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Books > Earth & environment > Earth sciences > Meteorology > General
The studies in this dissertation aim at advancing our scientific
understandings about physical processes involved in the
aerosol-cloud-precipitation interaction and quantitatively
assessing the impacts of aerosols on the cloud systems with diverse
scales over the globe on the basis of the observational data
analysis and various modeling studies. As recognized in the Fifth
Assessment Report by the Inter-government Panel on Climate Change,
the magnitude of radiative forcing by atmospheric aerosols is
highly uncertain, representing the largest uncertainty in
projections of future climate by anthropogenic activities. By using
a newly implemented cloud microphysical scheme in the
cloud-resolving model, the thesis assesses aerosol-cloud
interaction for distinct weather systems, ranging from individual
cumulus to mesoscale convective systems. This thesis also
introduces a novel hierarchical modeling approach that solves a
long outstanding mismatch between simulations by regional weather
models and global climate models in the climate modeling community.
More importantly, the thesis provides key scientific solutions to
several challenging questions in climate science, including the
global impacts of the Asian pollution. As scientists wrestle with
the complexities of climate change in response to varied
anthropogenic forcing, perhaps no problem is more challenging than
the understanding of the impacts of atmospheric aerosols from air
pollution on clouds and the global circulation.
In the two decades bracketing the turn of the millennium,
large-scale weather disasters have been inevitably constructed as
media events. As such, they challenge the meaning of concepts such
as identity and citizenship for both locally affected populations
and widespread spectator communities. This timely collection
pinpoints the features of an often overlooked yet rapidly expanding
category of global media and analyzes both its forms and functions.
Specifically, contributors argue that the intense promotion and
consumption of 'extreme weather' events takes up the slack for the
public conversations society is not having about the environment,
and the feeling of powerlessness that accompanies the realization
that anthropogenic climate change has now reached a point of no
return. Incorporating a range of case studies of extreme weather
mediation in India, the UK, Germany, Sweden, the US, and Japan, and
exploring recent and ongoing disasters such as Superstorm Sandy,
the Fukushima nuclear crisis, flooding in Germany, and heat waves
in the UK, Extreme Weather and Global Media generates valuable
inquiry into the representational and social characteristics of the
new culture of extreme weather.
Natural ecosystems are heavily dependent on water, as it is
essential to the development of life. The ecology and landscape
play an important role in the quality and availability of water. It
is no coincidence that exceptional hydrological phenomena are found
in protected areas. Such is the case with, for example, the
geothermic occurrences (principally, geysers) in America's
Yellowstone National Park , the oldest park in the world. The
Ramsar wetlands (where the ecosystem's dependency on water is
strongly evident), The Iguacu Falls (on the border of Argentina and
Brazil), or the Zapata Swamp (the largest of its kind on the
Caribbean island of Cuba) further exemplify this point. However, in
many cases, the conservation strategies for hydraulic resources in
protected areas are ignored, or simply deprived of the attention
they require. There are many types of suitable management
strategies for planning and protecting our valuable treasures.
Hydraulic resource management in protected areas is something that
must not be separated from these conservation measures. The first
Symposium for the Management of Hydraulic Resources in Protected
Areas was intended to be a framework of communication about
experiences with water resource management in protected areas.
Advances in research and possible solutions to the problems within
these areas were discussed. The contributions in this proceedings
volume are grouped under seven main themes: Purification and reuse
of wastewater in rural communities; Impact of public use on water
resources; Vulnerability and risks associated with aquifers, Design
and management water resources in protected areas; Research and
monitoring of water resources in protected areas; Water and its
importance as a source of renewable energy in protected spaces; and
Geodiversity and conservation of areas with hydraulic heritage.
This volume gathers the latest advances, innovations, and
applications in the field of seismic engineering, as presented by
leading researchers and engineers at the 1st International Workshop
on Energy-Based Seismic Engineering (IWEBSE), held in Madrid,
Spain, on May 24-26, 2021. The contributions cover a diverse range
of topics, including energy-based EDPs, damage potential of ground
motion, structural modeling in energy-based damage assessment of
structures, energy dissipation demand on structural components,
innovative structures with energy dissipation systems or seismic
isolation, as well as seismic design and analysis. Selected by
means of a rigorous peer-review process, they will spur novel
research directions and foster future multidisciplinary
collaborations.
The key highlights of the book include an innovative rainfall
classification methodology based on stormwater quality to support
the planning and design of stormwater treatment systems.
Additionally, this book provides a practical approach to effective
stormwater treatment design and development of a methodology for
rainfall selection to optimize stormwater treatment based on both
its quality and quantity. The case study presented in this book
evaluates how pollutant buildup on urban surfaces and stormwater
runoff quality varies with a range of catchment characteristics
based on different rainfall types. The information presented will
be of particular interest to practitioners such as
stormwater-treatment designers, urban planners and hydrologic and
stormwater-quality model developers since the outcomes presented
provide practical approaches to and recommendations for urban
stormwater-quality improvement. Readers will benefit from a
state-of-the-art critical review of literature on urban stormwater
quality, an in-depth discussion on stormwater-quality processes
providing guidance for engineering practice such as stormwater
treatment design and model development, a comprehensive overview on
the application of multivariate data analysis techniques and a
paradigm of the integrated use of commercial models and
mathematical equations to undertake a comprehensive, urban
stormwater-quality investigation.
This book presents a selection of the best papers from the HEaRT
2013 conference, held in Cosenza, Italy, which provided a valuable
forum for engineers and architects, researchers and educators to
exchange views and findings concerning the technological history,
construction features and seismic behavior of historical
timber-framed walls in the Mediterranean countries. The topics
covered are wide ranging and include historical aspects and
examples of the use of timber-framed construction systems in
response to earthquakes, such as the gaiola system in Portugal and
the Bourbon system in southern Italy; interpretation of the
response of timber-framed walls to seismic actions based on
calculations and experimental tests; assessment of the
effectiveness of repair and strengthening techniques, e.g., using
aramid fiber wires or sheets; and modelling analyses. In addition,
on the basis of case studies, a methodology is presented that is
applicable to diagnosis, strengthening and improvement of seismic
performance and is compatible with modern theoretical principles
and conservation criteria. It is hoped that, by contributing to the
knowledge of this construction technique, the book will help to
promote conservation of this important component of Europe's
architectural heritage.
This thesis presents research focusing on the improvement of
high-resolution global black carbon (BC) emission inventory and
application in assessing the population exposure to ambient BC. A
particular focus of the thesis is on the construction of a
high-resolution (both spatial and sectorial) fuel consumption
database, which is used to develop the emission inventory of black
carbon. Above all, the author updates the global emission inventory
of black carbon, a resource subsequently used to study the
atmospheric transport of black carbon over Asia with the help of a
high-resolution nested model. The thesis demonstrates that spatial
bias in fuel consumption and BC emissions can be reduced by means
of the sub-national disaggregation approach. Using the inventory
and nested model, ambient BC concentrations can be better validated
against observations. Lastly, it provides a complete uncertainty
analysis of global black carbon emissions, and this uncertainty is
taken into account in the atmospheric modeling, helping to better
understand the role of black carbon in regional and global air
pollution.
The focus of this work is the development of models to estimate
evapotranspiration (ET), investigating the partitioning between
soil evaporation and plant transpiration at field and regional
scales, and calculating ET over heterogeneous vegetated surfaces.
Different algorithms with varying complexities as well as spatial
and temporal resolutions are developed to estimate
evapotranspiration from different data inputs. The author proposes
a novel approach to estimate ET from remote sensing by exploiting
the linkage between water and carbon cycles. At the field scale, a
hybrid dual source model (H-D model) is proposed. It is verified
with field observations over four different ecosystems and coupled
with a soil water and heat transfer model, to simulate water and
heat transfer in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. At the
regional scale, a hybrid dual source scheme and trapezoid framework
based ET model (HTEM), using remote sensing images is developed.
This model is verified with data from the USA and China and the
impact of agricultural water-saving on ET of different land use
types is analyzed, in these chapters. The author discusses the
potential of using a remote sensing ET model in the real management
of water resources in a large irrigation district. This work would
be of particular interest to any hydrologist or micro-meteorologist
who works on ET estimation and it will also appeal to the ecologist
who works on the coupled water and carbon cycles. Land
evapotranspiration is an important research topic in hydrology,
meteorology, ecology and agricultural sciences. Dr. Yuting Yang
works at the CSIRO Land and Water, Canberra, Australia.
This book assists the reader in determining storm risks, focussing
on sandy coasts and cliff coasts in the context of expected sea
level rise from littoral transformation and climate change. It
examines storm impacts through matrixes concerning physical
parameters, socio-economic activities, ecological and historic
resources, and it presents the Coastline Risk to Storms Index as a
single numerical measure of the risk for a given area. The
methodology is described and tested against two coastal areas: one
in the Caribbean Sea (Cartagena, Colombia) and the other on the
coast of the Atlantic Ocean (Cadiz, Spain). Both areas record an
important flow of tourists associated with the "sun, sea and sand
market" which represents an economic recourse for the hinterland
too. Chapters describe this approach and explore three particular
types of variables: i) the forcing variables contributing to
storm-induced erosion, ii) dynamic variables that determine the
resilience to erosion (Susceptibility) and iii) the vulnerable
targets grouped in three different contexts (socio-economic,
ecological and heritage). These are combined into two separate
indices, the Hazard Index (combining forcing and susceptibility)
and the Vulnerability Index, which together constitute the
Coastline Risk to Storms Index. Maps created using this
semi-quantitative approximation method can help to determine the
causes, processes and consequences of storm-related processes. This
book is therefore important to anyone considering coastal
development programs, especially decision-makers: the work
presented here can assist in the development of preventative
management strategies for the most vulnerable areas.
This book aims to promote the understanding of some of the basic
mathematical and scientific issues in the subjects relating to
climate dynamics, chaos and quantum mechanics. It is based on
substantial research work in atmospheric science carried out over
twenty years. Atmospheric flows exhibit self similar fractal
fluctuations, a signature of long-range correlations on all
space-time scales. Realistic simulation and prediction of
atmospheric flows requires the incorporation of the physics of
observed fractal fluctuation characteristics in traditional
meteorological theory. A general systems theory model for fractal
space-time fluctuations in turbulent atmospheric flows is presented
and applied to the formation of rain in warm clouds. This model
gives scale-free universal governing equations for cloud growth
processes. The model predicted cloud parameters are in agreement
with reported observations, in particular, the cloud drop-size
distribution. Rain formation can occur in warm clouds within 30
minutes as observed in practice under favourable conditions of
moisture supply in the environment. Traditional cloud physical
concepts for rain development requires over an hour for a
full-sized raindrop to form. The book provides background reading
for postgraduate students of Meteorology, Atmospheric
Sciences/Physics, Environmental Sciences, and scientists working in
the field of the topic of the book as well as the multidisciplinary
field of Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos.
This book discusses various issues relating to water resources,
climate change and sustainable development. Water is the main
driving force behind three major pillars of sustainable
development: environmental, social and economic. As stated in the
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, development of these
pillars rests on the availability and management of resources to
fulfill the demand for water. By identifying the various challenges
in the context of water resources and climate change, the book
offers insights into achieving a better and more sustainable
future. It provides a unique forum for practitioners and academics
to exchange ideas on emerging issues, approaches, and practices in
the area of water resources, climate change, and sustainability,
while also presenting valuable information for policymakers on the
changing contours of water management and climate change
mitigation. As such it is a useful resource for decision-makers at
the local as well as the global level.
This book is designed as an introductory course in Tropical
Meteorology for the graduate or advanced level undergraduate
student. The material within can be covered in a one-semester
course program. The text starts from the global scale-view of the
Tropics, addressing the zonally symmetric and asymmetric features
of the tropical circulation. It then goes on to progressively
smaller spatial and time scales - from the El Nino Southern
Oscillation and the Asian Monsoon, down to tropical waves,
hurricanes, sea breezes, and tropical squall lines. The emphasis in
most chapters is on the observational aspects of the phenomenon in
question, the theories regarding its nature and maintenance, and
the approaches to its numerical modeling. The concept of scale
interactions is also presented as a way of gaining insight into the
generation and redistribution of energy for the maintenance of
oscillations of a variety of spatial and temporal scales.
The Earth's average temperature has risen by 1.4 DegreesF over the
past century, and computer models project that it will rise much
more over the next hundred years, with significant impacts on
weather, climate, and human society. Many climate scientists
attribute these increases to the build up of greenhouse gases
produced by the burning of fossil fuels and to the anthropogenic
production of short-lived climate pollutants. Climate Change
Modeling Methodologies: Selected Entries from the Encyclopaedia of
Sustainability Science and Technology provides readers with an
introduction to the tools and analysis techniques used by climate
change scientists to interpret the role of these forcing agents on
climate. Readers will also gain a deeper understanding of the
strengths and weaknesses of these models and how to test and assess
them. The contributions include a glossary of key terms and a
concise definition of the subject for each topic, as well as
recommendations for sources of more detailed information.
The book presents a collection of articles devoted to atmospheric
and ionospheric science reported during the Conference "Atmosphere,
Ionosphere, Safety" held in Kaliningrad, Russia in July 2010. It
consists of reviews devoted to physics of elementary processes,
aerosols, ionosphere dynamics, microwave discharges and plasmoids.
Such a wide range of topics presents a comprehensive analysis of
this atmospheric science including trends and questions which exist
to be solved.
Flash floods typically develop in a period a few hours or less and
can arise from heavy rainfall and other causes, such as dam or
flood defence breaches, and ice jam breaks. The rapid development,
often associated with a high debris content, can present a
considerable risk to people and property. This book describes
recent developments in techniques for monitoring and forecasting
the development of flash floods, and providing flood warnings.
Topics which are discussed include rainfall and river monitoring,
nowcasting, Numerical Weather Prediction, rainfall-runoff
modelling, and approaches to the dissemination of flood warnings
and provision of an emergency response. The book is potentially
useful on civil engineering, water resources, meteorology and
hydrology courses (and for post graduate studies) but is primarily
intended as a review of the topic for a wider audience.
ESA's Venus Express Mission has monitored Venus since April 2006,
and scientists worldwide have used mathematical models to
investigate its atmosphere and model its circulation. This book
summarizes recent work to explore and understand the climate of the
planet through a research program under the auspices of the
International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, Switzerland.
Some of the unique elements that are discussed are the anomalies
with Venus' surface temperature (the huge greenhouse effect causes
the surface to rise to 460 DegreesC, without which would plummet as
low as -40 DegreesC), its unusual lack of solar radiation (despite
being closer to the Sun, Venus receives less solar radiation than
Earth due to its dense cloud cover reflecting 76% back) and the
juxtaposition of its atmosphere and planetary rotation (wind speeds
can climb up to 200 m/s, much faster than Venus' sidereal day of
243 Earth-days).
The book drawing on the author's nearly half a century of energetic
materials research experience intends to systematically review the
global researches on liquid explosives. The book focuses on the
study of the conception, explosion mechanism, properties and
preparation of liquid explosives. It provides a combination of
theoretical knowledge and practical examples in a reader-friendly
style. The book is likely to be interest of university researchers
and graduate students in the fields of energetic materials,
blasting engineering and mining.
Hurricanes are nature's most destructive agents. Widespread
interest surrounds the possibility that they might get even more
destructive in the future. Policy makers consider it a call for
action. Answers about when and by how much hurricanes will change
are sought by financial institutions especially industry. And
scientists are challenged by the range and interactions of the
processes involved. This book, arising from the 2nd International
Summit on Hurricanes and Climate Change, contains new research on
topics related to hurricanes and climate change since the 1st
Summit. Chapters are grouped into research studies using global
climate models and those taking empirical and statistical
approaches. The latter include investigations of basin-wide and
regional hurricane activity.
This is a book on the practical side of tropical meteorology which
in its 3 Parts covered in 12 chapters reviews several current
theories and ideas on tropical circulations and monsoons, offering
new definitions and ideas to facilitate a systematic development of
the subject. The book emphasizes the need for a system's approach
to tropical circulations in general and monsoons in particular to
facilitate orderly and systematic development of the topic.
SCIAMACHY, the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for
Atmospheric CHar tographY, is a passive sensor for exploring the
Earth's atmosphere. It is part of the payload of the European Earth
Observation mission ENVISAT, launched on 1 March 2002. SCIAMACHY
observes absorption spectra of molecules from the UV (214 nm) to
the short-wave infrared wavelength range (2386 nm) and derives the
atmospheric composition - trace gases, aerosols, clouds - from
these measurements. Having meanwhile successfully monitored and
explored the Earth's atmosphere for more than 8 years, new and
exciting insights into the Earth-atmosphere system are obtained.
The provided global data sets do not only cover greenhouse gases
and pollutants in the troposphere or the ozone chemistry in the
stratosphere but even reach up to the mesosphere and lower
thermosphere. They contribute significantly to atmospheric physics
and chemistry as well as climate change research. SCIAMACHY is one
of the major current Earth Observation undertakings of Germany, The
Netherlands and Belgium, accomplished in cooperation with the
European Space Agency (ESA). Many scientific groups at various
institutes in Europe and abroad were and are actively involved in
the analysis of the data. This book is a comprehensive summary
describing the entire SCIAMACHY mission - from the very first ideas
to the current results. It illustrates how the measurements are
performed, how the trace gas concentrations are derived from the
measured spectra and how the unique data sets are used to improve
our understanding of the changing Earth's atmosphere. The targeted
readership is not only the existing and potentially new SCIAMACHY
data users from undergraduate student level up to researchers new
in the fields of atmospheric chemistry and remote sensing, but
anyone who is keen to learn about SCIAMACHY's efforts to study the
atmosphere and its responses to both, natural phenomena and
anthropogenic effects.
This volume provides an up to date overview of climate variability
during the 20th century in the context of natural and anthropogenic
variability. It compiles a number of contributions to a workshop
held in Gwatt, Switzerland, in July 2006 dealing with different
aspects of climate change, variability, and extremes during the
past 100 years. The individual contributions cover a broad range of
topics. The volume fills a gap in this exciting field of research.
The book introduces the reader to the fundamentals of rock
mechanics and to its application to economic construction in rock.
Models describe the mechanical properties and the permeability of
rock. Numerical methods for evaluating the stability of structures
in rock are given to solve special problems related to tunnels,
caverns, pressure tunnels, dam foundations and slopes. Methods for
testing the rock mechanical properties are described. A number of
case histories enable the reader to make use of the content in his
or her own work.
This book provides an introduction to recent developments in the
area of hydrome- orological forecasting, with a focus on
water-related applications of meteorological observation and
forecasting techniques. The Encylopaedia Britannica de?nes
hydrometeorology as a branch of met- rology that deals with
problems involving the hydrologic cycle, the water budget and the
rainfall statistics of storms...(continued). The topic spans a wide
range of disciplines, including raingauge, weather radar,
satellite, river and other monitoring techniques, rainfall-runoff,
?ow routing and hydraulic models, and nowcasting and Numerical
Weather Prediction techniques. Applications include ?ood
forecasting, drought forecasting, climate change impact
assessments, reservoir management, and water resources and water
quality studies. The emphasis in this book is on
hydrometeorological forecasting techniques, which are usually
distinguished from prediction or simulation studies in that es-
mates are provided for a speci?c time or period in the future,
rather than for typical past, current or future conditions. Often
this requires the use of real-time obser- tions and/or forecasts of
meteorological conditions as inputs to hydrological models. The
availability of information on current conditions also means that -
parti- larly for short lead times - data assimilation techniques
can be used to improve model outputs; typically by adjusting the
model inputs, states or parameters, or by post-processing the
outputs based on the differences between observed and forecast
values up to the time of the forecast.
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