The contributions in this book were presented, orally or as posters, at the International Volcanological Congress held in New Zealand from 1 to 9 February 1986, the centenary year of the Tarawera eruption of 10 June 1886. More than 500 people, from 29 countries, attend ed the Congress. Most of these works formed part of Symposium 4, "Volcanic Hazards - Prediction and Assess ment," convened by J.H. Latter, R.R. Dibble, D.A. Swanson and C.G. Newhall. The collection represents over half of the published abstracts of Symposium 4, together with three papers given at the Symposium, which lacked abstracts, and two which were part of Symposium 1 on pyroclastic flow deposits. The contribu tions cover a good proportion of the volcanically active parts of the world, with Italy, Japan, the West Indies and the USA especially well represented. Mount Erebus, Vulcano and Rabaul are individual volcanoes which have been treated in particular detail. Unfor tunately, there are no chapters in the book dealing with Africa, the Atlantic islands (except Iceland), Hawaii, Central America (except Mexico), or South America (in spite of the major disaster at Nevado del Ruiz Volcano in 1985)."

The distribution, deposition, composition and texture of loess in China is studied. Based on on-the-spot investigations, "Loess and the Environment" supplies information on: the loess-paleosol time sequence, loess fabric, and geological events derived from studying biological relics. Proceeding from the loess environmental system, the climatic fluctuation sequence of different scales has been reconstructed, and the whole process of eolian loess accumulation and its relationship with modern silt dust, water and soil conservation, engineering geology, agricultural soil as well as local diseases are discussed.

The earth is seen as a dynamic body undergoing convection that is driven by its internal heat. The elucidation of the nature and evolution of the earth's lithosphere, that has provided all minerals and energy resources and the space in which we live is one of the principal motives behind the International Program "Dynamics and Evolution of the Lithosphere". A full understanding of the lithosphere requires further research especially on the continents and their margins: while the oceanic lithosphere cools and subsides as it flows away from the zone of upwelling, the continents, because of their different composition, remain buoyant in the mantle and survive over major portions of the earth's history. In trying to produce full confirmation of the validity of sea floor spreading and lithosphere subduction, Central Europe became more and more a crucial case. The deformation of continental plates is, however, more complex than that of the ocean-floor pattern. No discrete boundary exists between both the African and Eurasian plates. A number of unanswered questions arise e.g. whether African crust has overridden Europe, or European lithosphere collided in the ranges of Atlas of Algeria. The work of German, French and Suiss geologists accomplished much during this century. Central Europe has come to serve as a test site for the refinement of plate tectonics. A new understanding of the crustal dynamics of Central Europe was born with the aim of explaining its structural evolution.

Computational methods and modelling is of growing importance in fundamental science as well as in applications in industry and in environmental research. In this topical volume the readers find important contributions in the field of turbulent boundary layers, the Tsunami problem, group invariant solution of hydrodynamic equations, non-linear waves, modelling of the problem of evaporation-condensation, the exact solution of discrete models of the Boltzmann equation etc. The book addresses researchers and engineers both in the mechanical sciences and in scientific computing.

The drilling site of the KTB is located on the western margin of the Bohemian Massif, a few kilometers south of the structurally important Saxothur ing ian/Moldanubian boundary of the central European Hercynian orogene and several kilometers east of one of the most important Permian-Mesozoic strike-slip zones of central Europe, the Franconian line. The borehole will be drilled in the Moldanubian segment (Fig. 1). o -::: --. . . . . . . . -. . -. D Il1O, Fig. l: Geological map of the Central Europe Variscides and location of borehole From geographical and political points of view, the drill site is located in northern Bavaria in the Oberpfalz province near the towns of Windischeschenbach and Erbendorf about 40 km southeast of Bayreuth. TARGETS AND RESEARCH TOPICS 'The Continental Deep Drilling program of the Federal Republic of Germany (KTB) is a project of basic geoscientific research. The program and goals of this project have been set by a board of the Senate Commission on Geosciences of the German Research Foundation (DFG). The technical concept of the drilling, sampling, coring and logging programs corresponds to these goals. The upper limit of the budget of 450 million DM is approved by the Federal Ministry of Research and Development (Bundesministerium fuer Forschung und Technologie).

This monograph is an attempt to compile the present state of knowledge on ocean wave analysis and prediction. The emphasis of the monograph is on the development of ocean wave analysis and predic tion procedures and their utility for real-time operations and appli cations. Most of the material in the monograph is derived from journal articles, research reports and recent conference proceedings; some of the basic material is extracted from standard text books on physical oceanography and wind waves. Ocean wave analysis and prediction is becoming an important activity in the meteorological and oceanographic services of many countries. The present status of ocean wave prediction may be compar able to the status of numerical weather prediction of the mid-sixties and early seventies when a number of weather prediction models were developed for research purposes, many of which were later put into operational use by meteorological services of several countries. The increased emphasis on sea-state analysis and prediction has created a need for a ready reference material on various ocean wave analysis and modelling techniques and their utility. The present monograph is aimed at fulfilling this need. The monograph should prove useful to the ocean wave modelling community as well as to marine forecasters, coastal engineers and offshore technologists. The monograph could also be used for a senior undergraduate (or a first year graduate) level course in ocean wave modelling and marine meteorology.

Reviewers of the German edition of this book found that the text deals with facts and descriptions of limestones rather than with glo- bal speculations on facies models or large-scale sedimentation pat- terns. The book is neither a picture-book nor a recipe-book for facies interpretation of carbonates, but an attempt to summarize the present "state of the art" of a rather small but increasingly more im- portant part of geology. The book is written for advanced undergraduate and post-grad- uate students as well as for research workers and exploration geol- ogists who need rapid and intensive training in modern methods of microfacies analysis. The book should facilitate decisions about which methods to use in one's own investigations, and where to look for comparative studies. Microfacies interpretation of carbonate rocks can not rely solely on the investigation of sedimentological and paleontological thin- section data, but must also consider geological and palecological cri- teria. It is beyond the scope of this book to describe all of these as- pects. However, broader applications are indicated in the chapters dealing with the relationships between geochemical as well as physi- cal data and the depositional and diagenetic fabric oflimestones.

As this excellent book demonstrates, the study of comets has now reached the fas cinating stage where we understand comets in general simple tenns while, at the same time, we are uncertain about practically all the details of cometary nature, structure, processes, and origin. In every aspect, even including dynamics, a choice among several or many competing theories is made impossible simply by the lack of detailed knowledge. The space missions, snapshot studies of two comets, partic ularly the one that immortalizes the name of Sir Edmund Halley, have produced a huge mass of valuable new infonnation and a number of surprises. Nonetheless, we face the tantalizing realization that we have obtained only a fleeting glance at two of perhaps a hundred billion (lOll) or more comets with possibly differing natures, origins, and physical histories. To my personal satisfaction, comets seem to have discrete nuclei made up of dirty snowballs, as I concluded four decades ago, but perhaps they are more like frozen rubbish piles.

The original Russian edition of the monograph Paleozoic salt forma- tions ofthe world was published by Nedra, Moscow, in 1974. The description of salt basins was given as of 1970-1971 and based on the literature available at that time. Additional evidence was pre- sented in History of Paleozoic salt accumulation (Nauka, Novosibirsk 1978), with abrief account of new basins of Paleozoic salt accumula- tion. These two books complement each other and have one common list of references, the former providing the material which in the latter is the basis for the major trends in the history of evaporite sedimenta- tion in the Paleozoic. History ofPaleozoic salt accumulation was the first ofthe two books to be published in English (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1981). The present book is the first synthesis dealing with specific Paleozoic salt formations and some salt basins. However, since the first edition was published 10 years ago, new data since then allow more accurate and detailed description of composition, structure, and dis- tribution patterns of salt deposits within Paleozoic evaporite basins. New basins have also been found in some regions of the Earth. The author has attempted to give more complete characterization of Paleo- zoic salt basins using the data available as of 1981.

Fossil and Recent Sponges contains articles on taxonomic, phylogenetic and ecological aspects of sponges of both biological and paleontological interest. They focus on three main topics: phylogeny and systematics, biology, and paleoecology of sponges. The reader is offered an overview over the most important aspects of current sponge research: - establishment of a new taxonomy based on mono phyletic groups (phylogenetic systematics) including recent and fossil taxa - new concepts of the biomineralisation of sponge skeletons - palaeoenvironmental analysis of fossil sponge buildups.

Documenting a joint Chinese-European study of mesothermal lode gold deposits from early Precambrian rocks of E. Hebei Province (NE China), introductory chapters on gold deposits, and the basement geology of the Sino-Korean Platform are followed by detailed descriptions of the individual gold desposits. These include descriptions of the lithology and structure of the host rocks, ore geochemistry and petrography, and wall-rock alteration. Radiometric ages, fluid inclusion data, and C-O-H-S-Pb isotopic compositions of ore and gangue minerals constrain the timing, physical conditions and the possible origin of mineralization. An important conclusion is that, in contrast to the Archean greenstone-hosted gold desposits in Canada, Australia and Africa, the Chinese examples occur in high-grade polymetamorphic rocks, and the main impetus for mineralization was tectonism and granitic magmatism of the late Mesozoic Yanshanian orogeny. This book will be of considerable value as a source of specific information and extensive references about gold deposits and Archean geology in NE China, and should be equally interesting to geologists working on Archean gold geology and those concerned with Mesozoic Circum-Pacific metallogeny.

The two-volume monograph "Vendian System: Vol. 1 Paleontology, Vol. 2 Regional Geology" is a synthesis of studies carried out over 30 years and devoted to the crucial problem of stratigraphic geology and the history of organic evolution at the Precambrian-Phanerozoic boundary. The studies showed the necessity in recognizing a new stra- tigraphic system - the Vendian (for the first time in the last 100 years). Volume 1 deals with different concepts concerning the nature and importance of the Precambrian-Cambrian period, the history of rec- ognition of the Vendian (first as a complex and then as a system) and correlative units of the Upper Precambrian. A detailed promorphol- ogical analysis of the Vendian Metazoa is used as a basis for recog- nition of some new major taxa of multicellular organisms, and is fol- lowed by a comprehensive systematic description of all major groups of organic life in the Vendian which include: unique fauna of multicel- lular, non-skeletal organisms (from the world's richest localities along the Zimny and Letny Coasts in the White Sea area, the Dniester Basin of Podolia in the Ukraine, and Olenek Uplift, as well as peculiar loca- lities of the Metazoa in the Urals); trace fossils, multicellular mega- scopic algae, actinomycetes and organisms of uncertain systematic position, various microfossils (acritarch and filamentous forms); cal- careous algae from the uppermost Vendian; stromatolites and micro- phytolites. All the described forms are illustrated in the correspond- ing plates. References are given in Volumes 1 and 2.

Spacecraft study of the Solar system is one of humanity's most outstanding achievements. Thanks to this study, our present knowledge of properties of and conditions on the planets exceeds many-fold that of 20 years ago: planets have been rediscovered. This is especially the case for planetary atmospheres, whose properties were for the most part either not at all or only erroneously known. Much research has been invested in the study of the atmospheres of Mars and Venus, and their chemical composition and photochemistry are basic problems in these studies. In the present publication I have tried to summarize all findings in this field. The English version of the book includes new data in the field from the last 3 years since the book was published in Russian. I wish to thank U. von Zahn, who initiated my talks with Springer-Verlag and acted as technical editor. December 2, 1985 V. A. KRASNOPOLSKY Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 Chemical Composition and Structure of the Martian Atmosphere 4 1. 1 Carbon Dioxide and Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1. 2 CO and O Mixing Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2 1. 3 Ozone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1. 4 Water Vapor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1. 5 Composition of the Upper Atmosphere as Determined from Airglow Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1. 6 Mass Spectrometric Measurements of the Atmospheric Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 1. 7 Ionospheric Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 1. 8 Temperature Profile of the Lower Atmosphere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 1. 9 Temperature of the Upper Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 1. 10 Eddy Diffusion Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2 Photochemistry of the Martian Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The principal aim of the present work is to understand the evolution of halogenesis in the Paleozoic. To succeed in the study it was neces- sary to make a general and systematic synthesis of data available on world-wide Paleozoic halogenic deposits and describe all known eva- porite basins. This study succeeds the monograph Paleozoic Salt For- mations of the World (Zharkov 1974a). The history of Paleozoic salt accumulation is based chiefly on evidence presented in the above monograph; this work should be considered as its direct continutation. The present work mainly aims at: (1) establishment of the num- ber of both salt and sulfate basins and salt and sulfate sequences formed therein in the Paleozoic; (2) determination of the stratigraphic position of salt and sulfate sequences in separate regions, their distant correlation and recognition of stages of evaporite sedimentation during the Paleozoic; (3) determination of the volume and areas of distribution of halite, potash, and sulfate sedimentation within basins and on continents through periods, epochs, and ages of the Paleozoic to single out epochs of the most intense evaporite sedimentation; (4) reconstruction of paleogeography of continents to recognize stages of evaporite accumulation and paleoclimatic zones of halogenic sedi- mentation in the Paleozoic; (5) understanding the evolution of eva- porite sedimentation in the Paleozoic. The nomenclature used in the book should be explained.

Progress in Precambrian geology has been exceptionally great, indeed quite striking for geologists of the older generation; only some 30-40 years ago the Precambrian appeared as an uncertain and even mystic prelude to geologic evolution. Even the very name - Precambrian - means some indi visible unit in the early history of the Earth, the beginning of which is poorly known. At the same time it was obvious that the Precambrian formations are of extremely varied and complex composition and poor knowledge and lack of reliable methods of division and correlation were to blame for the lack of significant progress in studies of this early evolutionary stage of the planet. Certainly, even at the very start of Precambrian studies, the results obtained were quite promising, lifting as they did the mysterious veil over the regional Precambrian; but they presented no general realistic picture of this early stage in the Earth's evolution at that time. Recently, this situation has completely changed, due to new methods of study of the older forma tions, and due also to the refinement of some well-known methods, in particular of division, dating, and correlation of "silent" metamorphic strata. Application of different isotope methods of dating was most impor tant in providing objective rock age and thereby the age of geologic events recorded in these rocks. Thus it became possible to reconstruct the oldest geologic period of our planet."

Terrestrial Heat Flow and the Lithosphere Structure summarizes current problems of analyzing related data. The individual chapters are written by leading scientists in geothermics, and are arranged in three sections: - General Lithospheric Geothermics - Regional Lithospheric Geothermics - Worldwide Heat Flow Density Studies. Emphasis is laid on the interrelations between lithospheric structure and local heat flow fields.

This book gives an introduction to the mathematical theory of cooperative behavior in active systems of various origins, both natural and artificial. It is based on a lecture course in synergetics which I held for almost ten years at the University of Moscow. The first volume deals mainly with the problems of pattern fonnation and the properties of self-organized regular patterns in distributed active systems. It also contains a discussion of distributed analog information processing which is based on the cooperative dynamics of active systems. The second volume is devoted to the stochastic aspects of self-organization and the properties of self-established chaos. I have tried to avoid delving into particular applications. The primary intention is to present general mathematical models that describe the principal kinds of coopera tive behavior in distributed active systems. Simple examples, ranging from chemical physics to economics, serve only as illustrations of the typical context in which a particular model can apply. The manner of exposition is more in the tradition of theoretical physics than of in mathematics: Elaborate fonnal proofs and rigorous estimates are often replaced the text by arguments based on an intuitive understanding of the relevant models. Because of the interdisciplinary nature of this book, its readers might well come from very diverse fields of endeavor. It was therefore desirable to minimize the re quired preliminary knowledge. Generally, a standard university course in differential calculus and linear algebra is sufficient."

My goal in writing this book was to provide an introduction to meteorite science and a handbook on meteorite classification. Insofar as I succeeded it should prove useful both to the practicing professional and to university students at the upper-division and graduate levels. I originally intended the book to be nearly twice as long. The second half was to be a review of properties relating to the origin of each group of meteorites. Chapter XVIII is an example of how these later chapters would have looked, although most would not have been as interpretative. These chapters would have been useful chiefly to meteorite researchers looking for a quick summary of group properties; they were not written because of lack of time. Perhaps I will start to prepare this "second volume" in a year or so when my family and I have recovered from the preparation of the present volume. Although some parts of the classification portion are mildly icono clastic, I have attempted either to avoid the inclusion of speculative interpretations or to flag them with a caveat to the reader. I have relaxed these principles somewhat in Chapter XVIII to conserve space, but even there the discussion of alternative speculations should give the reader a feeling for the degree of uncertainty attached."

3 of the experience of the last few generations. The group of happily unexperienced events includes large bolide impacts with the Earth. The evidence for the occurrence of such impacts at intervals of some tens of millions of years is quite convincing, and Lyell stands admonished by Hamlet: "There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, than are dreamt of in your philosophy. " The role of bolide impacts on the history of life during other portions of the Phanerozoic Eon is less clear (see Raup and Fischer, both this volume), and catastrophic changes unrelated to extraterrestrial processes may have been important (see Holser, this volume). Changes in the later Precambrian biota are still difficult to interpret, in part because the preservation of soft-bodied animals from this period of Earth history is so unusual (see Seilacher, this volume). During the past billion years or so, bolide impacts have exerted a significant effect on the Earth's surface and its inhabitants, but not on its interior. The 3800 Ma rocks at Isua in West Greenland are the oldest terrestrial rocks that are currently available for inspection (see Dymek, this volume). They contain abundant evidence for the operation of chemical and physical processes that are similar to those of the present day. This situation could not have prevailed during the entire 700 Ma preceding the formation of the Isua rocks.

To most people, travel is an exciting experience. When one journeys around the world, one is struck by the great variety and beauty of the landscapes that one encounters. The scientific mind, naturally, is not satisfied with admiring the various landscapes, but would like to understand how they were formed. The exact theory of landscape formation is a very com plicated affair, but much can be learnt from accurate observation. The need for the present little book became apparent to the writer during his studies of the mechanics oflandscape formation. It turned out that there was, in fact, no systematic compilation of those surface features of the Earth available, that have to be explained by theory. In effect, even the taxonomic principles that have to be applied in a classification of landscapes have nowhere been clearly stated. Thus, this book is intended to present a pictorial taxonomy of geomorphic features based on the basic principles of landscape genesis, as they have recently been worked out. The pictures have all been taken by the writer himself during many geoscientific studies and travels throughout the world. Some of these pictures had already been used in earlier publications of the writer's."

The monograph being proposed for the English-speaking research community is concentrated on the atmospheric correction of satellite images as a part of thematic interpretation procedures while processing remote sensing data. For linguistic reasons a large section of the community may have been unaware of the progress made in Russia in this field of science and technology. Meanwhile, Russia was the first country to launch the first artificial satellite in 1957 and to obtain from space for the first time spectra of the Earth's atmosphere in the 1960's. New applications of the radiation transfer theory for the atmosphere underlying surface system appeared first in Russia in the 1970's. Direct and in verse problems of the atmospheric optics were then formulated giving the scientific basis for studies of natural resources from space. Since that time new mathematical treatments for the atmospheric correction procedures have been widely developed in Russia, including both analytical and numerical tech niques to simulate spectral, angular, and spatial distributions of the outgoing radiation in visual and infrared regions. The authors of the book were at the beginning of the scientific approach. A wide range of mathematical im provements to elaborate polinomial approximations for dependencies between atmospheric radiation field and parameters of space surveying was due to the necessity to process satellite images in real time using special software of ex isted computer means for the studies.

Students of a phenomenon as common but complex as andesite genesis often are overwhelmed by, or overlook, the volume and diversity of relevant information. Thus there is need for periodic overview even in the absence of a dramatic breakthrough which "solves the andesite problem" and even though new ideas and data keep the issues in a state of flux. Thus I have summarized the subject through mid.1980 from my perspective to help clarify the long-standing problem and to identify profitable areas for future research. Overviews are more easily justified than achieved and there are fundamental differences of opinion concerning how to go about them. It is professionally dangerous and therefore uncom mon for single authors, especially those under 35 such as I, to summarize a broad, active field of science in book-length thor oughness. Review articles in journals, multi-authored books, or symposia proceedings appear instead. The single-authored approach is intimidating in scale and can result in loss of thoroughness or authority on individual topics. The alternatives lack scope or integration or both."

Fifty million years ago, the Arctic Ocean was a warm sea, bounded by lush vegetation of the warm-temperate shores of Scandinavia, Siberia, Alaska and the Northwest Territories. Wind and storms were rare because Atlantic weather systems had not developed but, as today, polar day length added a hostile element to this otherwise tranquil climate.
With the aid of scientists from all the countries close to the Arctic Circle, this book describes the palaeontology, the statistical analysis of vegetational features, comparisons with atmospheric, marine, and geological features and some of the first models of plant migration developed from newly constructed databases.

The Northwest African and the conjugate Northeast American con- tinental margins provide excellent examples of mature passive continental margins which record in their thick sediment cover the birth and evolution of the Atlantic Ocean Basins during the past 200 million years. Due to a dense net of single- and multichannel seismic reflection lines, numerous Deep Sea Drill- ing Project (DSDP) sites and petroleum exploration wells, and the well-known onshore geology, the Northwest African margin is one of the bes"t-documen ted margins of the world. A particu- lar advantage of this margin is that its coastal basins are well exposed and accessible for detailed stratigraphic studies and onshore-offshore correlations, whereas the Mesozoic-Ceno- zoic marginal basins off eastern North America underlie only the present continental shelf and slope. During the past decade, the Northwest African margin was stu- died in great detail, particularly by the Woods Hole Oceano- graphic Institution, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Imperial College London, Shell Internationale Petroleum Maat- schappij (Den Haag), Kiel University, and the Bundesanstalt fiir Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) at Hannover. A num- ber of important synthesis papers summarized these results; e. g. , Summerhayes et al. , 1971; Dillon and Sougy, 1974; Seibold and Hinz, 1974; Uchupi et al. , 1976; Lehner and de Ruiter, 1977 (all quoted in the references of Seibold, this Vol. ).

What does existing scientific knowledge about physics, chemistry, meteorology and biology tell us about the likelihood of extraterrestrial life and civilizations? And what does the fact that there is currently no credible scientific evidence for the existence of extraterrestrial biospheres or civilizations teach us?
This book reviews the various scientific issues that arise in considering the question of how common extraterrestrial life is likely to be in our galaxy and whether humans are likely to detect it. The book stands out because of its very systematic organization and relatively unbiased treatment of the main open question. It covers all relevant aspects of many disciplines required to present the different possible answers.
It has and will provide undergraduates with a stimulating introduction to many of these fields at an early stage in their university careers, when they are still choosing a specialty. The difficulties and the range of possible answers to the title question are carefully addressed in the light of present understanding. The resulting perspective is distinctly different from those suggested by most other books on this topic."