This volume examines the controversy surrounding the use of competition law to combat excessive pricing. While high or monopolistic pricing is not regarded as an antitrust violation in the US, employing abuse of dominance provisions in competition laws to fight excessive pricing has gained popularity in some BRICS jurisdictions and a number of EU-member states in recent years. The book begins by discussing the economic arguments for and against the prohibition of excessive or unfair prices by firms with market power. It then presents various country studies, focusing on developed countries (such as the UK and Israel) and on the BRICS countries, to highlight various practical challenges involved in recognizing excessive prices as abusive conduct on the part of dominant firms, including how to define, measure and identify excessive prices. The contributors also discuss other policy options that can be used to fight excessive prices in order to protect consumer welfare.

The 2008 financial crisis brought increased scrutiny to the ways in which the directors of the world's major financial institutions handle their duties and how they impact investors, shareholders and consumers. In this comprehensive Handbook, leading scholars from around the world explore the nature of the relationship between a company and its directors, assessing issues such as how duties are discharged, what liabilities may arise and whose interests directors should consider before embarking on commercial ventures.The Handbook begins with chapters that explore the range of company law developments in several common law countries, with further chapters examining the law in several civil law jurisdictions. The Handbook then looks beyond company law to issues such as the role of directors in fostering corporate social responsibility and directors' duties to consumers. The final chapters consider directors' duties in times of financial turmoil. A comprehensive and ground-breaking book of original scholarly research, the Handbook will be a valuable contribution to the libraries of company law scholars and students, as well as to business people with a professional interest in the topic. Contributors: C. Amatucci, A. Anand, V. Brand, T.A. Gabaldon, M.M. Harner, J.G. Hill, S.H. Goo, M. Jaramillo, D. Klingler, A. Lista, J. MacIntosh, A. Paolini, P. Pais de Vanconcelos, S. Watson

Almost all buildings erected or altered in England and Wales must satisfy the requirements of the building regulations. This essential reference has been revised in line with new legislation up to January 2004, including important revisions to Parts B, E, H, J, L1, L2, and M and an outline of the proposed Part P. Each chapter explains in clear terms the appropriate regulation and any other legislation, before explaining the approved document. The Appeals and Determinations have been repositioned at the end of each chapter. Publications lists and relevant sources of information are also included, together with annexes devoted to legislation relevant to the construction industry, determinations made by the Secretary of State, and sample check lists. This highly illustrated and practical approach to the subject makes this the indispensable, one-stop reference guide for professionals and students.

This book details some of the most important and interesting questions raised about the NEC4 family of contracts and provides clear, comprehensive answers to those questions. Written by an NEC expert with over 20 years' experience using, advising and training others, the book has several distinctive features: It covers the whole NEC4 family It is written by a very experienced NEC author who explains sometimes complex issues in a simple and accessible style The questions and answers range from beginner level up to a masterclass level The questions are real life questions asked by actual NEC practitioners on real projects. The book includes questions and answers relating to tendering, early warnings, programme issues, quality management, payment provisions, compensation events, liabilities, insurances, adjudication, termination and much more. It is essential reading for anyone working with the NEC4 family of contracts, whether professionals or students in construction, architecture, project management and engineering.

How the problematic behavior of private citizens-and not just the police force itself-contributes to the perpetuation of police brutality and institutional racism "Warning: Neighborhood Watch Program in Force. If I don't call the police, my neighbor will!" Signs like this can be found affixed to telephone poles on streets throughout the US, warning trespassers that the community is an active participant in its own policing efforts. Thijs Jeursen calls this phenomenon, in which individuals take on the responsibility of defending themselves and share with the police the duty to mitigate everyday insecurity, "vigilant citizenship." Drawing on eleven months of fieldwork in Miami and sharing the stories and experiences of police officers, private security guards, neighborhood watch groups, civil society organizations, and a broad range of residents and activists, Jeursen uses the lens of vigilant citizenship to extend the analysis of police brutality beyond police encounters, focusing on the often blurred boundaries between policing actors and policed citizens and highlighting the many ways in which policing produces and perpetuates inequality and injustice. As a central premise in everyday policing, vigilant citizenship frames racist and violent policing as matters of personal blame and individual guilt, ultimately downplaying the realities of how systemically race operates in policing and US society more broadly. The Vigilant Citizen illustrates how a focus on individualized responsibility for security exacerbates and legitimizes existing inequalities, a situation that must be addressed to end institutionalized racism in politics and the justice system.

Erster Teil: Zu den allgemeinen Lehren des einstweiligen Rechtsschutzes.- Zweiter Teil: Die Gewahrung einstweiligen Rechtsschutzes durch den Gerichtshof der Europaischen Gemeinschaften.- Dritter Teil: Nationaler einstweiliger Verwaltungsrechtsschutz im Widerstreit von Gemeinschaftsrecht und nationalem Verfassungsrecht.- 1. Kapitel: Darstellung neuerer Urteile des EuGH zum nationalen einstweiligen Rechtsschutz.- 2. Kapitel: Die sog. "indirekten Kollisionen" zwischen nationalem Verfahrensrecht und Gemeinschaftsrecht.- 3. Kapitel: Zulassigkeit und Grenzen der Zulassigkeit von Relativierungen grundgesetzlicher Vorgaben beim Vollzug des Gemeinschaftsrechts am Beispiel des deutschen einstweiligen Verwaltungsrechtsschutzes.- 4. Kapitel: Paradigmenwechsel in der EuGH-Rechtsprechung: Gestaltender Eingriff in den nationalen einstweiligen Verwaltungsrechtsschutz.- 5. Kapitel: Zur Erstreckung der "Suderdithmarschen"-Doktrin auf (positive) einstweilige Anordnungen: "Atlanta Fruchthandelsgesellschaft u.a../. Bundesamt fur Ernahrung und Forstwirtschaft" Rs C-465/93.- Vierter Teil: Die Gewahrung einstweiligen Rechtsschutzes im Rahmen des Vorabentscheidungsverfahrens (Art. 177 EGV).- 1. Kapitel: Gewahrung einstweiligen Rechtsschutzes und Vorlagepflicht mitgliedstaatlicher Gerichte.- 2. Kapitel: Nationales Eilverfahren und Vorabentscheidungsverfahren gemass Art. 177 EGV: Der Gerichtshof der Europaischen Gemeinschaften als gesetzlicher Richter i.S.d. Art. 101 Abs. 1 S. 2 GG.- Thesenartige Zusammenfassung.- Summary: Interim Relief and the European Union.- Council of Europe, Committee of Ministers Recommendation No. R (89)8 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on Provisional Court Protection in Administrative Matters.

This is an important and timely book which makes a really valuable contribution to corporate law scholarship. It brings together for the first time, two crucial aspects of the law in its consideration of the application of corporate governance to firms facing insolvency. In the current environment, this is a book which academics and practitioners alike will find invaluable. Professor Milman is one of Europe's foremost experts in insolvency law and his mastery of the subject is evident in this clear exposition of an important topic. I particularly liked the manner in which Professor Milman fuses theory, law and practice giving the reader the benefit of his own expert insight and experience. His style of writing makes it accessible to all readers.' - Blanaid Clarke, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland'Anglo-American corporate law scholarship focuses obsessively on the governance of large, public corporations. It has little to say about the governance of financially distressed firms and less still to say about the governance of small businesses, even though SMEs are the bedrock of any functioning national or regional economy. In the Governance of Distressed Firms, David Milman, one of the UK's leading and most influential commercial law scholars, redresses the balance. His original and timely book provides a critique of the current legal framework applicable to directors and insolvency practitioners together with a blueprint for reform. Informed by practical and comparative insights, it deserves to be widely read.' - Adrian J. Walters IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law, US 'This is a bold and exciting monograph, which breaks new ground in exploring the concept of corporate governance as applied to and within insolvent firms, concentrating mainly on small firms. Intellectually acute, with deep comparative insights, Governance of Distressed Firms also has indisputable practical value, especially given the huge growth in the commitment, by dozens of countries, to business rescue and reorganization. Scholars and practitioners alike will be very indebted to David Milman for this volume.' - Harry Rajak, University of Sussex, UK This detailed book examines how the law can provide a discrete governance regime for financially distressed firms. The concept of a distressed firm covers businesses that are struggling, but have not yet entered formal insolvency, as well as those businesses that are undergoing a formal insolvency process. With reference primarily to English law, this study encompasses both limited liability companies and limited liability partnerships with a focus on the regulation both of company directors and insolvency practitioners. It offers recommendations for improvements in governance mechanisms and notes that many of the governance shortfalls that occur can be related to the ease of access given to those who wish to trade with the benefit of limited liability. Providing an up to date analysis in a fast evolving area of law, this book will appeal to academics, postgraduate students, practitioners and policy makers. Contents: Preface 1. Introduction to Concepts and Dramatis Personae 2. The Relevance of Corporate Governance Theory and Related Issues 3. Governance in the Twilight Zone 4. Governance Post Formal Insolvency Regime Commencement 5. Comparative and EU Perspectives on the Governance of Distressed Firms 6. Reflections and Reform Bibliography Appendix I: Applicability of Selected Statutory Stewardship Obligations and Enforcement Thereof Appendix II: List of Selected Statements of Insolvency Practice Index

This book forms part of a unique, highly practical and time-saving three volume presentation of the Building Regulations, each book covering all the regulations relating to specific building usage. The chapters of each volume form self-contained units covering all the Regulation requirements applicable to a particular part of a building; thus the reader can ensure that all the Regulations are fully met. Also included is a digest of published standards, guides and technical information as well as reviews of the new Eurocodes currently being introduced. The Building Acts and Regulations Applied: Buildings for Public Assembly and Residential Use covers all the regulations relating to buildings used for public assembly or residential purposes (other than houses and flats), such as theatres, sports stadia, hotels, prisons and halls of residence. It is a useful course companion for BTEC HNC/D and degree courses in building, architecture, surveying, estate management and other built environment disciplines. It is also an ideal reference source for all professionals working in these areas.

Civil Engineering Contractual Procedures gives an introduction to the contractual procedures, legislation and administrative practices that are used in the civil engineering industry. It introduces the principles of contract law, and the main forms of contract used in the construction industry. It then concentrates on the main forms of contract used in civil engineering, with the discussion based on the ICE Conditions of Contract. It looks at the obligations of the various parties to the contract under all the clauses of the contract. Civil Engineering Contractual Procedures provides a sound basis for anyone seeking an understanding of the contractual administration of civil engineering projects. It is an essential core text for all students of civil engineering and related courses at both undergraduate and higher technician levels. It will also be a useful reference source for those already working in the industry.

These guide notes explain the structure of the Professional Services Contract and the reasons for its provisions. They explain the "shell" of the contact and the need to provide important additional information such as the scope. The main options, dispute resolution options and the secondary options are all explained together with basis of appointing a consultant. Explanatory notes are then provided on individual clauses and worked examples are provided of contract data. The second part of the book contains flow charts which set out the procedural logic of the 28 clauses that can be presented with benefit by flow charting. Construction Clients' Board endorsement of NEC3 The Construction Clients' Board (formerly Public Sector Clients' Forum) recommends that public sector organisations use the NEC3 contracts when procuring construction. Standardising use of this comprehensive suite of contracts should help to deliver efficiencies across the public sector and promote behaviours in line with the principles of Achieving Excellence in Construction.

Tax practitioners are unfamiliar with tax theory. Tax economists remain unfamiliar with tax law and tax administration. Most textbooks relate mainly to the US, UK or European experiences. Students in emerging economies remain unfamiliar with their own taxation history. This textbook fills those gaps. It covers the concept of taxes in regards to their rationale, principles, design, and common errors. It addresses distortions in consumer choices and production decisions caused by tax and redressals. The main principles of taxation-efficiency, equity, stabilization, revenue productivity, administrative feasibility, international neutrality-are presented and discussed. The efficiency principle requires the minimisation of distortions in the market caused by tax. Equity in taxation is another principle that is maintained through progressivity in the tax structure. Similarly, other principles have their own ramifications that are also addressed. A country's constitutional specification of tax assignment to different levels of government-central, state, municipal-are elaborated. The UK is more centralised than the US and India. India has amended its constitution to introduce a goods and services tax (GST) covering both central and state governments. Drafting of tax law is crucial for clarity and this aspect is addressed. Furthermore, the author illustrates different types of taxes such as individual income tax, corporate income tax, wealth tax, retail sales/value added/goods and services tax, selective excises, property tax, minimum taxes such as the minimum alternate tax (MAT), cash-flow tax, financial transactions tax, fringe benefits tax, customs duties and export taxes, environment tax and global carbon tax, and user charges. An emerging concern regarding the inadequacy of international taxation of multinational corporations is covered in some detail. Structural aspects of tax administration are given particular attention.

This book gathers Polish and foreign scholars to consider diverse aspects of Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). It examines key general areas such as the improvement of the position of the negotiating parties in the world economy, in politics and in international organisations. The contributors analyze possible acceleration of non-discriminatory liberalisation negotiations, creation of new international standards or reducing regulatory differences, such as "Investor-state dispute settlement" (ISDS), public health, geographical indications. The contributions focus also on specific issues, such as the impact of TTIP on Polish and EU economy, on merchandise and services trade, energy supply, research and development, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), or on the third parties.

The Construction Contracts Act 2013 introduces adjudication for the construction industry in Ireland for the first time. The essence of adjudication is in providing a means whereby disputes as to payment under a construction contract are resolved quickly and cheaply. The key feature distinguishing adjudication from other processes is that the money found due by the adjudicator must be paid pending the outcome of arbitration or litigation. Its primary function, therefore, is to ensure cash flow for contractors and sub-contractors. Leading construction lawyer Anthony Hussey's new book is the first to provide a section by section analysis of the Act itself, an analysis of the Code of Practice, and a discussion of the likely constitutional issues to which the legislation will give rise. This practical legal reference is aimed at all those involved in construction contract disputes, be they lawyers, architects, engineers, quantity surveyors, contractors and sub-contractors.

Considers each stage in the course of an arbitration in detail, from the claimant's decision to seek the means of resolving a dispute to the arbitrator's award, explaining clearly and concisely what is expected of the claimant, respondent and arbitrator and when.

This guide will help the contractor's staff overcome some of the difficulties encountered on a typical international contract using FIDIC forms.

The majority of FIDIC-based contracts use the Red Book (Conditions of Contract for Construction), so this book concentrates on the use of those particular forms. Supplementary comments are included in Appendix C for the Yellow Book (Plant & Design-Build) recommended for use where the contractor has a design responsibility.
The Contractor is represented on site by the Contractor's Representative who carries the overall responsibility for all the Contractor's on-site activities. In order to provide guidance to the Contractor's Representative and his staff, this book is divided into five sections: A summarized general review of the Red Book from the Contractor's perspective.A review of the activities and duties of the Contractor's Representative in the same clause sequencing as they appear in the Red Book.A summary of these activities and duties but arranged in order of their likely time sequence on site. This has the added intention of providing the Contractor's Representative with a means of ensuring that documents are not only properly provided to the Employer and Engineer, but most importantly that they are provided within the time limits specified in the Contract.A selection of model letters is provided which make reference to the various clauses of the contract requiring the Contractor to make submissions to the Employer or Engineer.Various appendices.

The guide is not intended to be a review of the legal aspects of FIDIC- based contracts; legal advice should be obtained as and when necessary, particularly if the Contractor has little or no knowledge of the local law.

Armed on site with a copy of The Contractor and the FIDIC Contract, the Contractor's Representative will be more able to avoid contractual problems rather than spend considerable time and energy resolving those problems once they have arisen.

Due to the global influence of the shareholder-centered model of the US, both China and the EU have taken more measures to protect minority shareholders. In this respect, the representation of minority shareholders on the board, in particular the system of cumulative voting which was originally designed by the US to protect minority shareholders, has become a frequently-discussed issue in China and the EU. This study of comparative law is based upon the comparison of the attitudes among the US, China and the EU towards cumulative voting. By analyzing some empirical investigations and massive literatures of American academics as the theoretical foundation, it tries to demonstrate whether the convergence of corporate governance towards the shareholder-centered model is inevitable.

Your own in-house legal advisor at a fraction of the cost Written in plain-English for business people without any legal training, Law For Small Business For Dummies covers everything you need to be aware of regarding the law when you're starting and running your own business. Cutting through the jargon that can make even the pros scratch their heads, this book quickly gets you up-to-speed on the key areas of business law, including contracts, websites, intellectual property, data protection and partnership agreements. Plus, you'll find out how small business law applies to advertising and marketing, confidentiality agreements, the sale and supply of goods (including e-commerce), negligence and product liability. There were 526,000 new businesses registered in the UK in 2013 and, at some point, all of them will be faced with legal risks that could make the difference between success and failure. One claim could wipe out a fledgling business' profits, and hit even big businesses harder than they could ever imagine. If you're the owner of a new business and need to get a handle on the ins and outs of small business law and don't have the budget to employ an in-house legal advisor this trusted, approachable guide is your answer. * Covers the laws surrounding the most common risks small businesses face * Addresses how to deal with legal issues before a potentially costly dispute arises * Provides access to handy sample contract templates on Dummies.com * Serves as your own in-house legal advisor at a fraction of the cost If you're an existing business owner or an aspiring entrepreneur thinking about starting your own business, Law For Small Business For Dummies gives you answers to questions you didn't even know to ask!

There is ample evidence about the negative effects business activity of all types can have on the provision of human rights. Equally, there can be little doubt economic development, usually driven through business activity and trade, is necessary for any state to provide the institutions and infrastructure necessary to secure and provide human rights for their citizens. The United Nations and businesses recognise this tension and are collaborating to effect change in business behaviours through voluntary initiatives such as the Global Compact and John Ruggie's Guiding Principles. Yet voluntary approaches are evidently failing to prevent human rights violations and there are few alternatives in law for affected communities to seek justice. This book seeks to robustly challenge the current status quo of business approaches to human rights in order to develop meaningful alternatives in an attempt to breech the gap between the realities of business and human rights and its discourse. This book was previously published as a special issue of the International Journal of Human Rights.

To what extent is business activity governed at a European scale? Since the advent of the recent economic crisis, the EU's choices about the euro, debt ratios and interest rates have caught the headlines and highlighted the importance of EU decision-making arenas. However, these macro-economic events actually tell us only part of the story about the extent to which business activity is now governed at a European scale. Based upon original research on four manufactured or processed goods industries (cars, wine, pharmaceuticals and aquaculture), and driven by theory that is constructivist, institutionalist and sociological, this book sets out to analyse just what Europe governs, by whom and why. In doing so, it reveals three recurrent features of the European government of industries: its omnipresence, its incompleteness and its de-politicization. The authors show that the many gaps in the EU's mode of governing industries stem from struggles over economic doctrine as well as the continued unwillingness of many actors to accord the EU a legitimacy to act politically in the name of industrial government. This book will be of key interest to scholars and students of European Studies and Political Economy as well as those studying Political Science, Economics, Sociology and Business Studies.

At a time when public administrations are increasingly subjected to transparency requirements this book provides timely analysis on the role of transparency in the context of public procurement within the EU. It provides a blend of theoretical analysis and practical insights into the operation of freedom of information requirements associated with the expenditure of public funds through purchasing, contracting out and commissioning activities. The first part of the book critically assesses a number of key issues surrounding transparency in public procurement including: corruption prevention, competition, commercial issues and access to remedies. The second part of the book features contributions from leading experts across ten European jurisdictions, providing a comparative view of transparency requirements and freedom of information rules in the context of public procurement. Overall the book provides a conceptual framework to understand the relationship between business secrets, freedom of information rules and the regulation of public procurement across Europe. This book will be of interest to scholars and students researching across public, administrative and comparative law. Practising lawyers who are involved with cross-border procurement tenders will also find this book to be a useful resource as it provides a comprehensive overview of regulatory standards at a national and European level.

Written to educate and equip aspirant professionals, industry practitioners, and students in the knowledge and practice of contract administration and procurement in the Singapore Construction Industry, this book discusses the roles and relationship of the different parties (e.g. Owner, Architect, Quantity Surveyor), tendering procedures, project delivery methods, payments, variations, final account, and other aspects for the administration of construction contracts in Singapore.The book is drafted in an easy, readable form. Technical jargon is minimised. The topics span across common issues and less common ones that practitioners and students should be aware of in the industry. Most of the examples are obtained from the industry (with modifications) and reflect current industry practices. Time-lines, flow-charts, sample forms, sample letters and other documents illustrating the processes are provided in this work, for the easy understanding of the readers.The contract administration process takes into account the Singapore Institute of Architects' Measurement Contract, 9th Edition, the Public Sector Standard Conditions of Contract for Construction Works, 7th edition, and also the Building and Construction Industry Security of Payment Act.

Written to educate and equip aspirant professionals, industry practitioners, and students in the knowledge and practice of contract administration and procurement in the Singapore Construction Industry, this book discusses the roles and relationship of the different parties (e.g. Owner, Architect, Quantity Surveyor), tendering procedures, project delivery methods, payments, variations, final account, and other aspects for the administration of construction contracts in Singapore.The book is drafted in an easy, readable form. Technical jargon is minimised. The topics span across common issues and less common ones that practitioners and students should be aware of in the industry. Most of the examples are obtained from the industry (with modifications) and reflect current industry practices. Time-lines, flow-charts, sample forms, sample letters and other documents illustrating the processes are provided in this work, for the easy understanding of the readers.The contract administration process takes into account the Singapore Institute of Architects' Measurement Contract, 9th Edition, the Public Sector Standard Conditions of Contract for Construction Works, 7th edition, and also the Building and Construction Industry Security of Payment Act.

As use of the NEC (formerly the New Engineering Contract) family of contracts continues to grow worldwide, so does the importance of understanding its clauses and nuances to everyone working in the built environment. Currently in its third edition, this set of contracts is different to others in concept as well as format, so users may well find themselves needing a helping hand along the way. Understanding NEC3: Professional Services Contract uses plain English to lead the reader through the NEC3 Professional Services Contract's key features, including: Main and Secondary Options the use of early warnings programme provisions payment compensation events preparing and assessing tenders. Common problems experienced when using the Professional Services Contract are signalled to the reader throughout, and the correct way of reading each clause is explained. The ways in which the contract affects procurement processes, dispute resolution, project management and risk management are all addressed in order to direct the user to best practice. Written for construction professionals, by a practising international construction contract consultant, this handbook is the most straightforward, balanced and practical guide to the NEC3 PSC available. It is an ideal companion for Employers, Consultants, Contractors, Engineers, Architects, Quantity Surveyors, Subcontractors and anyone else interested in working successfully with the NEC3 PSC.

First published in 1996. One of the primary goals of this series has been to explore new areas of criminology and criminal justice, topics that constitute the frontiers of the field. This work, edited by Sally Edwards, Terry Edwards and Charles Fields exemplifies that purpose in its coverage of environmental crime. While corporate and political crime developed slowly into mainstream criminology over the last half century, environmental crime, as an area of emphasis is still in its infancy. It is unusual to have many varied and informative perspectives early in a subject's development. This volume, however, demonstrates that many people are already examining environmental crime perhaps as an extension of both the greater environmental movement and the broadening of the popular parameters of crime.