The origin of the Moon remains an unsolved problem of the planetary science. Researchers engaged in celestial dynamics, geophysics, and geochemistry are still discussing various models of creation of our closest cosmic neighbour. The most popular scenario, the impact hypothesis involving a collision early in the Earth's history, has been substantially challenged by the new data. The birth and development of a planet-moon system always plays a role in the formation of an entire planetary system around our Sun or around another star. This way, the story of our Moon acquires broader ramifications for one of the hottest topics of the modern scholarship. All this has motivated the authors of this book to consider a new concept and to compare the currently discussed theories, analyzing their advantages and shortcomings in explaining the experimental data.

This book presents a new approach to heritage, linking it to territory and sustainable development. This new approach entails a broader, integrated view of heritage values on the one hand, and on the other a shift in emphasis from their protection to their valorisation. In short, it provides a view of the joint workings of natural and cultural resources, and, as a consequence, moving away from a protection point of view in favour of a perspective on their suitable sustainable valorisation. In the viewpoint taken here, sustainability is understood as the balance and long-term preservation and enhancement of such natural and cultural resources and processes in a given territory. Territorial Heritage and Development includes contributions from different disciplines (geography, architecture, planning, sociology, environmental studies and archaeology) and case studies drawn from three continents, broaching both analytical and conceptual developments, and a range of initiatives for engaging in territorial heritage as an instrument of sustainable development. The book takes a pioneering and relevant approach to the breadth and complexity of the issue which can be valuable to academics and policy-makers in Geography, Architecture, Planning and Sociology.

This book offers an in-depth study of two well-known models of "avalanche" dynamics, modified minimally by the inclusion of relaxation. Many complex systems respond to continuous inputs of energy by accumulation of stress over time, interrupted by sudden energy releases called avalanches. The first model studied is the viscoelastic interface driven over disorder, which is shown to display the fundamental features of friction. In the mean-field limit, the friction force derived semi-analytically is compatible with laboratory experiments (displaying both velocity weakening and contact aging). In two dimensions, large-scale numerical simulations are in good agreement with the basic features of real earthquakes (Gutenberg-Richter Law, aftershock migration). The second model is a non-Markovian variant of Directed Percolation, in which we observe that the universality class is only partly modified by relaxation, a promising finding with respect to our first model.

This collection of articles provides a unique overview of the state of the science in the prediction of and response to natural disaster events. The uniqueness of this volume is that it comprises more than just the physical science perspective. For each natural hazard included in this text, social scientists have provided research summaries of how public perceptions are related to the actions that are likely to be undertaken when people are confronted with information about the existence of a natural hazard threat. In this book the reader can find a truly international characterization of both hazard perception and prediction. The American and European contributors provide state-of-the-science overviews of empirically-based research knowledge that expands beyond any national boundaries. This approach has resulted in broader understanding of what is currently known about predicting natural hazard events and predicting how those events, or warnings of them, will be responded to by different types of societies.

Both the beauty and interest of fractures and fracture networks are easy to grasp, since they are abundant in nature. An example is the road from Digne to Nice in the south of France, with an impressive number and variety of such structures: the road for the most part, goes through narrow valleys with fast running streams penetrating the rock faces; erosion is favored by the Mediterranean climate, so that rocks are barely covered by meager vegetation. In this inhospitable and sterile landscape, the visitor can im mediately discover innumerable fractures in great masses which have been distorted by slow, yet powerful movements. This phenomenon can be seen for about 100 kilometers; all kinds of shapes and combinations are repre sented and can be observed either in the mountain itself or in the man-made cliffs and excavations, resulting from improvements made to the road. In the same region, close to the Turini Pass, a real large scale hydrody namic experiment is taking place -a source which is situated on the flank on the mountain, has been equiped with a tap; if the tap is open, water flows through the tap only, but when it is closed, then the side of the mountain releases water in a matter of seconds. Other outlets are also influenced by this tap, such as a water basin situated a few hundred meters away."

Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems (GDEs) frequently exhibit rich biological diversity and can provide enormous economic wealth. In recent years, GDEs in many industrialized countries have shown signs of serious degradation, primarily the result of groundwater abstraction and pollution. Many such systems, including a number of well documented cases in Eastern Europe, are no longer sustainable. As a consequence, the conservation and sustainable management of GDEs has emerged as one of the most urgent environmental research priorities of our time. A large percentage of the world's population lives in cities and either depends on, or is affected in some way, by groundwater. Moreover, groundwater has become a very important and complex issue that attracts the interest of many diverse stakeholders. Many problems related to groundwater and ecosystems are shared by countries throughout the world...

In this comprehensive treatment of the ongoing conflict between creationists and evolutionary scientists, well-known geomorphologist Arthur Strahler carefully examines creationists' claims of scientific evidence for the six-day divine creation of the universe, followed by the catastrophic flood of Noah, as claimed in Genesis. The creationists' arguments are examined and evaluated against the findings of mainstream science in the fields of cosmology, astronomy, geophysics, geology, paleontology, and evolutionary biology.
Updated with a new preface and responses to recent attacks on evolutionary theory, Science and Earth History can serve as both a popular overview of earth history and as a scholarly anecdote to the fictions of creationism once again finding their way into classrooms and universities. Strahler illuminates the controversy by reviewing the philosophy, methodology, and sociology of empirical science, as contrasted with the belief systems of religion and pseudoscience. The author also includes lucid criteria for distinguishing science from pseudoscience, and reviews the great discoveries and developments in science that point to the evolution of life over the earth's three-billion-year history.

The NATO Advanced Study Institute "Paleorift Systems with Emphasis on the Permian Oslo Rift" was held at Sundvollen near Oslo, Norway, 26. July - 5. August, 1977. The meeting included 6 field trips to various parts of the Oslo Region. 70 official participants and 16 observers from 14 countries attended the meeting. The majority of the invited lectures, short research papers and progress reports presented at the meeting are published in two volumes, of which this is volume No. II. A table of con tents for both volumes is include8 herein. The field trip guide is being published in the Nor gian Geological Survey Series, Vol. 327 (1978). We are especially pleased to acknowledge the efforts of the many authors of contributed papers, and the able assistance of secretaries, proof-readers and other staffmembers without whose help these volumes would not have been possible. Oslo, 20. February 1978. Ivar B. Ramberg Else-Ragnhild Neumann xi Organizing Committee members: O. Eldholm Department of Geology, University G. Grcentsnlie of Oslo J. Naterstad I.B. Ramberg (chairman) J.A. Dons Mineralogical-Geological Museum, B.T. Larsen (secretary) University of Oslo E.-R. Neumann (secretary) K.S. Heier (chairman) Norwegian Geological Survey S. Huseby B. Sundvoll M.A. Sellevoll Seismological Observatory, University of Bergen K. Storetvedt Geophysics Institute, University of Bergen P.M. Ihlen Geological Institute, University of Chr. Oftedahl Trondheim F.M. Vokes E.S. Husebye NTNF/NORSAR, 2007 Kjeller This volume is Scientific Report No. 40 of the Geodynamics Project

To honour the remarkable contribution of Michel David in the inception, establishment and development of Geostatistics, and to promote the essence of his work, an international Forum entitled Geostatistics for the Next Century was convened in Montreal in June 1993. In order to enhance communication and stimulate geostatistical innovation, research and development, the Forum brought together world leading researchers and practitioners from five continents, who discussed-debated current problems, new technologies and futuristic ideas. This volume contains selected peer-reviewed papers from the Forum, together with comments by participants and replies by authors. Although difficult to capture the spontaneity and range of a debate, comments and replies should further assist in the promotion of ideas, dialogue and criticism, and are consistent with the spirit of the Forum. The contents of this volume are organized following the Forum's thematic sessions. The role of theme sessions was not only to stress important topics of tOday but in addition, to emphasize common ground held among diverse areas of geostatistical work and the need to strengthen communication between these areas. For this reason, any given section of this book may include papers from theory to applications, in mining, petroleum, environment, geohydrology, image processing.

List of Participants xi Lecture Program xv CHAPTER I - FUNDAMENTALS 1 Field Equations E. R. Arantes e Oliveira 3 2 Basic Formulation of Static and Dynamic Behaviour of Soil and Other Porous Media O. C. ZienkieuJicz 39 3 Generalized Plasticity and Some Models for Geomechanics O. C. Zienkiewicz 57 4 Constitutive Equations for Soil Media Jean H. Proevost 79 5 Constitutive Modeling and Soil-Structure Interaction C. S. Desai 103 6 Rock Mass Behaviour and Its Mathematical Modelling K. KovaY'i 145 CHAPTER II - FINITE ELEMENTS TECHNIQUES 165 1 Numerical Analysis of Shallow Foundations I. M. Smith 167 2 Numerical Analysis of Deep Foundations 187 I. M. Smith CONTENTS 3 Finite Element Analysis of Coupled Deformation and Fluid Flow in Porous Media 203 Ranbir S. Sandhu 4 Finite Elements and Slope Stability 229 D. J. Naylor CHAPTER III - MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING METHODS 245 1 Plastic Analysis in Geomechanics by Mathematical Programming John MUnro 247 2 Optimization Methods for Parametric Identification of Geotechnical Systems G. Maier and G. Gioda 273 3 Embankments and Slopes by Mathematical Programming J. B. Martins 305 CHAPTER IV - BOUNDARY ELEMENT TECHNIQUES 335 1 Fundamentals of Boundary Elements C. A. Brebbia 337 2 Boundary Elements in Groundwater Flow Problems L. C. Wrobel and C. A. Brebbia 355 3 Boundary Element Formulation to Solve No-Tension Problems in Geomechanics W. S. Venturini and C. A. Brebbia 375 4 Elastoplastic Analysis Using Boundary Elements J. C. F. Telles and C. A.

As the growth of the world's population requires the continued search for residential space, the urbanization of natural lands is an inevitable process, but that process does not have to be one that is accomplished without regard for environmental quality. This book presents the unique perspective of naturbanization, the urbanization of protected and highly valued natural spaces that are geographically removed from current urban centers. It discusses the search and selection of new residential spaces, economic planning and policy in such areas, environmentally sensitive construction, and public investment in infrastructure to make the areas more accessible and habitable.

Specifically, the book analyzes naturbanization as it is occurring in National Parks located along the European Union borders. Recent declarations have made the parks more accessible to development and consequently they are serving as models for ways to reach workable solutions and encourage the sort of economic development that will satisfy both developers and environmentalists

Few, if any, fundamental disciplines in the earth sciences have seen so many dramatic changes and developments as stratigraphy. The discipline has come to be applied progressively, and indispensably, to nearly all branches of the earth sciences, including such endeavors as charting the course and complexities of life evolution through time, understanding how ancient ecosystems developed and operated, and furnishing data pivotal to exploration and exploitation of strategic mineral resources.

This book aims to incorporate major aspects and essential elements underpinning the modern applications and perspectives of stratigraphy. It focuses on traditional and innovative techniques and how these can be utilized in reconstructing the geological history of sedimentary basins and in solving manifold geological problems and phenomena. Each chapter summarizes contributions by leading researchers in the field. It is hoped that this book will provide the reader with key insights into all these aspects and applications.

The importance of investigating karstified aquifers lies in their significance as a major source of drinking water. This book describes methods that are basic to all hydrogeological studies, such as hydraulic investigations, hydrochemistry, geophysics, isotope chemistry and modelling, but with the emphasis placed on their application to karst systems. Other techniques are specific to the karst environment, such as the speleological exploration of aquifers and water tracing. The various chapters of this book are written by experts in different methods. Most of the chapters are multi-authored, and the authors include hydrogeologists who are experienced in evaluating a variety of karst environments and who together, provide a comprehensive review of karst methods.

The Geology of Ireland is the definitive guide to the geology of the island of Ireland as a whole. This completely revised edition has been updated to reflect the ten years of research undertaken since the last edition was published. For the first time the work is presented with colour illustration, where appropriate, throughout the text. It presents the geology of the island in geological sequence and deals also with the economically important offshore geology of Ireland.

Water is one of the world's threatened resources: it is also a substance of importance in Geology. For some years I have felt the need for a book that sets out the fundamentals of fluid mechanics, written for geologists rather than engineers. The efforts to repair my own deficiencies in this respect led me along various unfamiliar paths, few of which were unrewarding. This book is the result of my journeys through the literature and as a geologist in several parts of the world. It has been written for students of geology of all ages, in the simplest terms possible, and it has one objective: to provide a basis for an understanding of the mechanical role of water in geology. It has not been written for experts in ground water hydrology, or specialists in the fluid aspects of structural geology: it has been written for geologists like me who are not very good mathematicians, so that we can take water better into account in our normal geological work, whatever it might be. The fundamentals apply equally to mineralization, geochemistry, and vulcanology although they have not been specifically mentioned. It has also been written for the university student of geology so that he or she may start a career with some appreciation of the importance of water, and understanding of its movement."

The investigation phase is the most important segment of any geotechnical study. Using the correct methods and properly interpreting the results are critical to a successful investigation. Comprising chapters from the second edition of the revered Geotechnical Engineering Investigation Handbook, Geotechnical Investigation Methods offers clear, concise, and hands-on guidance for choosing and executing a variety of field investigations. This practical guide provides an affordable alternative to larger handbooks and condenses the essential elements of a geotechnical investigation into an easily digestible and readily accessible format. Renowned expert Roy E. Hunt discusses preliminary study to predict geologic conditions, applying information from geologic and topographic maps as well as remotely sensed imagery, proper test boring procedures, the various geophysical methods and when each is appropriate, and a variety of methods for determining materials' engineering properties in the lab and in situ. Hunt also covers field instrumentation for surface movements, subsurface deformations, and in situ pressures and stresses, as well as instrument arrays for typical problems such as structure settlement and fault movements. Eliminate the need to search through narrow volumes or large handbooks with Geotechnical Investigation Methods: A Field Guide for Geotechnical Engineers, a convenient and complete guide to the techniques you need.

Foraminiferal Micropaleontology for Understanding Earth's History incorporates new findings on taxonomy, classification and biostratigraphy of foraminifera. Foraminifera offer the best geochemical proxies for paleoclimate and paleoenvironment interpretation. The study of foraminifera was promoted by oil exploration due to its exceptional use in subsurface stratigraphy. A rapid technological development in the past 20 years in the field of imaging microfossils and in geochemical microanalysis have added novel information about foraminifera. Foraminiferal Micropaleontology for Understanding Earth's History builds an understanding of biology, morphology and classification of foraminifera for its varied applications. In the past two decades, a phenomenal growth has occurred in geochemical proxies in shells of foraminifera, and as a result, crucial information about past climate of the earth is achieved. Foraminifera is the most extensively used marine microfossils in deep-time reconstruction of the earth history. Its key applications are in paleoenvironment and paleoclimate interpretation, paleoceanography, and biostratigraphy to continuously improve the Geologic Time Scale.

During the 1980's a wealth of information was reported from field and laboratory experiments in order to validate andlor modify various aspects of the surface layer Monin-Obukhov (M-O) similarity theory for use over the sea, and to introduce and test new concepts related to high resolution flux magnitudes and variabilities. For example, data from various field experiments conducted on the North Sea, Lake Ontario, and the Atlantic experiments, among others, yielded information on the dependence of the flux coefficients on wave state. In all field projects, the usual criteria for satisfying M-O similarity were applied. The assumptions of stationarity and homogeneity was assumed to be relevant over both small and large scales. In addition, the properties of the outer layer were assumed to be "correlated" with properties of the surface layer. These assumptions generally required that data were averaged for spatial footprints representing scales greater than 25 km (or typically 30 minutes or longer for typical windspeeds). While more and more data became available over the years, and the technology applied was more reliable, robust, and durable, the flux coefficients and other turbulent parameters still exhibited significant unexplained scatter. Since the scatter did not show sufficient reduction over the years to meet customer needs, in spite of improved technology and heavy financial investments, one could only conclude that perhaps the use of similarity theory contained too many simplifications when applied to environments which were more complicated than previously thought.

A collection of 18 papers from an international conference in London, July 1992, that survey the principles and applications of various operational technologies for the treatment of contaminated land. Some explain the principles behind a range of technologies; others use case histories to show how a

This book provides an introduction into the mechanics of faulting in the brittle crust of the Earth. It developed from my annual two-semester course on tectono mechanics for graduate students of engineering geology and of rock engineering at the Technical University of Graz (Austria). In this course, it is not my task to present a broad exposition and geometrical description of geological structures, but rather to focus on the mechanical processes that produce the structures. Although this was also the aim of my former book "Mechanics of Tectonic Faulting - Models and Basic Concepts" (1988, Elsevier), henceforth referred to as MTF, the present book is different in organisation and content, in order to meet the requirements of the courses and to include more recent developments. Instead of following the traditional subdivision into extensional, compressional and strike-slip faulting, the presentation focuses on mechanical aspects of tectonic faulting that are common to various, or even all types of tectonic faults in the brittle regime. In this way, geometrically disparate or dissimilar fault structures may be revealed as closely related by the underlying mechanical process, and complex structures may be better understood. It may be useful to indicate how the chapters in the book are organised. The first three chapters are an introduction to rock mechanics, tailored to applications in geology. It also presents the extremely useful graphical method of Mohr's stress circle, which is freely used throughout the book to keep the mathematics to an absolute minimum.

This book provides an update of synthetic information in marine sedimentology, associating generalities to case studies. New information is replaced in a context of plate tectonics and evolution of ocean systems at geological scale. Besides general information, the book insists on the relationships between plate tectonics and sedimentation, as well as on the formation and evolution of sediment series and their potential as archives of past environments.
* complete update of synthetic information in marine sedimentology.
* association of information on the origin and transport of sediment particles, the evolution of sediment series and their role as archives of past environments.

This volume, also available as part of the collection "Geomorphology: Critical Concepts in Geography" [set ISBN 0-415-27608-X], constitutes an instant archive of esential benchmark papers and makes available in one place key published material on its area.