Understanding Geology through Maps guides young professional geologists and students alike in understanding and interpreting the world's dynamic and varying geological landscapes through the liberal use of visual aids including figures, maps, and diagrams. This highly visual reference introduces the skills of interpreting a geological map and relating it to the morphology of the most important types of geological structure. Thoroughly revised, and with more international examples, it is ideal for use by students with a minimum of tutorial supervision. Maps of geological structures provide all of the realism of a survey map without the huge amount of data often present, so readers can develop or hone their skills without becoming overwhelmed or confused. In particular, emphasis is placed throughout on developing the skill of three-dimensional visualization so important to geologists.

Regional Geology Guides provide a broad view and interpretation of the geology of a region.

Dwindling global supplies of conventional energy and materials resources are widely thought to severely constrain, or even render impossible, a "first-world" lifestyle for the bulk of Earth's inhabitants. This bleak prospect, however, is wrong. Current energy resources are used grotesquely inefficiently as heat ("fuels," after all, are "burned"), so that well over half of the energy is simply dissipated into the environment. In turn, conventional materials resources, particularly of metals, are geologically anomalous deposits that also are typically processed by the prodigious application of raw heat. Simultaneously, rising levels of pollution worldwide are a challenge to remediate as they require the extraction of pollutants at low concentration. Nanotechnology, the structuring of matter at near-molecular scales, offers the prospect of solving all these problems at a stroke. Non-thermal use of energy, in broad emulation of what organisms do already, will not only lead to more efficient use but make practical diffuse sources such as sunlight. Pollution control and resource extraction become two aspects of the same fundamental problem, the low-energy extraction of particular substances from an arbitrary background of other substances, and this also is in emulation of what biosystems carry out already. This book sketches out approaches both for the efficient, non-thermal use of energy and the molecular extraction of solutes, primarily from aqueous solution, for purification, pollution control, and resource extraction. Some long-term implications for resource demand are also noted. In particular, defect-free fabrication at the molecular level is ultimately likely to make structural metals obsolete.

Currently there are major challenges in data mining applications in the geosciences. This is due primarily to the fact that there is a wealth of available mining data amid an absence of the knowledge and expertise necessary to analyze and accurately interpret the same data.Most geoscientists have no practical knowledge or experience using data mining techniques. For the few that do, they typically lack expertise in using data mining software and in selecting the most appropriate algorithms for a given application. This leads to a paradoxical scenario of "rich data but poor knowledge."

The true solution is to apply data mining techniques in geosciences databases and to modify these techniques for practical applications. Authored by a global thought leader in data mining, "Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery for Geoscientists" addresses these challenges by summarizing the latest developments in geosciences data mining and arming scientists with the ability to apply key concepts to effectively analyze and interpret vast amounts of critical information.
Focuses on 22 of data mining s most practical algorithms and popular application samplesFeatures 36 case studies and end-of-chapter exercises unique to the geosciences to underscore key data mining applicationsPresents a practical and integrated system of data mining and knowledge discovery for geoscientistsRigorous yet broadly accessible to geoscientists, engineers, researchers and programmers in data miningIntroduces widely used algorithms, their basic principles and conditions of applications, diverse case studies, and suggests algorithms that may be suitable for specific applications"

This edited volume, showcasing cutting-edge research, addresses two primary questions - what are the main drivers of change in high-mountains and what are the risks implied by these changes? From a physical perspective, it examines the complex interplay between climate and the high-mountain cryosphere, with further chapters covering tectonics, volcano-ice interactions, hydrology, slope stability, erosion, ecosystems, and glacier- and snow-related hazards. Societal dimensions, both global and local, of high-mountain cryospheric change are also explored. The book offers unique perspectives on high-mountain cultures, livelihoods, governance and natural resources management, focusing on how global change influences societies and how people respond to climate-induced cryospheric changes. An invaluable reference for researchers and professionals in cryospheric science, geomorphology, climatology, environmental studies and human geography, this volume will also be of interest to practitioners working in global change and risk, including NGOs and policy advisors.

This book delivers the present state-of-the-art of scientific characteristics of the unique Ciomadul volcano (Romania, East-Central Europe) from as many aspects as possible.. Multidisciplinary research results obtained on this geologically young volcanic complex are presented to a wider audience (geologists, volcanologists, botanists, archaeologists, historians and teachers). Moreover, the book provides information at a general level for interested laypersons and decision-makers. The first part of the book, after summarizing the research history of Ciomadul, presents the details of the volcanism and related topics (volcanology, geology, landscape evolution, minerals, post-volcanic activity and spa culture) in eight chapters; the second part deals with the palaeo-environmental issues of the larger area, along with human history, in nine chapters.

"Landscape Evolution in the United States "is an accessible text that balances interdisciplinary theory and application within the physical geography, geology, geomorphology, and climatology of the United States. Landscape evolution refers to the changing terrain of any given area of the Earth's crust over time. Common causes of evolution (or geomorphology-land morphing into a different size or shape over time) are glacial erosion and deposition, volcanism, earthquakes, tsunamis, tornadoes, sediment transport into rivers, landslides, climate change, and other surface processes. The book is divided into three main parts covering landscape components and how they are affected by climactic, tectonic and ocean systems; varying structural provinces including the Cascadia Volcanic Arc and California Transpressional System; and the formation and collapse of mountain systems.

The vast diversity of terrain and landscapes across the United States makes this an ideal tool for geoscientists worldwide who are researching the country s geological evolution over the past several billion years.
Presents the complexities of physical geography, geology, geomorphology, and climatology of the United States through an interdisciplinary, highly accessible approachOffers more than 250 full-color figures, maps and photographs that capture the systematic interaction of land, rock, rivers, glaciers, global wind patterns and climateProvides a thorough assessment of the logic, rationale, and tools required to understand how to interpret landscape and the geological history of the EarthFeatures exercisesthat conclude each chapter, aiding in the retention of key concepts"

Data accumulation, analysis, and interpretation technology are critical in hydrocarbon exploration and extraction to maximize petroleum recovery and development. "Dynamic Well Testing in Petroleum Exploration and Development" presents modern petroleum exploration and well testing interpretation methods, emphasizing their application and development under special geological and development conditions in oil and gas fields. More than 100 case studies and 250 illustrations-many in full color-aid in the retention of key concepts. Extensive analysis of pressure data acquired from well testing through advanced interpretation software can be tailored to specific reservoir environments. This timely, state-of-the-art reference will be of particular interest to petroleum geoscientists and engineers working for oiland gas companies worldwide.
Includes graphs that can be used as templates to accurately plot hydrocarbon reservoir data accumulation, analysis, and interpretationField-practical case studies break information down into real-world examples which can be put into practice-not found in other books on well testingIllustrations-many in full color-help you retain key concepts"

The Mapping of Geological Structures Ken McClay Department of Geology, Royal Holloway University of London, UK Detailed mapping and analysis of the structural features of rocks enable the 3D geometry of their structures to be reconstructed. The resulting evidence of the stresses and movement patterns which rocks have undergone indicates the processes by which they were formed, and allows evaluation of past deformations of the earth’s crust. Written to show how one actually describes, measures and records rock structures such as folds and faults with the emphasis on accuracy, detail and on-going interpretation throughout, this handbook gives students and enthusiasts the practical information and guidance which allows their fieldwork to become vastly more rewarding. "…the author is to be congratulated on producing such an excellent text. The whole range of mapping techniques that an undergraduate student will require are described and the book will still be immense help to post-graduates setting out on their research work. The book represents extremely good value and is thoroughly recommended." C.R.L. Friend, Mineralogical Magazine

This book serves as an introduction to the Cretaceous geology and palaeontology of south-central Africa, covering the whole of Southern and Eastern Africa and Angola. Fifty two plates illustrate almost 1000 species and provide a field guide to the macrofossils of the subcontinent. The book will be of value to field geologists, students and non-specialists with an interest in the natural world. A bibliography of the Cretaceous palaeontology and stratigraphy of the subcontinent is provided. Features: Provides a concise account of the Cretaceous geology for 13 African regions Includes beautiful illustrations and a comprehensive bibliography Fossils are presented in stratigraphical order, allowing easy determination of the age deposits.

Expert petroleum geologists David Roberts and Albert Bally bring you "Regional Geology and Tectonics: Phanerozoic Rift Systems and Sedimentary Basins," volume two in a three-volume series covering Phanerozoic regional geology and tectonics. Experience in analyzing and assessing rifts-locations where the Earth s outer shell and crust have been stretched over time by seismic activity-is critical for you as an exploration geologist in identifying Earth s most lucrative hydrocarbon locations in which extraction is both efficient and safe. Vast compilations of related industry data present regional seismic lines and cross sections, and summaries of analogue and theoretical models are provided as an essential backdrop to the structure and stratigraphy of various geological settings.
Named a 2013 Outstanding Academic Title by the American Library Association's "Choice "publicationA practical reference for petroleum geologists that discusses the importance of rift systems and the structural evolution of the Earth Analyses of active rifts in East Africa, China, Siberia, the Gulf of Suez, and the Russian Arctic provide immediately implementable petroleum exploration applications in regions heavily targeted by oil & gas companies Presents overviews of sequence stratigraphy in rifts and structural controls on clastic and carbonate sedimentation-critical to the exact mapping of the most lucrative hydrocarbon locations by exploration geologists"

The subsurface of the East Midlands region has been intensively explored by boreholes and seismic surveys on account of its rich resources of coal and hydrocarbons.This memoir is based on an exhaustive use of such data, acquired during seven decades of exploration, and aims to present a concise review of the tectonic and sedimentary history of the Carboniferous rocks of the East Midlands region. It is the fourth in a series of subsurface memoirs relating to Upper Palaeozoic basins, and forms a sequel to a previously published account of the adjacent south-west Pennine Basin (Smith et al., 2005).

Now in paperback, a biography of the German scientist who came up with the idea of continental drift, telling of how he ended up journeying to Greenland in the winter of 1930-and died there. How, in 1930, did Alfred Wegener, the son of a minister from Berlin, find himself in the most isolated spot on earth, attempting to survive an unthinkably cold winter in the middle of Greenland? In All the Land, Jo Lendle sets out to chronicle Wegener's extraordinary journey from his childhood in Germany to the most unforgiving corner of the planet. As Lendle shows, Wegener's life was anything but ordinary. Surrounded by children at the orphanage his parents ran, Wegener was driven by his scientific spirit in search not only of answers to big questions but of solitude. Though Wegener's life ended in tragedy during his long winter in Greenland, he left us with a scientific legacy: the theory of continental drift, mocked by his peers and only recognized decades after his death. Lendle gives us the story of this great adventurer, of the experiences that shaped him, resulting in a tale that is both thrilling and tender.

The author argues that, after five decades of debate about the interactive of solar wind with the magnetosphere, it is time to get back to basics. Starting with Newton's law, this book also examines Maxwell's equations and subsidiary equations such as continuity, constitutive relations and the Lorentz transformation; Helmholtz' theorem, and Poynting's theorem, among other methods for understanding this interaction.

Porous media are broadly found in nature and their study is of high relevance in our present lives. In geosciences porous media research is fundamental in applications to aquifers, mineral mines, contaminant transport, soil remediation, waste storage, oil recovery and geothermal energy deposits. Despite their importance, there is as yet no complete understanding of the physical processes involved in fluid flow and transport. This fact can be attributed to the complexity of the phenomena which include multicomponent fluids, multiphasic flow and rock-fluid interactions. Since its formulation in 1856, Darcy s law has been generalized to describe multi-phase compressible fluid flow through anisotropic and heterogeneous porous and fractured rocks. Due to the scarcity of information, a high degree of uncertainty on the porous medium properties is commonly present. Contributions to the knowledge of modeling flow and transport, as well as to the characterization of porous media at field scale are of great relevance. This book addresses several of these issues, treated with a variety of methodologies grouped into four parts:

I Fundamental concepts
II Flow and transport
III Statistical and stochastic characterization
IV Waves

The problems analyzed in this book cover diverse length scales that range from small rock samples to field-size porous formations. They belong to the most active areas of research in porous media with applications in geosciences developed by diverse authors.

This book was written for a broad audience with a prior and basic knowledge of porous media. The book is addressed to a wide readership, and it will be useful not only as an authoritative textbook for undergraduate and graduate students but also as a reference source for professionals including geoscientists, hydrogeologists, geophysicists, engineers, applied mathematicians and others working on porous media.

Since the first edition was published in 1983, this highly-regarded introductory textbook has been used by many generations of students worldwide. It is specifically tailored to the requirements of first or second year geology undergraduates. The third edition has been extensively revised and updated to include many new sections and over 50 new or redrawn illustrations. There are now over 220 illustrations, many incorporating a second colour to highlight essential features. The format has been changed to enhance the visual attractiveness of the book. The tripartite organization of the first and second editions has been modified by combining the purely descriptive or factual aspects of fault and fold structure in the earlier chapters with a simple treatment of mechanisms, leaving the more geometrically complex treatment until after the relevant sections on stress and strain, as before. Some subjects are introduced for the first time, e.g. inversion and orogen collapse, and others have been extensively modified, e.g. the chapter on gravity controlled structures now emphasises modern work on salt tectonics. The last third of the book is devoted to the wider context of geological structures and how they relate to plate tectonics. The final two chapters have been considerably expanded and give examples of various types of geological structures in their plate tectonic settings in both modern and ancient orogenic belts.

An authoritative treatment of contaminant transport modeling now significantly revised and expanded

The challenges facing groundwater scientists and engineers today demand expertise in a wide variety of disciplines–geology, hydraulics, geochemistry, geophysics, and biology. As the number of the subdisciplines has increased and as each has become more complex and quantitative, the problem of integrating their concepts and contributions into a coherent overall interpretation has become progressively more difficult. To an increasing degree transport simulation has emerged as an answer to this problem, and the transport model has become a vehicle for integrating the vast amount of field data from a variety of sources and for understanding the relationship of various physical, chemical, and biological processes.

Applied Contaminant Transport Modeling is the first resource designed to provide coverage of the discipline’s basic principles, including the theories behind solute transport in groundwater, common numerical techniques for solving transport equations, and step-by-step guidance on the development and use of field-scale modeling.

The Second Edition incorporates recent advances in contaminant transport theory and simulation techniques, adding the following to the original text:

• An expanded discussion of the role of aquifer heterogeneity in controlling solute transport
• A new section on the dual-domain mass transfer approach as an alternative to the classical advection-dispersion model
• Additional chemical processes and reactions in the discussion of reactive transport
• A discussion of the TVD (total-variation-diminishing) approach to transport solution
• An entirely new Part III containing two chapters on simulation of flow and transport under variable water density and under variable saturation, respectively, and a third chapter on the use of the simulation-optimization approach in remediation system design

Applied Contaminant Transport Modeling, Second Edition remains the premier reference for practicing hydrogeologists, environmental scientists, engineers, and graduate students in the field. In 1998, in recognition of their work on the first edition, the authors were honored with the John Hem Excellence in Science and Engineering Award of the National Ground Water Association.

Coal and Peat Fires: A Global Perspective is a compelling collection of research conducted by scientists and engineers around the world. The first of four volumes in the collection, Coal - Geology and Combustion, features chapters that discuss the origin of coal and coal fires; mining and use of coal; combustion and coal petrology; environmental and health impacts of coal fires; combustion by-products; geochemical, geophysical, and engineering methodologies for studying coal fires; the control, extinguishment, and political implications of coal fires; and much more.

This reference presents a comprehensive description of flow through porous media and solutions to pressure diffusion problems in homogenous, layered, and heterogeneous reservoirs. It covers the fundamentals of interpretation techniques for formation tester pressure gradients, and pretests, multiprobe and packer pressure transient tests, including derivative, convolution, and pressure-rate and pressure-pressure deconvolution. Emphasis is placed on the maximum likelihood method that enables one to estimate error variances in pressure data along with the unknown formation parameters.

Serves as a training manual for geologists, petrophysicists, and reservoir engineers on formation and pressure transient testing
Offers interpretation techniques for immediate application in the field
Provides detailed coverage of pretests, multiprobe and packer pressure transient tests, including derivative, convolution, and pressure-rate and pressure-pressure deconvolution

Ongoing climate change necessitates advances in our understanding of the interrelationships between climate, landscape-shaping processes and human activity over long time periods, especially in areas that are already climatically stressed. This volume presents new ideas on macroscale landscape evolution; mountain, fluvial and aeolian processes; and environments in southern Africa, a key region in the story of human evolution during the last two million years. Interdisciplinary in scope, it brings together an international team of experts to synthesise the latest research and understanding of landscape-human relationships in this region. It incorporates results from the emerging fields of geoarchaeology and cultural landscapes and utilises the latest data and analytical techniques. A key reference for researchers studying hominid evolution, geoarchaeology and environmental change, it provides a benchmark study of southern African landscape evolution during the Quaternary. It will also appeal to professionals and policymakers with interests in future human-landscape evolution in southern Africa.

This new edition is a co-publication between NMS Enterprises - Publishing and the Edinburgh Geological Society. It has been expanded and redesigned and has a practical flexi-binding. The book describes the varied rocks and structures that occur within the largely metasediments of the Moine Supergroup of the northern and central highlands of Scotland. The excursions are, for the most part, along major roads, allowing easy access to some of the finest outcrops of deformed and metamorphosed sandstones in Scotland. Professional geologists will find the book invaluable as will the enthusiastic amateur and the undergraduate student.