This book explores the establishment process, mechanism design, and role orientation of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) under the new background of global economic governance. After the international financial crisis in 2008, the process of economic globalization and the comparison of international forces have presented a new situation, and the global economic governance system since has entered a period of deep adjustment and transformation. At the same time, the problems and drawbacks of the original multilateral development financial system have become increasingly prominent. This not only provides a historical opportunity for the establishment of the AIIB, but also gives it a new important role in the global multilateral development financial system. The innovation of the AIIB's governance model, such as organizational structure, equity, and voting rights allocation, makes it more efficient in operation. And in practice, it is playing an increasingly important role in promoting policy connectivity, infrastructure connectivity, trade connectivity, financial connectivity and people-to-people connectivity of Asian region.

This book illuminates the central role played by international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) in the emergence and development of a comprehensive world polity. The contributors argue that the enormous proliferation of INGOs since 1875--including international environmental organizations, human rights groups, bodies formed to regulate technical standards, and economic development organizations, among others--both reflects and contributes to the spread of global institutions and cultural principles based on models of rationality, individualism, progress, and universalism. The contributors contrast this world-polity perspective to other approaches to understanding globalization, including realist and neo-realist analyses in the field of international relations, and world-system theory and interstate competition theory in sociology.
The volume considers transnational organizing as a historical process of the creation of global rules and norms, changing over time, that have identifiable effects on social organization at the national and local levels. The chapters provide empirical support for this approach, identifying specific mechanisms that translate global cultural assumptions and prescriptions into local social activity, such as the creation of state agencies, the formulation of government policies, and the emergence of social movements. The first part of the book deals with social movement INGOs, including environmental groups, women's rights organizations, the Esperanto movement, and the International Red Cross. The second part treats technical and economic bodies, including the International Organization for Standardization, population policy groups, development organizations, and international professional science associations.

An Independent Book of the Month Featured in Vogue Arabia Featured by Vanity Fair Acclaimed writer Elif Shafak writes a letter to Jacinda Ardern, Prime Minister of New Zealand after the Christchurch attack. Actress Yasmine AlMassri pens a poem about war for her mother. Activist and TV presenter June Sarpong addresses designer Diane Von Furstenberg. These are a few of the moving and insightful letters that make up From Women to the World, a book by journalist, author and executive Elizabeth Filippouli, which brings together letters from a global group of accomplished women - politicians, royalty, actors, writers, activists and more - every one addressed to a woman who means something to each of them. The results are extraordinary, heartfelt letters to historical figures, mentors, family members or inspiring ordinary people. Each is based on these women's personal histories and experiences, drawing attention to social issues such as homelessness, war, LGBT activism, mental health care or the plight of international refugees. From Women to the World is more than a simple collection of letters - it is a book that shows a new model of leadership based on emotional intelligence and demonstrates how we have the wisdom to inspire, motivate and reinvent our world.

THEBACKGROUND Why a book on Europe - Toward the Year 200l? There are two principal reasons why a European should embark upon such a hazardous enterprise. First, when the Treaty on European Union (popularly known as the Maastricht Treaty, and, hereafter referred to as the Treaty in this introduction) was signed in February 1992, it was agreed that the heads of government of the EU Member States would assemble, in 1996, to examine its workings. This meeting will be known as the Intergovernmental Conference (IGC). Second, by the end of the century, it is certain that arrangements will have been made for the admission of some countries of Central and Eastern Europe into the European Union (EU). Consequently, even with or without the holding of the IGC, it will be urgently necessary to reform some of the Community's policies - notably the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and the structural poliCies which are linked, for example, 2 Europe - Toward 2001 with the Regional and Social Funds - before these countries become members. Failure to do this could result in bankruptcy for the EU. Of almost equal importance is the reform of the institutions and the actual workings of the Community. Already with 12 Member States, it was difficult enough to manage things on a daily basis. Now, as more countries join the Union, things could literally grind to a stop. Thus, changes in this area are indispensable.

In the last decade the use of non-governmental agencies (NGOs) to promote development and reduce poverty and hunger has become a major feature of development policy. Donors have poured funds into NGOs, governments have allocated them major responsibilities and their number and size has grown. Has this popularity helped them to solve the problems of poverty or has it changed them so that they are now part of the 'development industry' that they used to criticize?;This book provides the most detailed study available of the ways in which NGO-State-Donor relationships have changed the role that NGOs play in development. Its papers are introduced by two international experts on the topic and the contributors are leading academics and senior practitioners. The picture that emerges from the general reviews and detailed case studies of African, Asian and Latin American NGOs, is a complex one. However, the authors conclude that there is much evidence that NGOs are 'losing their roots' - getting closer to donors and governments and more distant to the poor and disempowered who they seek to assist.

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are increasingly recognised as playing a significant role in the health sector in developing countries. This book examines the background to the growth both in the sector and interest in it, the strengths and weaknesses of NGOs and the arguments for and against their use for different aspects of the health sector. It focuses particularly on the relationship between the State and non-governmental organizations and the issues critical to the development of policies towards the sector.

For 30 years, the World Bank has proposed policies that have produced few economic benefits but have eroded the traditional strengths of African society. Examined here is that what Africans themselves are saying and doing indicates the basis for a continent's self-transformation and an agenda for the kind of support it desires.

Using 150 years of women's history, this book details how women have organized into global movements which have shaped and challenged how international organizations consider gender. It argues that traditional ways of analysing international relations have ignored women's contributions because their tools are gender-exclusive. After developing a gender analysis, this book brings to light many contributions from women's movements especially related to the League of Nations and United Nations, and puts these in the context of changes in the global political economy.

Today's North Atlantic Treaty Organization, with nearly thirty members and a global reach, differs strikingly from the alliance of twelve created in 1949 to "keep the Americans in, the Russians out, and the Germans down." These differences are not simply the result of the Cold War's end, 9/11, or recent twenty-first-century developments but represent a more general pattern of adaptability first seen in the incorporation of Germany as a full member of the alliance in the early 1950s. Unlike other enduring post-World War II institutions that continue to reflect the international politics of their founding era, NATO stands out for the boldness and frequency of its transformations over the past seventy years. In this compelling book, Seth A. Johnston presents readers with a detailed examination of how NATO adapts. Nearly every aspect of NATO-including its missions, functional scope, size, and membership-is profoundly different than at the organization's founding. Using a theoretical framework of "critical junctures" to explain changes in NATO's organization and strategy throughout its history, Johnston argues that the alliance's own bureaucratic actors played important and often overlooked roles in these adaptations. Touching on renewed confrontation between Russia and the West, which has reignited the debate about NATO's relevance, as well as a quarter century of post-Cold War rapprochement and more than a decade of expeditionary effort in Afghanistan, How NATO Adapts explores how crises from Ukraine to Syria have again made NATO's capacity for adaptation a defining aspect of European and international security. Students, scholars, and policy practitioners will find this a useful resource for understanding NATO, transatlantic relations, and security in Europe and North America, as well as theories about change in international institutions.

This volume assembles the major papers discussed at an international workshop on poverty monitoring to evaluate poverty indicators and poverty monitoring systems in order to increase attention to poverty issues and improve policies to alleviate poverty.;Major areas covered include the measurement of poverty trends, the usefulness of poverty indicators, whether or not structural adjustment policies affect more traditional measures to combat poverty, rapid policy evaluation for vulnerable groups and how international agencies can deal with poverty monitoring issues.;Rolph van der Hoeven is the author of "Planning for Basic Needs: A Soft Option or a Solid Policy?", co-author of "Basic Needs in Development Planning", and co-editor of "World Recession and Global Interdependence" and "Africa's Recovery in the 1990s". Other works by Richard Anker include "Sex Inequalities in Urban Employment in the Third World", "Women's Participation in the Labour Force: A Methods Test for Improving its Measurements", "Economic-Demographic Relationships and Employment in Kenya" and "Fertility Determinants in Developing Countries".

The World Bank and the IMF dominate policy-making in Africa today. This book considers the consistency between their adjustment policies and long-term development needs, with detailed analyses of country experience. An alternative development strategy is proposed. Important elements include rural development, industrialization based on regional import substitution and export promotion, and development of human capabilities.;Current adjustment policies are in large part moving African economies away from long-term goals, especially through cuts in expenditure on education, infrastructure, deindustrialization and the strong emphasis on primary commodity exports.

The World Bank Administrative Tribunal is an institution which in the twelve years of its existence has acquired considerable importance and a reputation for consistency and impartiality in the exercise of its judicial function. Its case-law reveals much about the structure and working of not only the World Bank but other important international organisations. This second volume of the comprehensive digest of the WBAT's case-law which deals with cases decided between January 1988 and June 1991, like the first volume, will be of much use to the those working in and studying international organisations as well as those simply interested in the World Bank Administrative Tribunal. The author cites those parts of judgments which pertain to a particular issue so that the reader has first-hand access to the Court's actual decisions on that issue. The pronouncements are thus arranged so as to give a clear picture of the contribution each has made to the law governing the international civil service.

This book analyses whether European leaders are able to deal with the 'hard power' problems of military provocation, mass migration, and terrorism. Russia's 2014 annexation of Crimea was just one example of recent revisionist policies by the state. In 2015, Europe experienced a massive influx of illegal immigrants and refugees whilst also suffering many terrorist attacks in recent years. Common to these policy challenges is the need for using hard power (military, police) in order to confront, stop, stabilize and hinder undesirable outcomes. European politicians are mostly used to wielding incentives-based policy and are unfamiliar with strategic thinking. How well do the British, French, and German governments deal with this triad of hard power problems? What about NATO and the EU? This book examines the responses to determine whether European politicians can still act strategically.

As European security structures are undergoing transformation in the 1990s it is crucial to examine their origins and rationale: NATO secured peace and facilitated economic and political co-operation, while also becoming the vehicle of national rivalry. This book examines why and how NATO came into existence, and what its strengths and weaknesses were during its formative years. It draws conclusions from these experiences relevant to the reforms of Western security structures in the 1990s.

A comprehensive study of the Warsaw Treaty Organization. The author examines the historical events which led to its formation, its development as a military machine, and focuses on both the political and the military aspects of the WTO and its international relations with non-WTO countries.

An assessment of the prospects for building down the NATO/Warsaw Pact military confrontation in Europe by negotiated and unilateral measures. The book also gives a far-sighted view of an organization of defence in Europe that will be set up to replace the existing security organizations.

The United Nations is in a time of major crisis in the history of the organization. The product of many leading scholars on both sides of the Atlantic, this work examines whether out of the crisis of mulitlateralism engulfing the organization in the late 1980s there could arise a renewed and strengthened global body. Pursuing the theme of the dynamics of international cooperation, thirteen authors look at three principal issue-areas: the principal UN organs, leading economic subjects, and leading social subjects. Two distinguished American scholars provide concluding commentaries. Running throughout the book is an emphasis on the economic dimension to international politics.

Out of the social and economic turmoil of Europe in the 1930s, the Popular Front emerged as the spearhead of the Left's bid to stop Fascism in its tracks. Fifty years on from the birth of the Popular Front, this edited collection assesses the impact of the idea of bourgeois-proletarian alliance on the European Left as a whole. It also examines the fate of the Popular Front governments, both in France, which remained nominally "at peace", and in Spain, where the bitter strife over social and economic reform erupted into open civil war. Helen Graham is co-author of "The French and Spanish Popular Fronts: Comparative Perspectives" and Paul Preston is author of "The Coming of the Spanish Civil War, "The Spanish Civil War" and co-author of "Spain, the EEC and NATO".

The book focuses on peacekeeping as a device for maintaining international stability, and for remedying situations in which states are in conflict with each other. Alan James examines around fifty cases, explaining the background to each one, and analysing its political significance. There is also a detailed examination of the concept of peacemaking, and a look into its increasing importance in international affairs, emphasised by the fact that the United Nations won the Nobel Peace Prize for its peacekeeping activities.

A review of the Commonwealth Secretariat's organization, resources and performance together with an exploration of the role of the Secretary-General and a discussion of the problems of financial stringency and political strain over South Africa. It is aimed at specialists and general readers.

This study of the US relations with the ILO, IAEA and UNESCO examines three cases in which American sensitivity to politicization has brought about a toughening response of financial sanctions, boycott and, in the cases of the ILO and UNESCO, withdrawal from the agencies in question.

A review of the full range of recent official and non-official schemes for improving NATO's conventional posture, from exploitation of emerging technologies to non-provocative defences, in the light of prevailing military, political, economic and demographic trends.

International Organizations (IOs) are vital institutions in world politics in which cross-border issues can be discussed and global problems managed. This path-breaking book shows the efforts that small states have made to participate more fully in IO activities. It draws attention to the challenges created by widened participation in IOs and develops an original model of the dilemmas that both IOs and small states face as the norms of sovereign equality and the right to develop coincide. Drawing on extensive qualitative data, including more than 80 interviews conducted for this book, the authors find that the strategies which both IOs and small states adopt to balance their respective dilemmas can explain both continuity and change in their interactions with institutions ranging from UN agencies to the World Trade Organization.

World Compendium of Healthcare Facilities and Nonprofit Organizations is the most comprehensive index of critical information on healthcare facilities and nonprofits in 72 low and lower-middle-income countries as classified by the World Bank. Presented in an easily accessible format and organized in 72 country chapters, the compendium allows stakeholders to better identify where healthcare services are available and where additional resources are needed.