This book analyzes various properties and structures of ice from the point of view to solve problems in civil aviation. The Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, together with large territories of Siberia and the Far East, is a zone, that is insufficiently provided with ground navigation facilities, as well as platforms and airfields for landing aircraft, including in the event of unpredictable situations. However, most of this area, especially in winter, is covered with ice, which can be used to solve this problem. The possibility of using ice sheets for the construction of airfields or the location of ground-based flight support facilities requires careful study and analysis. This book is devoted to the study of the properties and structure of ice, with a view for use in civil aviation to construct ice airfields and the placement of ground-based flight support facilities.

'A provocative vision.' Sunday Times In 2017, the number of people going hungry in the world increased, for the first time in a decade. Pesticide-resistant bugs lay waste to crops across the globe, from bananas to potatoes. Food production releases billions of tons of carbon into the world, and it's only getting worse. The writing is on the wall: our food system must change. But no one can agree on how. With his trademark counterintuition, Anthony Warner reveals that we have the ability to make a world where no one starves. And one where we don't feel guilty about tucking in.

The application of surface geochemical methods to finding petroleum is based on the detection of hydrocarbons in the soil that have leaked from a petroleum reservoir at depth. While the "seal" over the deposit was once considered impermeable, surface geochemistry data now show that such leakage is a common occurrence. Despite its simplicity and low costs, surface geochemistry remains controversial because, until now, there was no objective and in-depth treatment of the various methods of surface geochemistry for oil exploration. Written by a successful oil finder, this practical guide: surveys a broad array of surface geochemistry techniques, from soil gases to microbiology, and provides clear strategies for applying them to the high-stakes art of petroleum exploration; offers numerous case studies, both successes and failures, to show the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches; examines statistical and spatial variation, surveys, and models in surface geochemistry, demonstrating how each analytical tool can be used to optimize accuracy; integrates surface geochemistry data interpretation with data from conventional methods of oil exploration, and considers the economics of surface geochemical approaches; and discusses key topics that have been neglected in the literature, such as grid design and the effects of soils. Geologists, geophysicists, geological engineers, and exploration managers involved in petroleum exploration will gain valuable insights from this volume. By presenting and evaluating each method of surface geochemistry in a neutral tone, this volume enables the reader to select and employ these methods with greater confidence.

The VDI Commission on Air Pollution Prevention - in cooperation with the German Meteorological Society - presents in this book the proceedings of the first International Symposium on "Environmental Meteorology," held in Wurzburg (West Germany) from 29 September to 1 October 1987. The primary goal was to get together scientists, experts of the meteorological services, specialists of environmental boards, and consulting engineers of the European countries. An equally important objective was to provide a bench mark document in the resulting proceedings publication. The 1987 symposium shall start a series of symposia on all fields of environmental meteorology to be held once in three or four years in one of the European countries. We are full of hope to come to an intense cooperation with the national meteorological and environmental societies in the countries with this concern. We like to express our sincere appreciation to the authors for their efforts and attention to the quality shown herein. The credit must be extended to the session Chairmen and to the advisory committee for the selection of the papers. We think the book contributes substantially to a better understanding of meteorology being the link between emission and deposition of atmospheric pollutants.

Spatial and temporal averaging of observational data is widely used in many problems of meteorology, hydrology and related sciences. Several averaging methods have been proposed by various scientists and are used on a regular basis to obtain data averaged in space orfand in time, to yield data which are less influenced by random factors than initial point data are. The significance of averaging meteorological fields has substantially increased nowadays in connection with the problem of global climate change. However important as such change may be, it is very small as compared with the natural variability of atmospheric fields. An accurate averaging is absolutely necessary in order to discover a small climate change signal on the background of strong natural variability that acts as a random noise in this context. It is highly desirable not only to determine the averaged values themselves, but also to estimate the accuracy with which these values are known. To evaluate the accuracy of averaging is not a simple task mainly because the initial point values are not independent from each other, and interconnections between them substantially influence the averaging accuracy.

This book studies the pitfalls of regional climate models in simulating track and intensity of tropical cyclone over western North Pacific for the East Asian summer monsoon climate.A number of sensitivity experiments related to tropical cyclone simulation with different model configurations and model physical schemes, including model resolution, model lateral boundary condition, effect of sea surface temperature, cumulus parameterization scheme and model microphysics scheme, as well as the features and the failure of tropical cyclone simulation in regional climate models were carefully analyzed with model output with high temporal resolution, to investigate shortcomings of the models, so as to come up with better models to simulate and study tropical cyclone track and intensity.The book is suitable for graduate students in meteorology with focuses in the tropical cyclone simulation, as well as professionals devoted to model development and study of tropical cyclone activities.

The innovation in space technologies has generated a new method for observing and monitoring tsunamis from space. Most tsunami remote sensing studies focus on using classical image processing tools or conventional edge detection procedures. However, these methods do not use modern physics, applied mathematics, signal communication, remote sensing data and innovative space technologies. This book equips readers to understand how to monitor tsunamis from space with remote sensing technology art to create a better alarm warning system.

Synoptic Analysis and Forecasting: An Introductory Toolkit provides the bridge between the introductory fundamentals of a meteorology course and advanced synoptic-dynamic analysis for undergraduate students. It helps students to understand the principles of weather analysis, which will complement computer forecast models. This valuable reference also imparts qualitative weather analysis and forecasting tools and techniques to non-meteorologist end users, such as emergency/disaster managers, aviation experts, and environmental health and safety experts who need to have a foundational knowledge of weather forecasting.

Scientific descriptions of the climate have traditionally been based on the study of average meteorological values taken from different positions around the world. In recent years however it has become apparent that these averages should be considered with other statistics that ultimately characterize spatial and temporal variability. This book is designed to meet that need. It is based on a course in computational statistics taught by the author that arose from a variety of projects on the design and development of software for the study of climate change, using statistics and methods of random functions.

This was the fourth postgraduate summer school on remote sensing to be held in Dundee. These summer schools were originated by, and continue to remain in, the programme of EARSel (European Association of Remote Sensing Laboratories) Working Group 3 on Education and Training in Remote Sensing. The first of these summer schools was held in 1980 on "Remote Sensing in Meteorology, Oceanography and Hydrology." This was followed in 1982 by a more specialised summer school on "Remote Sensing Applications in Marine Science and Technology" which built on the foundation laid in 1980 and then concentrated on the marine applications of remote sensing techniques. The present summer school was another follow-up of the original 1980 summer school but this time concentrating on the atmospheric rather than the marine applications of remote sensing techniques. The 1984 summer school had not specifically involved atmospheric and marine applications but had been involved with the use of remote sensing in the field of civil engineering. This year's summer school was extremely successful. First of all, this was due to our sponsors, for without their very significant material contributions there would have been no summer school. These sponsors included the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO, together with the European Association of Remote Sensing Laboratories, the Council of Europe, the European Space Agency, the German Aerospace Establishment (DFVLR) and the Natural Environment Research Council.

Remote Sensing of Aerosols, Clouds, and Precipitation compiles recent advances in aerosol, cloud, and precipitation remote sensing from new satellite observations. The book examines a wide range of measurements from microwave (both active and passive), visible, and infrared portions of the spectrum. Contributors are experts conducting state-of-the-art research in atmospheric remote sensing using space, airborne, and ground-based datasets, focusing on supporting earth observation satellite missions for aerosol, cloud, and precipitation studies. A handy reference for scientists working in remote sensing, earth science, electromagnetics, climate physics, and space engineering. Valuable for operational forecasters, meteorologists, geospatial experts, modelers, and policymakers alike.

The processes and consequences of climate change are extremely heterogeneous, encompassing many different fields of study. Dr David Rind in his career at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and as a professor at Columbia University has had the opportunity to explore many of these subjects with colleagues from these diverse disciplines. It was therefore natural for the Lectures in Climate Change series to begin with his colleagues contributing lectures on their specific areas of expertise.This first volume, entitled Our Warming Planet: Topics in Climate Dynamics, encompasses topics such as natural and anthropogenic climate forcing, climate modeling, radiation, clouds, atmospheric dynamics/storms, hydrology, clouds, the cryosphere, paleoclimate, sea level rise, agriculture, atmospheric chemistry, and climate change education. Included with this publication are downloadable PowerPoint slides of each lecture for students and teachers around the world to be better able to understand various aspects of climate change.The lectures on climate change processes and consequences provide snapshots of the cutting-edge work being done to understand what may well be the greatest challenge of our time, in a form suitable for classroom presentation.

1 Einleitung.- 1.1 Wetter: Faszination und Gefahr.- 1.2 Kann man das Wetter leicht verstehen?.- 1.3 Unwetter.- 1.4 Nehmen die atmospharischen Gefahren zu?.- 2 Einige Grundlagen aus der Meteorologie.- 2.1 Die Zusammensetzung der Luft.- 2.2 Atmospharische Bewegungssysteme.- 2.3 Der Luftdruck.- 2.4 Der Wind und seine Auswirkungen.- 2.5 Krafte, die die horizontale Windgeschwindigkeit bestimmen.- 2.5.1 Druckgradientkraft und Corioliskraft.- 2.5.2 Der geostrophische Wind.- 2.5.3 Der Gradientwind.- 2.5.4 Der Einfluss der Reibung.- 2.5.5 Systeme, bei denen die Corioliskraft nur eine kleine Rolle spielt.- 2.5.6 Windprofile in der Atmospharischen Grenzschicht.- 2.6 Temperaturanderung mit der Hoehe.- 2.6.1 Die mittlere Temperaturschichtung.- 2.6.2 Die Temperaturanderung eines trocken auf-oder absteigenden Luftteilchens.- 2.6.3 Die Temperaturanderung eines mit Wasserdampf gesattigten auf-oder absteigenden Luftteilchens.- 2.6.4 Inversionen.- 2.7 Stabilitat der Atmosphare.- 2.8 AEnderung der Temperatur in der Horizontalen.- 2.8.1 Warme und kalte Luftsaulen nebeneinander.- 2.8.2 Allmahlicher UEbergang.- 2.8.3 Fronten.- 2.9 Wolkenteilchen, Niederschlagsteilchen und Niederschlag.- 3 Die Allgemeine Zirkulation der Atmosphare.- 4 Lokale Sturme (Gewitter).- 4.1 Entstehung der Lokalen Sturme (Gewitter).- 4.1.1 Entwicklung von Cumulus-Wolken.- 4.1.2 Single-cell Storms.- 4.1.3 Multi-cell Storms.- 4.1.4 Supercell Storms.- 4.1.5 Tornados.- 4.1.6 Mesoskalige Konvektive Komplexe.- 4.2 Gefahren und Schaden durch Lokale Sturme.- 4.2.1 Downbursts und Sturm.- 4.2.2 Hagel.- 4.2.3 Starkregen und UEberflutungen.- 4.2.4 Blitzschlag.- 4.2.5 Tornados.- 5 Tropische Zyklonen.- 5.1 Das Phanomen.- 5.2 Entstehung.- 5.3 Gefahren und Schaden durch Tropische Zyklonen.- 6 Mittelbreitenzyklonen.- 6.1 Entstehung.- 6.2 Struktur.- 6.3 Zentral-, Rand-und Mesozyklonen.- 6.4 Gefahren und Schaden durch Mittelbreitenzyklonen.- 6.4.1 Sturme.- 6.4.2 Hochwasser, UEberflutungen.- 6.4.3 Blizzards.- 6.4.4 Frontgewitter, grosse Schneefalle, Rauhfrost und Rauheis.- 7 Risiken bei "friedlichem" Wetter.- 7.1 Schwule.- 7.2 Grosse Hitze und grosse Kalte.- 7.3 Nebel.- 7.4 Glatte.- 7.5 Luftverunreinigungen, Smog.- Anhang A: Der Atmosphare innewohnende Energien.- A.1 Definitionen, Einheiten und Umrechnungen.- A.2 Leistung.- A.3 Energie.- A.4 Energieflussdichten.- A.5 In der Atmosphare enthaltene Energien (grobe Abschatzungen).- Anhang B: Unterschiedliche Angabe von Windstarken.- Anhang C: Hochwasserschaden weltweit von 1993 bis 2002.- Anhang D: "Wetterversicherungen".- Sachwortverzeichnis.

Shortlisted for the Financial Times and McKinsey Business Book of the Year Award, and one of The Observer's 'Thirty books to help us understand the world'. Are we really to blame for the climate crisis? Over 70 per cent of global emissions come from the same 100 organisations, but fossil-fuel companies have taken no responsibility themselves. Instead, they have waged a 30-year campaign to blame individuals. The result has been disastrous for our planet. In The New Climate War, renowned scientist Michael E. Mann argues that all is not lost. He draws the battle lines between the people and the polluters - fossil-fuel companies, right-wing plutocrats, and petro-states - and outlines a plan for forcing our governments and corporations to wake up and make real change.

The main focus of this book is the study of environmental dynamics in the Arctic, coupled with ecosystem dynamics. Particular emphasis is placed on problems of the composition of the Arctic atmosphere, including minor gases, aerosols and clouds, as well as changes in the composition due to impacts of human activity. Analysis of observational data and numerical modelling results, which characterize the Arctic basin pollution dynamics, and its impact on ecosystems is also provided. Other topics covered include problems of general circulation in the atmosphere and oceans - beginning with the 1930s when the Arctic was regarded as the kitchen of global weather and climate and concluding with the situation today when modern observational data and numerical modelling make for a more balanced view.

This is the third volume of the proceedings of the 8th International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics (ICEG 2018), held on October 28 - November 1, 2018 in Hangzhou, China. The theme of the congress is "Towards a Sustainable Geoenvironment", which means meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Under this theme, the congress covers a broad range of topics and provides an excellent opportunity for academics, engineers, scientists, government officials, regulators, and planners to present, discuss and exchange notes on the latest advances and developments in the research and application of environmental geotechnics.

PREFACE xv LIST OF LECTURERS xix LIST OF PARTICIPANTS xx]. VOLUME I PART I - DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICALLY-BASED MODELS OF THE ATMOSPHERE Section 1 - Introduction GATES, W. L. - Climate and the Climate System 3 SIMMONS, A. J. and L. BENGTSSON - Atmospheric General Circulation Models: Their Design and Use for Climate Studies 23 Section 2 - Numerical Methods for Large-Scale Dynamics ARAKAWA, A. - Finite-Difference Methods in Climate Modeling 79 BOURKE, W. - Spectral Methods in Global Climate and Weather Prediction Models 169 Section 3 - Parameterization of Subgrid-Scale Physical Processes FOUQUART, Y. - Radiative Transfer in Climate Models 223 LAVAL, K. - Land Surface Processes 285 SELLERS, P. J. , Y. MINTZ, Y. C. SUD and A. DALCHER - A Brief Description of the Simple Biosphere Model (SiB) 307 SOMMERIA, G. - Parameterization of the Planetary Boundary Layer in Large-Scale Atmospheric Models 331 x TABLE OF CONTENTS TIEDTKE, M. - Parameterization of Cumulus Convection in Large-Scale Models 375 SUNDQVIST, H. - Parameterization of Condensation and Associated Clouds in Models for Weather Prediction and General Circulation Simulation 433 PART II - DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICALLY-BASED MODELS OF THE OCEAN AND SEA ICE HAN, Y. -J. - Modelling and Simulation of the General Circulation of the Ocean 465 HIBLER, W. D. - Modelling Sea Ice Thermodynamics and Dynamics in Climate Studies 509 PART III - METHODS OF COUPLING ATMOSPHERE, OCEAN AND ICE MODELS BRYAN, K.

From a leading scientist, this gripping nonfiction book explains how recent weather disasters-including heat waves, massive forest fires, and hurricanes-can be definitively linked to climate change, through the revolutionary method of World Weather Attribution. A TIME 100 Most Influential Person of 2021: Friederike Otto "Meet the forensic scientists of climate change; if you like CSI, you will be equally enthralled with the skill and speed these folks exhibit. But the stakes are infinitely higher!"-Bill McKibben, author of Falter and The End of Nature Angry Weather tells the compelling, day-by-day story of Hurricane Harvey, which caused over a hundred deaths and $125 billion in damage in 2017. As the hurricane unfolds, Otto reveals how attribution science works in real time, and determines that Harvey's terrifying floods were three times more likely to occur due to human-induced climate change. This new ability to determine climate change's role in extreme weather events has the potential to dramatically transform society-for individuals, who can see how climate change affects their loved ones, and corporations and governments, who may see themselves held accountable in the courts. Otto's research laid out in this groundbreaking book will have profound impacts, both today and for the future of humankind. Published in Partnership with the David Suzuki Institute.

This book explores a new realm in data-based modeling with applications to hydrology. Pursuing a case study approach, it presents a rigorous evaluation of state-of-the-art input selection methods on the basis of detailed and comprehensive experimentation and comparative studies that employ emerging hybrid techniques for modeling and analysis. Advanced computing offers a range of new options for hydrologic modeling with the help of mathematical and data-based approaches like wavelets, neural networks, fuzzy logic, and support vector machines. Recently machine learning/artificial intelligence techniques have come to be used for time series modeling. However, though initial studies have shown this approach to be effective, there are still concerns about their accuracy and ability to make predictions on a selected input space.

Covers essential parts of cloud and precipitation physics and has been extensively rewritten with over 60 new illustrations and many new and up to date references. Many current topics are covered such as mesoscale meteorology, radar cloud studies and numerical cloud modelling, and topics from the second edition, such as severe storms, precipitation processes and large scale aspects of cloud physics, have been revised. Problems are included as examples and to supplement the text.

This volume presents the history of marine fog research and applications, and discusses the physical processes leading to fog's formation, evolution, and dissipation. A special emphasis is on the challenges and advancements of fog observation and modeling as well as on efforts toward operational fog forecasting and linkages and feedbacks between marine fog and the environment.

Climate, climate change, climate fluctuations and climatic trends are only a few of the terms used today, in not only conferences, scientific symposia and workshops, but also parliaments and in discussions throughout society. climatologists these terms may be well known; to the vast majority of people, however, they are new, and they require definition and explanation. The World Meteorological Organization inherited an interest and involvement in the studies of climate and climate change from its predecessor, the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), which was established in 1873. By 1929 the had set up a Commission for Climatology to deal with matters related to climate studies. When, in 1950, the World Meteorological Organization assumed the mantle of the it retained the commission which, among other responsibilities, had already recognized the need for the definition and explanation of terms used in climatology. It must also be said that much of what we now know about climate derives from the scientific and technical programmes - ordinated by and now, to a much greater extent, by In 1979, the First World Climate Conference made an assessment of the status of knowledge of climate and climate variability, and recommended the establishment of a World Climate Programme.

Fully updated with the latest advances in meteorology as well as an additional section on climate change, this comprehensive reference addresses all aspects of weather in an accessible question-and-answer format. All the basic elements of weather are discussed, as are all types of weather phenomena and the science of forecasting. In addition, the relationships between weather and oceanography, geology, and space science are expertly covered. Included are more than 1,000 questions and answers such as, "Has a hurricane ever struck southern California? Could our oceans have originated in space?" and "What is bioclimatology?" This resource is an ideal reference for students, teachers, and amateur meteorologists.