds to crime, criminalizing individuals who irregularly cross borders while ignoring far more harmful cross border activities committed by powerful actors. This book extends understandings of borders in order to make sense of the shifts in the ways states exercise power and control over activities that are connected to or impact on borders, and the consequences of these actions, particularly for vulnerable groups. Covering subjects from e-trafficking, child soldiers, the "global war on terror" in Africa and police activities that generate crime, this collection analyses material on a broad range of issues related to transnational crime and countermeasures from North American, European and Australian sources.