Title 50 presents regulations governing the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation and importation of wildlife and plants; wildlife refuges; wildlife research; fisheries conservation areas; fish and wildlife restoration; marine mammals; whaling; fisheries; tuna fisheries; and international fishing. Additions and revisions to this section of the code are posted annually by October. Publication follows within six months.

Title 40 presents regulations governing care of the environment from the 14 subchapters of Chapter I and from the provisions regarding the Council on Environmental Quality found in Chapter V. Programs addressing air, water, pesticides, radiation protection, and noise abatement are included. Practices for waste and toxic materials disposal and clean-up are also prescribed. Additions and revisions to this section of the code are posted annually by July. Publication follows within six months.

Title 12 presents regulations governing banking procedures and activities of the Comptroller of the Currency, the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Export-Import Bank, Office of Thrift Supervision, Farm Credit Administration, and the National Credit Union Administration. It also contains regulations pertaining to other types of banking operations. Additions and revisions to this section of the code are posted annually by January. Publication follows within six months.

The Threats of Algorithms and A.I. to Civil Rights, Legal Remedies, and American Jurisprudence: One Nation under Algorithms addresses the many threats to American jurisprudence caused by the growing use of algorithms and artificial intelligence (A.I.). Although algorithms prove valuable to society, that value may also lead to the destruction of the foundations of American jurisprudence by threatening constitutional rights of individuals, creating new liabilities for business managers and board members, disrupting commerce, interfering with long-standing legal remedies, and causing chaos in courtrooms trying to adjudge lawsuits. Alfred Cowger explains these threats and provides potential solutions for both the general public and legal practitioners. Scholars of legal studies, media studies, and political science will find this book particularly useful.

Title 21 presents regulations promulgated by the Food and Drug Administration, the Drug Enforcement Administration, and the Office of the National Drug Control Agency in the area of food and drugs. These regulations encompass food and drugs for human and animal use, biologics, cosmetics, medical devices, radiological health, and controlled substances. Additions and revisions to this section of the code are posted annually by April. Publication follows within six months.

This timely and original book provides an exploration of the factors that combine to determine the form of regulatory problems and the overall success or failure of regulation. Using environmental regulation as a basis for analysis, this book puts forward a theoretical framework for the design of effective regulation and demonstrates how businesses' compliance with environmental regulation, in particular, could be improved. The authors address previous shortcomings in regulatory explanations, which have frequently overlooked the structural character of regulation and underplayed how the factors involved work together to determine regulatory shape and performance. In seeking to address this deficit, the authors develop a compliance line to demonstrate how different choices on how to regulate will affect compliance outcomes. Chapters include a review of how regulation has changed and sought to improve over the years, the relationship between rule following and regulation, how regulation incorporates and relies on necessary conditions, an identification of the trade-offs involved in regulating, and a discussion of why regulation is, by necessity and to a degree, unfair. Providing theories for how regulation can be structured to improve compliance, The Structure of Regulation will be a key resource for students and academics in the fields of law and regulation, environment studies, public policy and political science.

Title 40 presents regulations governing care of the environment from the 14 subchapters of Chapter I and from the provisions regarding the Council on Environmental Quality found in Chapter V. Programs addressing air, water, pesticides, radiation protection, and noise abatement are included. Practices for waste and toxic materials disposal and clean-up are also prescribed. Additions and revisions to this section of the code are posted annually by July. Publication follows within six months.

This innovative book examines why national courts refer preliminary references to the European Court of Justice (ECJ), and what the referring court does with the answers. Jasper Krommendijk highlights the three core stages in the interaction between national courts and the ECJ: question, answer and follow-up, shedding new light on this under-explored area. Closing the gap between empirical interview data, and case law analysis, chapters use a unique combination of the two research methods to consider two current, and one former, EU Member States. The book demonstrates that judges extensively use the procedure and follow its outcome almost without exception, despite dissatisfaction and criticism regarding the absence of a true dialogue. By embedding the examples in the book in appropriate theory, this study will provide a useful read for students of EU law, particularly those wanting to better understand its consequences in the national legal order. Its recommendations for good practices in the ECJ and national courts will also be helpful to legal practitioners, judges and legal secretaries.

As an edifice to the impact of law in modern society, each essay systematically analyses the massive overhaul of the former oppressive laws by pro-active legislation and the consequent interpretation of those laws by an active judicial branch aided by the values entrenched in the constitution. The sub-themes dictate a wide-ranging coverage of areas of present-day legal developments. Accordingly, the title commences with a discussion on the enforcement of socio-economic rights in the Bill of rights. It focuses on the controversies surrounding the provision by government of the drug, Nevirapine, to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV/AIDS. The title then examines legal responses to the problems faced by children in light of the fact that the constitution has elevated the rights of the child to a fundamental right. One area of controversy and persistent wrangling that will not go away in a hurry is the "land question" which fittingly elicits discussion in the book. Other fundamental rights issues discussed in this title include the recent protection of the environment through law, the reform of the outdated social security system and the right to fair administrative action. Changes brought about by the constitution are not solely confined to the areas of public law. They similarly affect other branches of the law through the horizontal application of the Bill of rights, hence the discussions in the book on vital topics in mercantile, company and labour law.

The need for innovative thinking about alternative constitutional experiences is evident, and readers of Comparative Constitutional Theory will find in its pages a compendium of original, theory-driven essays. The authors use a variety of theoretical perspectives to explore the diversity of global constitutional experience in a post-1989 world prominently marked by momentous transitions from authoritarianism to democracy, by multiple constitutional revolutions and devolutions, by the increased penetration of international law into national jurisdictions, and by the enhancement of supra-national institutions of governance. Scholars around the globe will be interested in this book's unique discussion of comparative constitutional theory, and students and college professors will appreciate the accessibility of the chapters and the placement of the United States in comparative focus. Contributors include: W.-C. Chang, J.I. Colon-Rios, V. Ferreres Comella, J.E. Finn, S. Gardbaum, M.A. Graber, G. Halmai, J. Hiebert, G. Jacobsohn, J. King, H. Klug, D. Landau, D.S. Law, J. McLean, J.-W. Mueller, D. Robertson, Y. Roznai, C. Saunders, M. Schor, H. Schweber, S. Tierney, A. Torres Perez, M. Tushnet, J. Weinrib

In recent years, the international engagement of the EU's decentralized agencies has continued to increase in the absence of a clear political and legal framework for their activities. This timely book addresses urgent questions about these agencies' external actions and their effects, how these should be conceptualized and assessed, and how they can and should be governed in the future. Bringing together pioneering interdisciplinary work from European legal and political scholars, this book combines theory with empirical case studies to explore an underdeveloped field and identify a future research agenda. Chapters first comprehensively examine the relevant legal frameworks and the political aspects of these decentralized agencies' external activities, before exploring the questions this raises around their own and the EU's legitimacy and accountability, and the impact of agencies on countries outside the EU who have dealings with them. Scholars in law, political science, economics and public administration will find this book invaluable, particularly those working on external relations, agencification or institutional innovation. It will also prove useful to policymakers at EU and national level, as well as other stakeholders such as non-EU countries and international organizations.

In this thought-provoking book, Gunter Frankenberg explores why authoritarian leaders create new constitutions, or revise old ones. Through a profound analysis of authoritarian constitutions as phenomena in their own right, Frankenberg reveals their purposes, the audiences they seek to address and investigates the ways in which they fit into the broader context of autocracies. Frankenberg outlines the essential features of authoritarianism through a discussion of a variety of constitutional projects in authoritarian settings: the executive style of opportunist, informal governing, political power as private property, participation as complicity, and the cult of immediacy that is geared towards fantasies of a community of the followers and their leader. He also takes a comparative approach to authoritarian constitutions, drawing out the relationships between them, as well as providing a critique of the discourse around populism and authoritarianism. Authoritarianism will be critical reading for scholars of constitutional law, as well as political scientists, who will find its comparative analysis of political systems in this context invaluable. It will also be useful to students of comparative law and political science for its clear explanation of the characteristics of authoritarianism across regimes.

This insightful book offers an in-depth examination of whether, and if so how and to what degree, contemporary international law can and should conform to and develop the rule of law principle. Motivated by the neglect of conceptual and normative theorizing of the international rule of law within contemporary international legal scholarship, Denise Wohlwend analyses the moral and legal principle of the rule of law in the international legal order. The book draws on the tradition of analytical jurisprudence to explore the possibility and desirability of the international rule of law. Encompassing both international and domestic legal orders, the book advocates for a shift in the way the international rule of law is theorized, endorsing an approach that understands it as beneficial to individuals and as closely related to the domestic rule of law. This will be an invigorating read for legal scholars who deal with the international rule of law, whether at the level of positive law or legal theory. Representatives of international institutions, non-governmental organizations and policy-makers interested in the policy debate on the development and the strengthening of the international rule of law may also find this a useful book.

Title 21 presents regulations promulgated by the Food and Drug Administration, the Drug Enforcement Administration, and the Office of the National Drug Control Agency in the area of food and drugs. These regulations encompass food and drugs for human and animal use, biologics, cosmetics, medical devices, radiological health, and controlled substances. Additions and revisions to this section of the code are posted annually by April. Publication follows within six months.

This timely book explores pertinent questions around the legitimacy and effectiveness of EU agencies'AEo soft law, with a particular focus on the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA). It examines the variety of ESMA'AEos existing and newly granted soft law-making powers, which were intended to deal with the lack of effectiveness of its predecessor but are now called into question due to the 'AEohard'AEo effect of these soft laws. Built on a combination of theoretical analysis and first-hand practical experience, Marloes van Rijsbergen tests the framework for each category of ESMA'AEos soft law instruments at each stage of the policy cycle, demonstrating that the framework can be applied to other EU agencies with similar soft law-making powers. This unique framework assesses which procedural and institutional safeguards regarding EU agencies' soft law would reflect an adequate balancing of both legitimacy and effectiveness concerns. Comprehensive yet accessible, this book will be a key resource for students and scholars of EU financial law, constitutional law, public administration and governance. Providing an evaluation of the legal nature of ESMA'AEos soft law acts in the context of the financial sector, it will also prove valuable for practitioners, compliance officers and parties establishing other EU agencies.

This book examines the role of the European Court of Justice in the regulation of the internal market from a competence perspective. However, rather than focusing on the Court's role in enforcing the limits of EU competence in the EU's political decision making, it explores a related, albeit understudied, question: to what extent does the Court observe the constitutional limits of EU competence and its own institutional powers in the interpretation of EU internal market law laid down in the Treaties? The book provides an answer to this question through the analysis of EU free movement case law in light of the constitutional principles that govern the allocation of competences and powers in the EU: conferral, subsidiarity and proportionality, on the vertical level, and institutional balance, on the horizontal level. Why should the Court be bound by these principles? What do they mean when applied to judicial practice? To what extent are they observed in the free movement case law? The book argues that the Court's observance of the four principles has been inconsistent, thereby creating substantive and constitutional tensions in the EU's relationship with the Member States and upsetting the institutional balance of powers between the EU legislature and judiciary.

Governments have always endured economic woes, but the increasing severity of such challenges, from the Great Recession starting in 2008 to the unprecedented impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, highlights the need for better-developed fiscal analysis capacity in governments of all sizes using the most practical-yet robust-techniques available. This volume presents an array of real-world analytical approaches in a variety of service areas at the core of state and local government. The concrete insights provided by this book serve as important tools for policy analysts, government officials charged with policy implementation, and public finance scholars across developing and developed countries looking for the essential, high-level analytical skills needed to expand internal capacity to weather uncertain economic environments. The book bridges the research-practice gap and provides practical tools for state and local fiscal analysis, including a detailed how-to guide for producing local tax expenditure reports, an age-based homestead exemption estimate calculator with guide, and simple methods for fuzzy matching administrative data. It is backed up with a depth and breadth of case studies on governments of a variety of sizes. Public officials and analysts in local state/regional institutions and international institutions with a public policy focus as well as public finance scholars across developing and developed countries will find invaluable the analyses and tools provided by this book. It also serves as a key resource for students, researchers, and instructors across public policy.

Extraterritoriality in East Asia examines the approaches of China, Japan, and South Korea to exercising legal authority over crimes committed outside their borders. It considers examples of legislation and judicial decision-making and offers a deeper understanding of the topic from the perspective of this legally, politically, and economically significant region. Beginning with a foundational overview of the principles of jurisdiction in international law, as well as identifying current challenges to those principles, subsequent chapters analyse the ways in which extraterritorial jurisdiction operates and is regulated in China, Japan, and South Korea. Danielle Ireland-Piper contextualizes contemporary issues within a historical narrative of each country and concludes by exploring areas of convergence and divergence between them. This book will be of particular interest to scholars and students of comparative, criminal, constitutional, and international law, as well as international relations, especially in the context of East Asia. Law-makers and practitioners, such as criminal lawyers and prosecutors, will also find its contemporary analysis useful.

Conceptualising the new phenomenon of constitutional crowdsourcing, this incisive book examines democratic legitimacy, participation, and decision-making in constitutions and constitutionalism. It analyses how the wider population can be given a voice in constitution-making and in constitutional interpretation and control, thus promoting the exercise of original and derived constituent power. Chapters investigate the complex relationship and potential relationships between crowdsourcing, democratic constitutionalism and the network society, exploring the strengths and weaknesses of crowdsourcing in this area. This thought-provoking book concludes that constitutionalism is further strengthened because the democratic legitimacy of the constitutional text is reinforced via this mechanism. Antoni Abat i Ninet conceives constitutional crowdsourcing as an epistemic response, an opportunity to place the people at the heart of constitutionalism in the new digital era. Engaging and accessible, Constitutional Crowdsourcing will be of benefit to students and scholars of legal theory, constitutional and administrative law, political science and constitutions. Its forward-looking aspect will also appeal to public officers seeking a better understanding of the potential impact of constitutional crowdfunding.