The Second International Symposium on Observation of the Continental Crust Through Drilling (supported by the Alfred Wegener Foundation, the Federal Ministry of Research and Technology, the German Research Society and the Inter-Union Commission on the Lithosphere) took place in Seeheim (Odenwald) and included a discussion on the Continental Deep Drilling Programme of the Federal Republic of Germany. This sym- posium was regarded as the continuation of a course agreed upon in Tarrytown in 1984. Here, the scientific contents and technical con- cepts of the technically complex and expensive experiments of conti- nental drillings were carefully coordinated before the national commit- tees carne to practical decisions. In Seeheim, rather than in Tarrytown, the methods of technical realization were in the foreground, as the results of scientific projects, e. g. , the NAGRA or the Salton Sea Scien* tific Drilling Project, were evaluated, supplementing industrial ultra- deep drilling experience. The presentation and discussion of the Con- tinental Deep Drilling Project of the Federal Republic of Germany was also granted ample scope with nine lectures and sixty posters. The con- tents of the KTB presentation have been summed up in two contributions and included in this volume. The conference centered on three major subjects: The National- Prograrrunes and Aspects of Geoscience: H. Vidal, FRG; H. Riesen- huber, FRG; E. Seibold, FRG; K. Fuchs, FRG; Cl. Megnien, F; R. S. An- drews, USA; F. G. Stehli, USA; E. A. Kozlovsky, USSR; E. V.

Anyone studying the geology and tectonics of China and who is not able to read Chinese will need to have a copy of this book: Ceotectonic Evolution of China and a companion copy of the Tectonic Map of China, scale 1:4000,000. Professor Huang Jiqing and his collaborators from the Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences have provided the English-speaking earth scientists with an extremely valuable tool that can be used towards understanding the geo b;;y of China. The introductory chapter is necessary to read prior to effective use of the material discussed in other chapters as it clearly presents the philosophy of this school of tectonics. The collaborators of the book acknowledge the important changes have been brough about by the plate tectonics theory but do not fully incorporate these ideas into their discussion. The book and map are testimony to the tremendous amount of geologic work accomplished by Chinese geologists in the past fourty years. As our Chinese collea gues begin to publish more English summaries such as this, it will become apparent to the rest of the world the vast amount of geologic mapping along with supportive stratigraphy and geophysics that has already been accomplished. Nearly all major non Chinese tracts on tectonic synthesis of the world treat China in only a cursory fashio)1 because so little is known of the area. With this text and map, future world tectonic synthesis can no longer afford to leave China out of the picture."

This book gives the geological history of the river Nile since it started to excavate its course in the Egyptian plateaus in late Miocene time in response to the lowering sea level of the desic cating Mediterranean. It formed a canyon longer, deeper, and just as awe inspiring as the Grand Canyon, Arizona. The canyon was transgressed by the advancing Mediterranean as it started filling during the early Pliocene, and since then by a number of rivers which ebbed and flowed as they succeeded one another. The modern Nile is a recent and humble successor to mighty rivers which once occupied the Nile Valley. Dallas, Texas Rushdi Said August 1981 Acknowledgments This book is based on field work carried out in Egypt during the seasons 1961-1978 while the author was a member of the Com bined Prehistoric Expedition sponsored by Southern Methodist University, the Polish Academy of Science, and the Geological Survey of Egypt. Grateful acknowledgment is made to Professor Fred Wendorf, leader of the Expedition, and to several members for their fruitful discussions. Notable among these arepr. Claude Albritton, Southern Methodist University, and Dr. J. De Heinze lin, University of Ghent, Belgium. The field work was aided by geologists M. S. Abdel Ghany and A. Zaghloul of the Geological Survey of Egypt. The drafting was by Reed Ellis and Hoda S. Ar manious. I am also grateful to Dr. M. K."

Rockglaciers are the visible expression of the creep of mountain permafrost. They are indicative of special geo-ecologic and geomorphic conditions regarding thermal situation, talus production, hydrology, and hazards in high mountain environments of all major mountain systems on earth. As relict features, they are of great paleoclimatic value. This book presents a systematic treatment of this landform in its environmental context.

This special publication no. 4 of the European Association of Petroleum Geoscientists and Engineers is devoted to some recent developments in the petroleum geology of France. Most of the papers have been presented either as oral or poster communications at the special session "Hydrocarbons of France" of the EAEG - EAPG Paris Conference (June, 92). A few additional papers have been added for their thematic interest, such as recent advances in sequence stratigraphy and structural geology applied to exploration of oil and gas in complex areas. Synthetic papers are also presented, covering most of the French sedimentary basins including a few oversea French agreements and territories.

The determination of crustal structure by means of explo sion seismology has been one of the major objectives of the European Seismological Commission (ESC) over the past twenty-five years. It was decided some time ago to publish the results of regional crustal investigations in Europe in a series of monographs. This publication entitled "Ex plosion Seismology in Central Europe - Data and Results" is Volume 1 in a sequence of publications dealing with the crustal structure in Europe. The European seismologists are indebted to the German Geo physical Society (Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft) for taking the initiative to publish this book. Thanks are due to the German Research Society (Deutsche Forschungs gemeinschaft) for providing generous financial support of the field measurements and data evaluation. It is hoped that this publication will stimulate a continuation of in vestigations of the earth's lithosphere in order to eluci date the details which are still not fully understood."

This book presents a historical perspective on plate tectonics. In doing so it discusses the foundations of rigid plate tectonics and the limitations of this approach. This classic approach explains the data at a level of 95 % precision. The authors explain data anomalies as a result of the discrepancies between spatial geodetical data and rigid kinematics in oceans. Data and its interpretation from various disciplines are pulled together in this book.

The two-volume monograph "Vendian System: Vol. 1 Paleontology, Vol. 2 Regional Geology" is a synthesis of studies carried out over 30 years and devoted to the crucial problem of stratigraphic geology and the history of organic evolution at the Precambrian-Phanerozoic boundary. The studies showed the necessity in recognizing a new stra- tigraphic system -the Vendian (for the first time in the last 100 years). Volume 1 deals with different concepts concerning the nature and importance of the Precambrian-Cambrian period, the history of rec- ognition of the Vendian (first as a complex and then as a system) and correlative units of the Upper Precambrian. A detailed promorphol- ogical analysis of the Vendian Metazoa is used as a basis for recog- nition of some new major taxa of multicellular organisms, and is fol- lowed by a comprehensive systematic description of all major groups of organic life in the Vendian which include: unique fauna of multicel- lular, non-skeletal organisms (from the world's richest localities along the Zimny and Letny Coasts in the White Sea area, the Dniester Basin of Podolia in the Ukraine, and Olenek Uplift, as well as peculiar loca- lities of the Metazoa in the Urals); trace fossils, multicellular mega- scopic algae, actinomycetes and organisms of uncertain systematic position, various microfossils (acritarch and filamentous forms); cal- careous algae from the uppermost Vendian; stromatolites and micro- phytolites. All the described forms are illustrated in the correspond- ing plates. References are given in Volumes 1 and 2.

It has been evident from many years of research work in the geohydrologic sciences that a summary of relevant past work, present work, and needed future work in multivariate statistics with geohydrologic applications is not only desirable, but is necessary. This book is intended to serve a broad scientific audience, but more specifi cally is geared toward scientists doing studies in geohydrology and related geo sciences.lts objective is to address both introductory and advanced concepts and applications of the multivariate procedures in use today. Some of the procedures are classical in scope but others are on the forefront of statistical science and have received limited use in geohydrology or related sciences. The past three decades have seen a significant jump in the application of new research methodologies that focus on analyzing large databases. With more general applications being developed by statisticians in various disciplines, multivariate quantitative procedures are evolving for better scientific applica tion at a rapid rate and now provide for quick and informative analyses of large datasets. The procedures include a family of statistical research methods that are alternatively called "multivariate analysis" or "multivariate statistical methods.""

This book presents the results of the Third International Symposium on Observation of the Continental Crust through Drilling held in Mora and Orsa, Sweden, September 7 - 10, 1987. Volume 2 reviews new and general information on geology, geophysics, rock mechanics, geochemistry, drilling techniques and drilling problems in very deep holes of the FRG, USA and the Soviet Union. The proceedings are invaluable for earth scientists as well as for exploiters of geoenergy and other natural resources in the crust. Volume 1 summarizes the results of the Deep Gas Project in the Siljan impact structure, Sweden, including papers dealing with general aspects of astroblemes. It is of interest to all researchers working in the drilling industry and those interested in the problem of "deep gas."

In May of 1991, Victor Van Buren, who was then with Springer Verlag in New York City, asked us for timely topics in the earth sciences that would be appropriate for publication as a book. We all quickly agreed that recent interest and research activity on the role of organic acids in geological processes would make a timely book on this diverse and controversial topic. As coeditors, we outlined chapter topics for such a book that maintained a good balance between geological and geochemical interests. Specific authors were then sought for each of the chapter topics. We had exceptional success in getting leading researchers as authors, and their response was universally enthusiastic. This approach has been most gratifying in that it provides a cohesion and conciseness that is not always present in books representing compilations of papers from symposia. This book does not resolve the controver sies that exist regarding the significance of organic acids in geolog ical processes. However, it does present both sides of the controver sies in terms of available data and current interpretations. Readers may judge for themselves and envisage research necessary to resolve these controversies in the future. We thank the authors of this book for their participation, dedication, and cooperation. We are also grateful for support from Dr. Wolfgang Engel and his staff at Springer-Verlag (Heidelberg) in expediting the editing and publication of this book in a timely manner."

To honour the remarkable contribution of Michel David in the inception, establishment and development of Geostatistics, and to promote the essence of his work, an international Forum entitled Geostatistics for the Next Century was convened in Montreal in June 1993. In order to enhance communication and stimulate geostatistical innovation, research and development, the Forum brought together world leading researchers and practitioners from five continents, who discussed-debated current problems, new technologies and futuristic ideas. This volume contains selected peer-reviewed papers from the Forum, together with comments by participants and replies by authors. Although difficult to capture the spontaneity and range of a debate, comments and replies should further assist in the promotion of ideas, dialogue and criticism, and are consistent with the spirit of the Forum. The contents of this volume are organized following the Forum's thematic sessions. The role of theme sessions was not only to stress important topics of tOday but in addition, to emphasize common ground held among diverse areas of geostatistical work and the need to strengthen communication between these areas. For this reason, any given section of this book may include papers from theory to applications, in mining, petroleum, environment, geohydrology, image processing.

The earth is seen as a dynamic body undergoing convection that is driven by its internal heat. The elucidation of the nature and evolution of the earth's lithosphere, that has provided all minerals and energy resources and the space in which we live is one of the principal motives behind the International Program "Dynamics and Evolution of the Lithosphere". A full understanding of the lithosphere requires further research especially on the continents and their margins: while the oceanic lithosphere cools and subsides as it flows away from the zone of upwelling, the continents, because of their different composition, remain buoyant in the mantle and survive over major portions of the earth's history. In trying to produce full confirmation of the validity of sea floor spreading and lithosphere subduction, Central Europe became more and more a crucial case. The deformation of continental plates is, however, more complex than that of the ocean-floor pattern. No discrete boundary exists between both the African and Eurasian plates. A number of unanswered questions arise e.g. whether African crust has overridden Europe, or European lithosphere collided in the ranges of Atlas of Algeria. The work of German, French and Suiss geologists accomplished much during this century. Central Europe has come to serve as a test site for the refinement of plate tectonics. A new understanding of the crustal dynamics of Central Europe was born with the aim of explaining its structural evolution.

Computational methods and modelling is of growing importance in fundamental science as well as in applications in industry and in environmental research. In this topical volume the readers find important contributions in the field of turbulent boundary layers, the Tsunami problem, group invariant solution of hydrodynamic equations, non-linear waves, modelling of the problem of evaporation-condensation, the exact solution of discrete models of the Boltzmann equation etc. The book addresses researchers and engineers both in the mechanical sciences and in scientific computing.

The drilling site of the KTB is located on the western margin of the Bohemian Massif, a few kilometers south of the structurally important Saxothur ing ian/Moldanubian boundary of the central European Hercynian orogene and several kilometers east of one of the most important Permian-Mesozoic strike-slip zones of central Europe, the Franconian line. The borehole will be drilled in the Moldanubian segment (Fig. 1). o -::: --. . . . . . . . -. . -. D Il1O, Fig. l: Geological map of the Central Europe Variscides and location of borehole From geographical and political points of view, the drill site is located in northern Bavaria in the Oberpfalz province near the towns of Windischeschenbach and Erbendorf about 40 km southeast of Bayreuth. TARGETS AND RESEARCH TOPICS 'The Continental Deep Drilling program of the Federal Republic of Germany (KTB) is a project of basic geoscientific research. The program and goals of this project have been set by a board of the Senate Commission on Geosciences of the German Research Foundation (DFG). The technical concept of the drilling, sampling, coring and logging programs corresponds to these goals. The upper limit of the budget of 450 million DM is approved by the Federal Ministry of Research and Development (Bundesministerium fuer Forschung und Technologie).

As this excellent book demonstrates, the study of comets has now reached the fas cinating stage where we understand comets in general simple tenns while, at the same time, we are uncertain about practically all the details of cometary nature, structure, processes, and origin. In every aspect, even including dynamics, a choice among several or many competing theories is made impossible simply by the lack of detailed knowledge. The space missions, snapshot studies of two comets, partic ularly the one that immortalizes the name of Sir Edmund Halley, have produced a huge mass of valuable new infonnation and a number of surprises. Nonetheless, we face the tantalizing realization that we have obtained only a fleeting glance at two of perhaps a hundred billion (lOll) or more comets with possibly differing natures, origins, and physical histories. To my personal satisfaction, comets seem to have discrete nuclei made up of dirty snowballs, as I concluded four decades ago, but perhaps they are more like frozen rubbish piles.

Reviewers of the German edition of this book found that the text deals with facts and descriptions of limestones rather than with glo- bal speculations on facies models or large-scale sedimentation pat- terns. The book is neither a picture-book nor a recipe-book for facies interpretation of carbonates, but an attempt to summarize the present "state of the art" of a rather small but increasingly more im- portant part of geology. The book is written for advanced undergraduate and post-grad- uate students as well as for research workers and exploration geol- ogists who need rapid and intensive training in modern methods of microfacies analysis. The book should facilitate decisions about which methods to use in one's own investigations, and where to look for comparative studies. Microfacies interpretation of carbonate rocks can not rely solely on the investigation of sedimentological and paleontological thin- section data, but must also consider geological and palecological cri- teria. It is beyond the scope of this book to describe all of these as- pects. However, broader applications are indicated in the chapters dealing with the relationships between geochemical as well as physi- cal data and the depositional and diagenetic fabric oflimestones.

The original Russian edition of the monograph Paleozoic salt forma- tions ofthe world was published by Nedra, Moscow, in 1974. The description of salt basins was given as of 1970-1971 and based on the literature available at that time. Additional evidence was pre- sented in History of Paleozoic salt accumulation (Nauka, Novosibirsk 1978), with abrief account of new basins of Paleozoic salt accumula- tion. These two books complement each other and have one common list of references, the former providing the material which in the latter is the basis for the major trends in the history of evaporite sedimenta- tion in the Paleozoic. History ofPaleozoic salt accumulation was the first ofthe two books to be published in English (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1981). The present book is the first synthesis dealing with specific Paleozoic salt formations and some salt basins. However, since the first edition was published 10 years ago, new data since then allow more accurate and detailed description of composition, structure, and dis- tribution patterns of salt deposits within Paleozoic evaporite basins. New basins have also been found in some regions of the Earth. The author has attempted to give more complete characterization of Paleo- zoic salt basins using the data available as of 1981.

Fossil and Recent Sponges contains articles on taxonomic, phylogenetic and ecological aspects of sponges of both biological and paleontological interest. They focus on three main topics: phylogeny and systematics, biology, and paleoecology of sponges. The reader is offered an overview over the most important aspects of current sponge research: - establishment of a new taxonomy based on mono phyletic groups (phylogenetic systematics) including recent and fossil taxa - new concepts of the biomineralisation of sponge skeletons - palaeoenvironmental analysis of fossil sponge buildups.

To most people, travel is an exciting experience. When one journeys around the world, one is struck by the great variety and beauty of the landscapes that one encounters. The scientific mind, naturally, is not satisfied with admiring the various landscapes, but would like to understand how they were formed. The exact theory of landscape formation is a very com plicated affair, but much can be learnt from accurate observation. The need for the present little book became apparent to the writer during his studies of the mechanics oflandscape formation. It turned out that there was, in fact, no systematic compilation of those surface features of the Earth available, that have to be explained by theory. In effect, even the taxonomic principles that have to be applied in a classification of landscapes have nowhere been clearly stated. Thus, this book is intended to present a pictorial taxonomy of geomorphic features based on the basic principles of landscape genesis, as they have recently been worked out. The pictures have all been taken by the writer himself during many geoscientific studies and travels throughout the world. Some of these pictures had already been used in earlier publications of the writer's."

Documenting a joint Chinese-European study of mesothermal lode gold deposits from early Precambrian rocks of E. Hebei Province (NE China), introductory chapters on gold deposits, and the basement geology of the Sino-Korean Platform are followed by detailed descriptions of the individual gold desposits. These include descriptions of the lithology and structure of the host rocks, ore geochemistry and petrography, and wall-rock alteration. Radiometric ages, fluid inclusion data, and C-O-H-S-Pb isotopic compositions of ore and gangue minerals constrain the timing, physical conditions and the possible origin of mineralization. An important conclusion is that, in contrast to the Archean greenstone-hosted gold desposits in Canada, Australia and Africa, the Chinese examples occur in high-grade polymetamorphic rocks, and the main impetus for mineralization was tectonism and granitic magmatism of the late Mesozoic Yanshanian orogeny. This book will be of considerable value as a source of specific information and extensive references about gold deposits and Archean geology in NE China, and should be equally interesting to geologists working on Archean gold geology and those concerned with Mesozoic Circum-Pacific metallogeny.

The two-volume monograph "Vendian System: Vol. 1 Paleontology, Vol. 2 Regional Geology" is a synthesis of studies carried out over 30 years and devoted to the crucial problem of stratigraphic geology and the history of organic evolution at the Precambrian-Phanerozoic boundary. The studies showed the necessity in recognizing a new stra- tigraphic system - the Vendian (for the first time in the last 100 years). Volume 1 deals with different concepts concerning the nature and importance of the Precambrian-Cambrian period, the history of rec- ognition of the Vendian (first as a complex and then as a system) and correlative units of the Upper Precambrian. A detailed promorphol- ogical analysis of the Vendian Metazoa is used as a basis for recog- nition of some new major taxa of multicellular organisms, and is fol- lowed by a comprehensive systematic description of all major groups of organic life in the Vendian which include: unique fauna of multicel- lular, non-skeletal organisms (from the world's richest localities along the Zimny and Letny Coasts in the White Sea area, the Dniester Basin of Podolia in the Ukraine, and Olenek Uplift, as well as peculiar loca- lities of the Metazoa in the Urals); trace fossils, multicellular mega- scopic algae, actinomycetes and organisms of uncertain systematic position, various microfossils (acritarch and filamentous forms); cal- careous algae from the uppermost Vendian; stromatolites and micro- phytolites. All the described forms are illustrated in the correspond- ing plates. References are given in Volumes 1 and 2.

Spacecraft study of the Solar system is one of humanity's most outstanding achievements. Thanks to this study, our present knowledge of properties of and conditions on the planets exceeds many-fold that of 20 years ago: planets have been rediscovered. This is especially the case for planetary atmospheres, whose properties were for the most part either not at all or only erroneously known. Much research has been invested in the study of the atmospheres of Mars and Venus, and their chemical composition and photochemistry are basic problems in these studies. In the present publication I have tried to summarize all findings in this field. The English version of the book includes new data in the field from the last 3 years since the book was published in Russian. I wish to thank U. von Zahn, who initiated my talks with Springer-Verlag and acted as technical editor. December 2, 1985 V. A. KRASNOPOLSKY Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 Chemical Composition and Structure of the Martian Atmosphere 4 1. 1 Carbon Dioxide and Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1. 2 CO and O Mixing Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2 1. 3 Ozone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1. 4 Water Vapor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1. 5 Composition of the Upper Atmosphere as Determined from Airglow Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1. 6 Mass Spectrometric Measurements of the Atmospheric Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 1. 7 Ionospheric Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 1. 8 Temperature Profile of the Lower Atmosphere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 1. 9 Temperature of the Upper Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 1. 10 Eddy Diffusion Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2 Photochemistry of the Martian Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 of the experience of the last few generations. The group of happily unexperienced events includes large bolide impacts with the Earth. The evidence for the occurrence of such impacts at intervals of some tens of millions of years is quite convincing, and Lyell stands admonished by Hamlet: "There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, than are dreamt of in your philosophy. " The role of bolide impacts on the history of life during other portions of the Phanerozoic Eon is less clear (see Raup and Fischer, both this volume), and catastrophic changes unrelated to extraterrestrial processes may have been important (see Holser, this volume). Changes in the later Precambrian biota are still difficult to interpret, in part because the preservation of soft-bodied animals from this period of Earth history is so unusual (see Seilacher, this volume). During the past billion years or so, bolide impacts have exerted a significant effect on the Earth's surface and its inhabitants, but not on its interior. The 3800 Ma rocks at Isua in West Greenland are the oldest terrestrial rocks that are currently available for inspection (see Dymek, this volume). They contain abundant evidence for the operation of chemical and physical processes that are similar to those of the present day. This situation could not have prevailed during the entire 700 Ma preceding the formation of the Isua rocks.

Progress in Precambrian geology has been exceptionally great, indeed quite striking for geologists of the older generation; only some 30-40 years ago the Precambrian appeared as an uncertain and even mystic prelude to geologic evolution. Even the very name - Precambrian - means some indi visible unit in the early history of the Earth, the beginning of which is poorly known. At the same time it was obvious that the Precambrian formations are of extremely varied and complex composition and poor knowledge and lack of reliable methods of division and correlation were to blame for the lack of significant progress in studies of this early evolutionary stage of the planet. Certainly, even at the very start of Precambrian studies, the results obtained were quite promising, lifting as they did the mysterious veil over the regional Precambrian; but they presented no general realistic picture of this early stage in the Earth's evolution at that time. Recently, this situation has completely changed, due to new methods of study of the older forma tions, and due also to the refinement of some well-known methods, in particular of division, dating, and correlation of "silent" metamorphic strata. Application of different isotope methods of dating was most impor tant in providing objective rock age and thereby the age of geologic events recorded in these rocks. Thus it became possible to reconstruct the oldest geologic period of our planet."