Although the domestic marijuana industry may generate revenues as high as $60 billion each year and probably accounts for more than a fourth of the marijuana consumed in the United States, there has been no systematic study of the industry or of the people who cultivate marijuana for profit. This study is the first of its kind and sets the groundwork for future research on the subject. Ralph A. Weisheit challenges popular images of the drug industry that focus primarily on drug production in other countries or on the plight of inner cities. The focus of this field study relates to the rural drug scene and involves primarily white middle-aged males, showing how the United States drug problem is deeply ingrained in the structure of our society. The study also analyzes the views of marijuana growers and their economic rewards.

Weisheit outlines the history of marijuana, laws covering marijuana cultivation, and the botany of marijuana growing. Using interviews with growers, police, and others familiar with marijuana growing, this study describes a series of new findings about the types of growers, their motivations, their operations, and their status in their communities. Further topics covered are the more sophisticated cultivation techniques developed during the 1980s, and the controversial issue of the relationship between marijuana cultivation and other drug use. The interviews and the typology of growers should be of considerable interest to students and experts in drugs, criminology, and deviance, as well as to marijuana growers, police departments, and defense attorneys.

The phenomena of mass shootings appear to be on the rise. Within the past decade, shootings have occurred in schools, religious institutions, concerts, movie theaters, and other public venues, as well as at home in the form of domestic mass shootings. This phenomenon is influenced by factors such as access to guns, mental illness, the desire for fame, revenge from being bullied, and copycat killing to name a few. Mass shootings are a serious problem for society and must to be explored further in order to provide preventive solutions. The Handbook of Research on Mass Shootings and Multiple Victim Violence is a pivotal reference source that provides vital research on contributing factors to gun violence, characteristics of shooters and victims, solutions for preventing incidents from occurring, and the impact these shootings have on the community. While highlighting topics such as school safety, cyberbullying, and mental illness, this publication is ideally designed for law enforcement, government officials, psychologists, psychiatrists, sociologists, politicians, policymakers, law makers, academicians, researchers, and students seeking current research on the latest empirical findings of mass shootings in the United States.

Olof Dahlback's book breaks new ground for the analysis of crime from a rationality perspective by presenting models and methods that go far beyond those with which researchers have hitherto been equipped. The book examines single crimes, individual criminality, and societal crime, and it discusses thoroughly the general decision theoretical presuppositions necessary for analyzing these various types of crime. An expected utility maximization model for a single discrete choice regarding the commission of a crime is the foundation of most of the analyses presented. A version of this model is developed that permits interpersonal comparisons, and this basic model is used when deriving more complex models of crime as well as when analyzing the potential for such derivations. The rigorous, powerful methods suggested provide considerable opportunities for improving research and for seeing old problems in a new light.

This historical annual is the major publication in the general area of the history of crime, the criminal courts, policing, and punishment in all geographical regions and from ancient to modern times. In addition to analytical articles, the annual provides reviews of the major books in these areas as well as book review essays on major publications, collections, new findings, and methodologies. The annual serves both as a forum for the leading research scholarship in these subject areas and as an inter- and multi-disciplinary focus on the crime and criminal justice fields.

The second edition of Treating the Criminal Offender was written in an atmosphere of disillusionment and severe criticism of the traditionalist ap proach to treatment. As crime rates soared, the voices of the critics rose in volume and intensity. And so, this third edition-revised toward the end of the decade of the 1980s-embodies the shift in emphasis from rehabilitating the offender to protecting the community. This shift, in our opinion, does not reject the goal of changing the of fender so as to effect his reintegration into society; it uses the strategy of intensive supervision and surveillance only to effect the desired goal. The use of electronics to monitor the offender's whereabouts and the swift ap plication of punitive measures following. the awareness of any violation are extrinsic techniques of control. It is our opinion that for the deep, more lasting changes in behavior, some form of casework, counseling, and/or psy chotherapeutic intervention is essential. We are the cohorts who believe in the effectiveness of such treatment modalities when and if applied to the right target population at the appropriate time."

A powerful, uncompromising explanation of how subtle sources of hatred contained throughout our media and culture have resulted in a tolerance for hate crimes in America. How is hate engendered, and what causes hatred to manifest as criminal behavior? Hate Crime in the Media: A History considers how in America, perceived threats on national, physical, and/or personal space have been created by mediated understandings of different peoples, and describes how these understandings have then played out in hate crimes based on ethnicity, religious identity, or sexual identity. The work reveals the origins of hate in American culture found in the media; political rhetoric; the entertainment industry, including national sports; and the legal system. Each chapter addresses historical questions of representation and documents the response to those considered intruders. The book also examines trends in hate crimes, the resulting changes in our legal code, and the specific victims of hate crimes. Provides readers with an understanding of how deeply embedded in daily cultural practices the roots of hatred are in American culture Spotlights the role of cultural institutions such as the media, political rhetoric, and the entertainment industry in fostering an atmosphere of hate Portrays hate crime as unexceptional in American culture rather than isolated acts of deviant individuals Examines media depictions of those considered "Other" throughout American history, including enemies during war, immigrants, different racial and religious groups, and those whose sexual identities have been deemed "Other"

Paradoxes in American Criminal Justice: Exploring Historical and Philosophical Aspects of the Criminal Justice System provides students with a collection of readings that explore the current state of crime and punishment of America, as well as the empirical methods by which the successes or failures of the system are evaluated. The opening chapter presents students with an overview of the institutional structure and function of the United States and an examination of how the institution of criminal justice works in tandem to form a system of social control. Chapters 2-6 discuss the origins of the criminal justice system and the ways in which it has changed and evolved over time. In Chapters 7-13, students engage with material regarding the nature of crime in America, morality and law, deviance and social control, criminology theory, prison systems and corrections, and more. The final chapter addresses women and the criminal justice system. Designed to help students develop critical thinking skills within the discipline, Paradoxes in American Criminal Justice is an ideal resource for introductory criminal justice and criminology courses.

From animal rights to anti-abortion, from tax resistance to anti-poverty, activists from across the political spectrum often deliberately break the law to further their causes. While not behaviors common to hardened or self-seeking criminals, the staging of civil disobedience, non-violent resistance, and direct action can nevertheless trigger a harsh response from law enforcement, with those arrested risking jail time and criminal records. Crimes of Dissent features the voices of these activists, presenting a fascinating insider's look at the motivations, costs and consequences of deliberately violating the law as a strategy of social change.

Crimes of Dissent provides readers with an in-depth understanding of why activists break the law, and what happens to them when they do. Using dynamic examples, both historic and recent, Jarret Lovell explores how seasoned protesters are handled and treated by the criminal justice system, shedding light on the intersection between the political and the criminal. By adopting the unique vantage of the street-level activist, Crimes of Dissent provides a fascinating view of protest from the ground, giving voice to those who refuse to remain silent by risking punishment for their political actions.

This comprehensive, interdisciplinary collection examines diverse forms of anti-social behaviour in Victorian and contemporary Britain, providing a unique comparison of the methods which have been employed by governments to control it.

Once a largely dismissed problem, street harassment is now headline news and being addressed by many international agencies and governments worldwide. This book details how a growing number of individuals, small groups, international organizations, and government agencies worldwide are working to create safe public spaces. Everyone should be able to navigate through public spaces without facing harassment or the threat of sexual assault, yet that is a right that millions of people worldwide are routinely denied. In the United States alone, 65 percent of women and 25 percent of men experience street harassment. This book taps personal stories, research data, news stories, and information about global campaigns and grassroots action in dozens of countries to trace the growing social movement to recognize, address, and prevent street harassment. The author suggests what steps need to be taken next to help stop street harassment globally and invites readers to take action and be part of the solution. The book addresses specific and prominent incidents of street harassment such as the mass sexual assaults of women at Tahrir Square in Cairo, Egypt; the gang rape and murder of a young woman on a bus in Delhi, India, in 2012; and the viral hidden-camera video produced by Hollaback!, an advocacy group dedicated to ending street harassment, that documents the catcalling and stalking that happens to a woman as she walks through New York City. It documents the explosion of studies, personal story sharing, grassroots campaigns, and media attention on street harassment since 2010 as well as Global Safe Cities efforts by international organizations like UN Women and ActionAid in countries on all six continents during that time period. Attention is also paid to the ongoing lack of enforcement of laws on street harassment by police and judges. The book concludes by looking forward at remedies for the problem: education among youth about street harassment and addressing issues of consent and respect. Makes a clear case for why street harassment is a human rights violation and provides evidence that illustrates its scope and status as a serious problem internationally Provides a collection of studies and personal stories from more than a dozen countries on six continents Weighs the pros and cons of laws intended to curtail street harassment Documents how street harassment is a global problem and how individuals worldwide are taking action to create safer communities for all Highlights how news stories in combination with individual outrage, community action, and online tools can lead to substantive social change

Fraud examination is a specialized methodology for resolving allegations of wrongdoing. The author states that traditional auditing techniques are insufficient for uncovering fraud in business and government, and offers an alternative approach. Fraud examination consists of specialized knowledge from four fields: accounting and auditing, investigation, law, and criminology. Each of these fields are covered in detail as they relate to fraud and white-collar crime, thereby increasing the knowledge necessary to fight the ever-increasing fraud problem. The professional interested in uncovering or documenting fraud must not only know how to discover it in the books and records. He or she must know how to recognize fraud symptoms; how to obtain evidence, take statements and write reports; to testify to findings; and to assist in the prevention and detection of fraud.

According to most authorities, fraud in business and government is at an all-time high. The responsibilities of the auditor and accountant to detect and deter fraud and white-collar crime are increasing, and yet they catch few frauds before devastating losses occur. In the view of Joseph T. Wells, this is because accountants and auditors wrongfully assume fraud can be detected and prevented through traditional audit techniques. Instead, the author suggests that auditors, accountants, and loss prevention professionals must find a new approach. Fraud examination is defined as the skills necessary to resolve allegations of fraud from inception to disposition; to obtain evidence, take statements and write reports; to testify to findings; and to assist in the detection and prevention of fraud. Fraud examination consists of specialized knowledge from four fields: accounting and auditing, investigation, law, and criminology.

The book begins with a section on criminology, which explains the various theories of why some persons commit crimes and others do not. A special emphasis is given to the theories of the white-collar offender. The next section, law, gives the reader a broad knowledge of the courts, how they operate, and the various procedures for proving fraud matters. It also details the various criminal and civil statutes by which fraud offenders are punished. The third section, auditing, provides the reader with specific techniques to examine books and records for fraudulent activity. Net worth analysis, a methodology for proving ill-gotten gains, is explored in detail. The final section, investigation, provides techniques on how best to obtain information through interview methods. It also covers confidential sources of information, as well as writing reports in fraud-related cases. This book is specifically designed for the person who not only wants to know about fraud, but what to do with it in the event it is suspected.

This timely interdisciplinary work on current developments in ICT and privacy/data protection, coincides as it does with the rethinking of the Data Protection Directive, the contentious debates on data sharing with the USA (SWIFT, PNR) and the judicial and political resistance against data retention. The authors of the contributions focus on particular and pertinent issues from the perspective of their different disciplines which range from the legal through sociology, surveillance studies and technology assessment, to computer sciences. Such issues include cutting-edge developments in the field of cloud computing, ambient intelligence and PETs; data retention, PNR-agreements, property in personal data and the right to personal identity; electronic road tolling, HIV-related information, criminal records and teenager's online conduct, to name but a few.

While it is easy to assume that the system of criminal justice in nineteenth-century England was not unlike the modern one, in many ways it was very different, particularly before the series of Victorian reforms that gradually codified a system dependent on judge-made precedent. In the first half of the century capital cases often tried almost summarily, with the accused not being adequately represented and without a system of appeal. There were also fundamental differences in procedure and in the rules of evidence, as indeed there were in attitudes towards crime and criminals. David Bentley has provided an account of the nineteenth-century criminal justice system as a whole, from the crimes committed and the classification of offences to the different courts and their procedure. He describes the stages of criminal prosecution -- committal, indictment, trial, verdict and punishment -- and the judges, lawyers and juries, highlighting significant changes in the rules of evidence during the century. He looks at the reform of the old system and assesses how far it was brought about by lawyers themselves and how far by external forces. Finally, he considers the fairness of the system, both as seen by contemporaries and in modern terms.

Within the domains of criminal justice and mental health care, critical debate concerning 'care' versus 'control' and 'therapy' versus 'security' is now commonplace. Indeed, the 'hybridisation' of these areas is now a familiar theme. This unique and topical text provides an array of expert analyses from key contributors in the field that explore the interface between criminal justice and mental health. Using concise yet robust definitions of key terms and concepts, it consolidates scholarly analysis of theory, policy and practice. Readers are provided with practical debates, in addition to the theoretical and ideological concerns surrounding the risk assessment, treatment, control and risk management in a cross-disciplinary context. Included in this book is recommended further reading and an index of legislation, making it an ideal resource for students at undergraduate and postgraduate level, together with researchers and practitioners in the field.

This text examines the social forces that influence Black responses to differential conditions in American society. It raises the issue of differential social status and its effect on whites who are similarly situated at the low end of the class spectrum. Chambers identifies the elements that contribute to the fluctuations in maintaining the status quo and analyzes the attempts made to control dissidence. The standard functional approach is taken so students can interpret the data within a traditional theoretical framework. Chambers' book is an excellent introductory work in criminology on America's most challenging issue, racism.

Practical Program Evaluation for Criminal Justice shows readers how to apply the principles of fiscal responsibility, accountability, and evidence-based practice to criminal justice reform plans. Unlike other policy-based texts, which tend to focus more on implementation than assessment, this book provides applicable, step-by-step instruction on determining an initiative's necessity prior to its adoption (reducing the risk of wasting resources), as well as how to accurately gauge its effectiveness during initial roll-out stages. The book gradually introduces basic data analysis procedures and statistical techniques, which, once mastered, can be used to prove or disprove a program's worth. Lastly, the book introduces the types of stakeholders who should review evaluation results for quick action, as well as how to best structure reports to ensure their buy-in.

This annotated bibliography of research citations covers the topic of race and crime in the United States from 1950-1999. This work includes research on all racial groups, including whites and American Indians. Annotations are divided into categories such as works on individual racial groups and multi-racial groups. Includes edited collections, government reports, and electronic resources. This bibliography is designed to assist researchers in the area of criminology and criminal justice in race-related topics.

This annotated bibliography offers more than 500 citations to literature on the relationship between race and crime. It offers crime research on all racial groups, including whites and American Indians, Hispanics, Blacks, and Asian Americans. It covers the span from the civil rights era to the end of the 20th century. Annotations are derived from various disciplines including criminology, sociology, anthropology, psychology, law, and history. The Bibliography is divided into three parts: individual and race-related research; multi-racial research; and electronic resources, which provide access to all aspects of current data on race and crime.

Written by a team of international lawyers from Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean,this book analyses some of the most significant aspects of the ongoing armed conflictbetween the Russian Federation and Ukraine. As challenging as this conflict is for the international legal order, it also offers lessonsto be learned by the States concerned, and by other States alike. The book analysesthe application of international law in this conflict, and suggests ways for this law'sprogressive development. It will be useful to practitioners of international law working at national Ministriesof Defence, Justice, and Foreign Affairs, as well as in Parliaments, to lawyers ofinternational organizations, and to national and international judges dealing withmatters of public international law, international humanitarian law and criminal law.It will also be of interest to scholars and students of international law, and to historiansof international relations. Sergey Sayapin is Assistant Professor in International and Criminal Law at the Schoolof Law of the KIMEP University in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Evhen Tsybulenko is Professor of Law at the Department of Law of the Tallinn Universityof Technology in Tallinn, Estonia.

The authors take three particular sociological perspectives, and use them to offer a distinct and critical reading of criminology, highlighting the ways that crime is, first and foremost, a matter of social definition. They provide a good introductory text which will be of great value to students.

This volume discusses EU criminal justice from three perspectives. The first concerns fundamental rights following the adoption of the directives that have progressively reinforced the cornerstone of procedural rights of suspects and defendants in national criminal proceedings in the EU member states so as to facilitate judicial cooperation. The second perspective relates to transnational criminal investigations and proceedings, which are seen as a cross section of the current state of judicial cooperation in the area of freedom, security and justice, with the related issues of efficiency, coordination, settlement of conflicts of jurisdiction, and guarantees. The third perspective concerns the development of a supranational justice system in the light of the recently established European Public Prosecutor's Office, whose European judicial nature still coexists with strong national components.

"Never again" stands as one the central pledges of the international community following the end of the Second World War, upon full realization of the massive scale of the Nazi extermination programme. Genocide stands as an intolerable assault on a sense of common humanity embodied in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other fundamental international instruments, including the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide and the United Nations Charter. And yet, since the Second World War, the international community has proven incapable of effectively preventing the occurrence of more genocides in places like Cambodia, Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Sudan. Is genocide actually preventable, or is "ever again" a more accurate catchphrase to capture the reality of this phenomenon? The essays in this volume explore the complex nature of genocide and the relative promise of various avenues identified by the international community to attempt to put a definitive end to its occurrence. Essays focus on a conceptualization of genocide as a social and political phenomenon, on the identification of key actors (Governments, international institutions, the media, civil society, individuals), and on an exploration of the relative promise of different means to prevent genocide (criminal accountability, civil disobedience, shaming, intervention).

Terrorism is one of the serious threats to international peace and security that we face in this decade. No nation can consider itself immune from the dangers it poses, and no society can remain disengaged from the efforts to combat it. The termcounterterrorism refers to the techniques, strategies, and tactics used in the ?ght against terrorism. Counterterrorism efforts involve many segments of so- ety, especially governmental agencies including the police, military, and intelligence agencies (both domestic and international). The goal of counterterrorism efforts is to not only detect and prevent potential future acts but also to assist in the response to events that have already occurred. A terrorist cell usually forms very quietly and then grows in a pattern - sp- ning international borders, oceans, and hemispheres. Surprising to many, an eff- tive "weapon," just as quiet - mathematics - can serve as a powerful tool to combat terrorism, providing the ability to connect the dots and reveal the organizational pattern of something so sinister. The events of 9/11 instantly changed perceptions of the wordsterrorist andn- work, especially in the United States. The international community was confronted with the need to tackle a threat which was not con?ned to a discreet physical - cation. This is a particular challenge to the standard instruments for projecting the legal authority of states and their power to uphold public safety. As demonstrated by the events of the 9/11 attack, we know that terrorist attacks can happen anywhere.

Moore explains the difficulties in applying traditional Fourth Amendment jurisprudence to digital evidence. He examines issues related to drafting search warrants, as well as several of the more common warrantless search doctrines, in order to determine what aspects of traditional search and seizure doctrine apply to crimes involving technology. To amplify his points, he discusses several high technology crimes. Additionally, he studies the nature of digital evidence in order to show how its volatile nature requires a greater understanding of when evidence may or may not be legally seized and searched.

Saney cogently argues that in the absence of adequate support within social and legal norms, a heavy burden is placed upon the criminal justice system, a burden that it cannot carry. Criminal law and the courts fail to provide for either swiftness or certainty of punishment; police have failed to overcome the basic American distrust of authority to gain the comparable support enjoyed by police in other countries; and the penal system operates under contradictory goals, isolated from public view or support. The final chapter presents a succinct set of proposals for changing the justice system to one that would be humane and more just. Choice This thought-provoking study of the crime problem in America provides an in-depth look at the sociological forces that are dominant in today's society and examines the possible influence of certain contemporary values and perceptions on criminal activity, the quality of justice in the American courts, and the attitude of the general public. The author discusses the various factors that can affect or encourage criminal behavior and relates these directly to the way people feel and respond to the incidence of crime and its punishment, and to a growing lack of confidence in the criminal justice system. Crime in America is first presented in a factual context, followed by a discussion of its cultural influences, and finally with a consideration of its criminal law aspects.

"Which practices count as resistance? Why, where, and how does resistance emerge? When is resistance effective, and when is it truly progressive? In addressing these questions, this book brings together novel theoretical and empirical perspectives from a diverse range of disciplinary and geographical locales"--Provided by publisher.