Offers a working knowledge of the origin and development of the more traditional technology flowmeters: differential pressure and primary elements, positive displacement, turbine, open channel, and variable area. Describes how these conventional meters still fit into what is being called Industry 4.0. Discusses the advantages and disadvantages of conventional technology meters and provides a rationale for retaining or displacing these meters. Focuses on the origin, development operating principles, and applications for the meters. Explores the development of each conventional flowmeter type, including the roles of companies like Siemens, ABB, Emerson, Foxboro, KROHNE, and Endress+Hauser.

Examines the general nature of systems, systems modeling, and control Covers both linear graphing and bond graphing approaches to systems design and analysis Integrates computational software, using MATLAB and Simulink primarily Includes analytical examples and numerical examples, simulations, case studies, and chapter problems Presents key issues summaries in point form within chapters, for easy reference and recollection

This book provides comprehensive coverage of the major aspects in designing, implementing, and deploying wireless sensor networks by discussing present research on WSNs and their applications in various disciplines. It familiarizes readers with the current state of WSNs and how such networks can be improved to achieve effectiveness and efficiency. It starts with a detailed introduction of wireless sensor networks and their applications and proceeds with layered architecture of WSNs. It also addresses prominent issues such as mobility, heterogeneity, fault-tolerance, intermittent connectivity, and cross layer optimization along with a number of existing solutions to stimulate future research.

Multi-Component Force Sensing Systems focuses on the design, development, decoupling, and applications of multi-component force sensing systems. Force and moment information can be used as feedback to form an automatic control system to accomplish efficient manipulation. The origins of force measurement and control can be traced back to the late 1970s. Since then, multi-component F/M (force/moment) sensing systems have been widely known and intensively studied. In the past few years, force measurement practices have been significantly affected by new tools (such as digital force gauges, virtual instrumentation, high speed data acquisition systems, etc.) as well as sophisticated measurement methods such as mechano-magnetic, mechano-optical, etc. However, this is the first book to provide an overview of the topic. It will be a useful reference for students in physics and engineering working with robotic sensing systems and robotic systems, in addition to researchers and those working within industry. This work was supported in part by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (NSFC 62073129 and 61673163). Features: * Explores the development of force/torque sensing systems * Provides real applications of the multi-component force/torque sensing systems * Contains executable code for decoupling algorithms About the Author: Qiaokang Liang is an Associate Professor with the College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University. He is currently the vice director of the Hunan Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robot Technology in Electronic Manufacturing and serving as the assistant director of the National Engineering Laboratory for Robot Vision Perception and Control. He received his Ph.D. degree in control science and engineering from the University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China, in 2011. His research interests include robotics and mechatronics, biomimetic sensing, advanced robot technology, and human-computer interaction.

Develops theoretical background for real time SHM without assuming previous knowledge of the readers Simulates numerical systems and provide relevant code snippets Conducts experiments based on the demonstrations provided in the chapters and provide relevant benchmark results Establishes multidisciplinary applications for disparate industrial fields

New-Technology Flowmeters describes the origin, principle of operation, development, advantages and disadvantages, applications, and frontiers of research for new-technology flowmeters, which include Coriolis, magnetic, ultrasonic, vortex, and thermal. Focusing on the newer, faster growing flowmeter markets, the book places them in the context of more traditional meters such as differential pressure, turbine, and positive displacement. Taking an objective look at the origins of each flowmeter type, the book discusses the early patents, for each type, and which companies deserve credit for initially commercializing each flowmeter type. This book is designed for personnel involved with flowmeters and instrumentation, including product and marketing managers, strategic planners, application engineers, and distributors.

This reference text discusses conduction mechanism, structure construction, operation, performance evaluation and applications of nanoscale semiconductor materials and devices in VLSI circuits design. The text explains nano materials, devices, analysis of its design parameters to meet the sub-nano-regime challenges for CMOS devices. It discusses important topics including memory design and testing, fin field-effect transistor (FinFET), tunnel field-effect transistor (TFET) for sensors design, carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (CNTFET) for memory design, nanowire and nanoribbons, nano devices based low-power-circuit design, and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) design. The book discusses nanoscale semiconductor materials, device models, and circuit design covers nanoscale semiconductor device structures and modeling discusses novel nano-semiconductor devices such as FinFET, CNTFET, and Nanowire covers power dissipation and reduction techniques Discussing innovative nanoscale semiconductor device structures and modeling, this text will be useful for graduate students, and academic researchers in diverse areas such as electrical engineering, electronics and communication engineering, nanoscience, and nanotechnology. It covers nano devices based low-power-circuit design, nanoscale devices based digital VLSI circuits, and novel devices based analog VLSI circuits design.

Nanosensors are innovative devices that exploit the unique properties exhibited by matter at the nanoscale. A growing and exciting field, nanosensors have recently spurred considerable research endeavors across the globe, driving a need for the development of new device concepts and engineering nanostructured materials with controlled properties. Nanosensors: Physical, Chemical, and Biological, Second Edition offers a panoramic view of the field and related nanotechnologies with extraordinary clarity and depth. Presenting an interdisciplinary approach, blending physics, chemistry and biology, this new edition is broad in scope and organised into six parts; beginning with the fundamentals before moving onto nanomaterials and nanofabrication technologies in the second part. The third and fourth parts provide a critical appraisal of physical nanosensors, and explore the chemical and biological categories of nanosensors. The fifth part sheds light on the emerging applications of nanosensors in the sectors of society, industry, and defense and details the cutting-edge applications of state-of-the-art nanosensors in environmental science, food technology, medical diagnostics, and biotechnology. The final part addresses self-powering and networking issues of nanosensors, and provides glimpses of future trends. This is an ideal reference for researchers and industry professionals engaged in the frontier areas of material science and semiconductor fabrication as well as graduate students in physics and engineering pursuing electrical engineering and electronics courses with a focus on nanoscience and nanotechnology. Key features: Provides an updated, all-encompassing exploration of contemporary nanosensors and highlights the exclusive nanoscale properties on which nanosensors are designed. Presents an accessible approach with a question-and-answer format to allow an easy grasp of the intricacies involved in the complex working mechanisms of devices. Contains clear, illustrative diagrams enabling the visualization of nanosensor operations, along with worked examples, end of chapter questions, and exhaustive up-to-date bibliographies appended to each chapter.

Unmanned ships and autonomous ships are quickly becoming a reality, making shipping safer and more efficient. However, traditional tasks and functions are becoming blurred as new technology changes how the unique needs of different sectors are met. In addition to large vessels dedicated to the transport of goods and cargos across the oceans, major efforts are underway towards the automation of small coastal shipping that includes ferries, tugboats, supply and service vessels, and barges. Automated vehicles are also replacing conventional ships for inspecting and servicing pipelines, drilling platforms, wind farms and other offshore installations. Automated shipping is explored in terms of economics, technology, safety and the environment under the broad themes of ship design and engineering, command and control, navigation, communications, security, regulatory issues, and training. This includes initiatives for autonomous shipping as well as civilian implications of military ship automation programs. This book is primarily for maritime professionals, regulatory authorities, insurers, and environmental groups. It also suits undergraduate students involved in deck officer training, and graduate students and academics involved in research in ship design, operations and management.

The book addresses a clear gap in the current literature and comes at a very topical time The five high-level themes provide a highly suitable and multidisciplinary nature and focus; The chapter topics cover a broad and appealing range

Covers novel semiconductor devices with sub-micron dimensions. Discusses comprehensive device optimization techniques. Examines the conceptualization and modeling of semiconductor devices. Covers circuit and sensor-based application of the novel devices. Discusses novel materials for next-generation devices.

Details the use of advanced AFMs and addresses all types of functional AFMs First book to focus on application of AFM for energy research Enables readers to operate an AFM successfully and to understand the data obtained Covers new achievements in AFM instruments, including higher speed and resolution, automatic and deep learning AFM, and how AFM is being combined with other new methods like IR and Raman microscopy

This book facilitates the VLSI-interested individuals with not only in-depth knowledge, but also the broad aspects of it by explaining its applications in different fields, including image processing and biomedical. The deep understanding of basic concepts gives you the power to develop a new application aspect, which is very well taken care of in this book by using simple language in explaining the concepts. In the VLSI world, the importance of hardware description languages cannot be ignored, as the designing of such dense and complex circuits is not possible without them. Both Verilog and VHDL languages are used here for designing. The current needs of high-performance integrated circuits (ICs) including low power devices and new emerging materials, which can play a very important role in achieving new functionalities, are the most interesting part of the book. The testing of VLSI circuits becomes more crucial than the designing of the circuits in this nanometer technology era. The role of fault simulation algorithms is very well explained, and its implementation using Verilog is the key aspect of this book. This book is well organized into 20 chapters. Chapter 1 emphasizes on uses of FPGA on various image processing and biomedical applications. Then, the descriptions enlighten the basic understanding of digital design from the perspective of HDL in Chapters 2-5. The performance enhancement with alternate material or geometry for silicon-based FET designs is focused in Chapters 6 and 7. Chapters 8 and 9 describe the study of bimolecular interactions with biosensing FETs. Chapters 10-13 deal with advanced FET structures available in various shapes, materials such as nanowire, HFET, and their comparison in terms of device performance metrics calculation. Chapters 14-18 describe different application-specific VLSI design techniques and challenges for analog and digital circuit designs. Chapter 19 explains the VLSI testability issues with the description of simulation and its categorization into logic and fault simulation for test pattern generation using Verilog HDL. Chapter 20 deals with a secured VLSI design with hardware obfuscation by hiding the IC's structure and function, which makes it much more difficult to reverse engineer.

Since the incorporation of scientific approach in tackling problems of optical instrumentation, analysis and design of optical systems constitute a core area of optical engineering. A large number of software with varying level of scope and applicability is currently available to facilitate the task. However, possession of an optical design software, per se, is no guarantee for arriving at correct or optimal solutions. The validity and/or optimality of the solutions depend to a large extent on proper formulation of the problem, which calls for correct application of principles and theories of optical engineering. On a different note, development of proper experimental setups for investigations in the burgeoning field of optics and photonics calls for a good understanding of these principles and theories. With this backdrop in view, this book presents a holistic treatment of topics like paraxial analysis, aberration theory, Hamiltonian optics, ray-optical and wave-optical theories of image formation, Fourier optics, structural design, lens design optimization, global optimization etc. Proper stress is given on exposition of the foundations. The proposed book is designed to provide adequate material for 'self-learning' the subject. For practitioners in related fields, this book is a handy reference. Foundations of Optical System Analysis and Synthesis provides A holistic approach to lens system analysis and design with stress on foundations Basic knowledge of ray and wave optics for tackling problems of instrumental optics Proper explanation of approximations made at different stages Sufficient illustrations for facilitation of understanding Techniques for reducing the role of heuristics and empiricism in optical/lens design A sourcebook on chronological development of related topics across the globe This book is composed as a reference book for graduate students, researchers, faculty, scientists and technologists in R & D centres and industry, in pursuance of their understanding of related topics and concepts during problem solving in the broad areas of optical, electro-optical and photonic system analysis and design.

Because of unique water properties, humidity affects many living organisms, including humans and materials. Humidity control is important in various fields, from production management to creating a comfortable living environment. The second volume of The Handbook of Humidity Measurement is entirely devoted to the consideration of different types of solid-state devices developed for humidity measurement. This volume discusses the advantages and disadvantages about the capacitive, resistive, gravimetric, hygrometric, field ionization, microwave, Schottky barrier, Kelvin probe, field-effect transistor, solid-state electrochemical, and thermal conductivity-based humidity sensors. Additional features include: Provides a comprehensive analysis of the properties of humidity-sensitive materials, used for the development of such devices. Describes numerous strategies for the fabrication and characterization of humidity sensitive materials and sensing structures used in sensor applications. Explores new approaches proposed for the development of humidity sensors. Considers conventional devices such as phsychometers, gravimetric, mechanical (hair), electrolytic, child mirror hygrometers, etc., which were used for the measurement of humidity for several centuries. Handbook of Humidity Measurement, Volume 2: Electronic and Electrical Humidity Sensors provides valuable information for practicing engineers, measurement experts, laboratory technicians, project managers in industries and national laboratories, as well as university students and professors interested in solutions to humidity measurement tasks as well as in understanding fundamentals of any gas sensor operation and development.

2D Materials for Surface Plasmon Resonance-based Sensors offers comprehensive coverage of recent design and development (including processing and fabrication) of 2D materials in the context of plasmonic-based devices. It provides a thorough overview of the basic principles and techniques used in the analysis and design of 2D material-based optical sensor systems. Beginning with the basic concepts of plasmon/plasmonic sensors and mathematical modelling, the authors explain the fundamental properties of 2D materials, including Black Phosphorus (BP), Phosphorene, Graphene, Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), MXene's and SW-CNT. It also details the applications of these emerging materials in clinical diagnosis and their future trends. This text will be useful for practising engineers, undergraduate and postgraduate students. Key Features Presents the fundamental concepts of 2D material assisted fibre optic and prism based SPR sensor in a student-friendly manner. Includes the recent synthesis and characterization techniques of 2D materials. Provides computational results of recently discovered electronic and optical properties of the 2D materials along with their effectiveness in the field of plasmonic sensors. Presents emerging applications of novel 2D material-based plasmonic sensors in the field of chemical, bio-chemical and biosensing.

Presents, for the first time, the new method, named the "flow measurement reaction method", and the "reaction flow meters", configured by its implementation so far. Systematic detailing of all basic types of reaction flowmeters, according to their presented general classification and following the evolution of their structural and functional complexity. Explores and demonstrates the universal application of "the reaction force method of flow measurement" for configuration of the reaction flowmeters both without and with moving parts, respectively of their specific connections. Unitary, consistent and coherent presentation, in a logical sequence, of all different basic types of reaction flowmeters, following the same manner (basic configuration and operation, functional equations, constructive solutions, main features). The book is an efficient tool for predictable design of new types of reaction flowmeters, by following the logical steps (questions) already taken in the configuration of the reaction flowmeters presented, and the diversification of the answers given to them.

Sensors and measurement systems is an introduction to microsensors for engineering students in the final undergraduate or early graduate level, technicians who wants to know more about the systems they are using, and anybody curious enough to know what microsystems and microsensors can do. The book discusses five families of sensors: - Thermal sensors - Force and pressure sensors - Inertial sensors - Magnetic field sensors - Flow sensors For each sensor, theoretical, technology and application aspects are examined. The sensor function is modelled to understand sensitivity, resolution and noise. We ask ourselves: What do we want to measure? What are possible applications? How are the sensor chips made in the cleanroom? How are they mounted and integrated in a system? After reading this book, you should be able to: - Understand important thermal, mechanical, inertial and magnetic sensors - Work with characterization parameters for sensors - Choose sensors for a given application and apply them - Understand micromachining technologies for sensors

Design of analog multipliers discusses what an analog multiplier and its related types is, how different types of analog multipliers are implemented with analog two to one multiplexers and op-amps, and how the types of analog multipliers are implemented with transistors and op-amps. Describing forty-eight analog multiplier circuits, book explains six building blocks as integrator, comparator, switch, low pass filter, peak detector and sample & hold circuit. All analog multiplier circuits presented in this book use a maximum of four operational amplifiers which will enable the readers to simulate the multipliers with minimum number of components and use for their application at low cost.