Over the past eight years, thousands of legitimate refugees who pose no threat to the United States have had their applications for asylum, permanent residence, and family reunification denied or delayed due to overly broad provisions of U.S. immigration law that were intended to protect the United States against terrorism. Changes to the immigration laws enacted as part of the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 and the REAL ID Act of 2005 greatly expanded the immigration law's provisions relating to "terrorism." At the same time, the federal agencies charged with enforcing these laws began to interpret both the old and the new provisions in increasingly expansive ways. This report documents how these changes in law and in legal interpretation are affecting refugees ranging from peaceful advocates for democracy to former child soldiers. The report offers recommendations to Congress and to the Departments of Homeland Security, Justice, and State.

Over recent years, the asylum appeal process has become a major area of judicial decision-making and the most frequently restructured tribunal system. Asylum adjudication is also one of the most difficult areas of decision-making in the modern legal system. How are we to assess and evaluate the quality of the tribunal systems that do the day-to-day work of adjudicating the disputes individuals have with government? This highly topical book examines how the idea of adjudicative quality works by presenting a detailed case-study of the tribunal system responsible for determining appeals lodged by foreign nationals who claim that they will be at risk of persecution or ill-treatment on return to their country of origin. Integrating empirical research with legal analysis, the book provides an in-depth study of the development and operation of the tribunal system and of asylum decision-making. It examines how this particular appeal process seeks to mediate the tension between the competing values under which it operates. The book looks at the organization of the tribunal system, its procedures, the nature of fact-finding in asylum cases, and the operation of onward rights of challenge. It also looks at how the tensions inherent in the idea of administrative justice are manifested in the context of a tribunal system responsible for making potentially life or death decisions. Filling a gap in this area of study, the book will be of value to all those interested in administrative law and asylum adjudication. This book is the First place winner of the Society of Legal Scholars Birks Prize for Outstanding Legal Scholarship 2011.

Authors Include William Paul Dillingham, William Jett Lauck, Alexander Edmond Cance And Harry Alvin Millis. In Two Volumes.

Doctoral Thesis / Dissertation from the year 2001 in the subject Law - Comparative Legal Systems, Comparative Law, grade: Sehr Gut, University of Vienna, 321 entries in the bibliography, language: English, comment: books and articles: 321 table of cases: 435 table of legislation and legal materials: 287 documents / press relations / reports: 196, abstract: This work intends to show how civil and political rights in Israel and the Occupied Territories are regulated, which normative standards and spiritual sources nourish them, and how written and unwritten principles are applied and interpreted by the Supreme Court of Israel in pursuance of its self-imposed duty to safeguard the individual's rights and freedoms. The legal system of Israel reflects unresolved conflicts, ambiguities of the state and difficulties connected with the process of nation-building as well as dilemmas concerning the ethnic and cultural identity of the population. From 1517 until 1917 Palestine was ruled by the Turks as part of the Ottoman Empire. In 1917 British troops conquered the territory and in 1922 the League of Nations granted to Great Britain the Mandate over Palestine. Following the establishment of the state of Israel in Palestine on 14 May 1948 a large number of British mandatory legislation was absorbed into Israel's legal system. This had and still has far-reaching, restrictive implications for the areas of administrative law and the field of human rights and freedoms. The British mandatory legislation includes security legislation - such as the Defence (Emergency) Regulations, 1945 - which empowers military commanders as well as the entirely executive branch of the government to impose severe restrictions on fundamental rights and freedoms. Despite the enactment of two basic laws on human rights in 1992 many areas, such as personal freedom, freedom of speech and the right of association and assembly are still regulated mainly by British colonial legislation that wa

In Two Volumes. Reports Of The Immigration Commission.

In this comparative study of the contemporary politics of deportation in Germany and the United States, Antje Ellermann analyzes the capacity of the liberal democratic state to control individuals within its borders. The book grapples with the question of why, in the 1990s, Germany responded to vociferous public demands for stricter immigration control by passing and implementing far-reaching policy reforms, while the United States failed to effectively respond to a comparable public mandate. Drawing on extensive field interviews, Ellermann finds that these crossnational differences reflect institutionally determined variations in socially coercive state capacity. By tracing the politics of deportation across the evolution of the policy cycle, beginning with anti-immigrant populist backlash and ending in the expulsion of migrants by deportation bureaucrats, Ellermann is also able to show that the conditions underlying state capacity systematically vary across policy stages. Whereas the ability to make socially coercive law is contingent on strong institutional linkages between the public and legislators, the capacity for implementation depends on the political insulation of bureaucrats.

Seminar paper from the year 2004 in the subject Law - Comparative Legal Systems, Comparative Law, grade: B+; 15 Punkte, Suffolk University Law School (International Law), course: International Business Transactions, 32 entries in the bibliography, language: English, comment: The founders of the United States recognized the desirability of providing aliens access to the federal courts and they expressly granted aliens the right to have their cases heard in the fed-eral courts when they drafted the Constitution. As the Constitution in Art III, 2 put it: "The judicial power shall extend . . . to Controversies . . . between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.", abstract: The founders of the United States recognized the desirability of providing aliens access to the federal courts and they expressly granted aliens the right to have their cases heard in the federal courts when they drafted the Constitution. As the Constitution in Art III, 2 put it: "The judicial power shall extend . . . to Controversies . . . between a State, or the Cit izens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects." In explaining why federal subject matter jurisdiction should extend to cases involving aliens, Alexander Hamilton reasoned "an unjust sentence against a foreigner ... would ... if unredressed, be an aggression upon his sovereign, as well as one which violated the stipulations in a treaty or the general laws of nations." At the same time, disputes involving aliens were thought likely to involve legal and other issues of national importance, which federal courts were deemed best able to decide." Although there are few records of the Constitutional Convention relating to the subject of the judiciary, it is generally accepted that the decision to establish a federal forum for cases involving aliens arose from two related concerns. The first concern was that state and local judges were likely to be swayed by local prejudices against foreig

Seminar paper from the year 2003 in the subject Law - Comparative Legal Systems, Comparative Law, grade: 62%, Cardiff University (Grossbritannien; Law School), course: English Legal System, language: English, comment:, abstract: The most important piece of British legislation with regard to Human Rights is undoubtedly the Human Rights Act 1998. The Act, in force since 2 October 2000, incorporated the European Convention on Human Rights1 into British law and constitutes one of the most controversial legislative creations enacted by the Westminster Parliament in its impressive history. Rancorous opponents have described the Act as a "plot to undermine Parliament and make Britain subservient to the European Union," nothing more than a "complainers charter" and a "bonanza for lawyers."2 Proponents counter and say that the 1998 Act will advance the cause of liberty and check the power of Britain's over-mighty executive.3 Whatever the reader considers to be true, it is indisputable that the Human Rights Act 1998 is a huge constitutional innovation with a crucial impact on Britain's legal system. Consequently, the present Lord Chancellor, Lord Irvine of Lairg, called it "a constitutional landmark" which "would be a point of reference for generations to come."4 This essay will identify and analyse the most significant affects of Britain's new human rights legislation. For that purpose it is first necessary to outline the historical development of human rights in the United Kingdom and to describe how these rights could have been enforced before the Human Rights Act 1998 came into force (Part A.) When considering this, attention will also be drawn to Britain's political environment and its role in the development of international human rights instruments. Part B of this paper is then concerned with the question, of the approach taken by the British government in incorporating the ECHR, and how the concept of the Human Rights Act 1998 works in practice. The most signi

Seminar paper from the year 2003 in the subject Law - Comparative Legal Systems, Comparative Law, grade: 75% (=With Distinction), Cardiff University (Grossbritannien; Law School), course: Comparative Contract Law, language: English, abstract: The question as to whether a third party can be granted rights or protection based on a contract between two other parties to which the third party is a mere stranger is as old as the legal scholarship of contract law itself. Over centuries, quite different approaches to the issue have been evolved and embedded in different legal systems, each with its own characteristics and features. This essay intents primarily to analyse and compare the approaches of English1 and German Law to third party rights arising from bilateral contracts, particularly with regard to contracts for the benefit of a third party and the new Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999. However, despite this main focus, some other features related to third party involvement in mutual contracts will be considered too. In the first and the second part of this essay I will describe the modus operandi of English and German law with regard to third party rights and highlight differences and similarities. The third part of this paper concerns the approach of that what is sometimes called an international restatement of contract law, namely the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts,2 to the rights of third parties. A comparison of the English and German system with the restatement will illustrate to what extent elements of these two national legal systems have been implemented and considered in an international project of unification of law

Seminar paper from the year 2004 in the subject Law - European and International Law, Intellectual Properties, grade: 1,0 (A), Leeds Metropolitan University, course: EU Policy and Business, language: English, abstract: Competition between companies, governments and states within and across the global trading areas1 has become a vital part in this new world of less political and economical boundaries. Competition law therefore has to regulate the market powers of those who participate in the global exchange of goods and services. "There are now at least 80 systems of competition law in the world, in all continents and in all types of economies; many others are in contemplation. ...]"2. It has a substantial impact upon the outline of agreements. With Articles 81 and 82 of the EEC Treaty EU jurisprudence and the legislative bodies of the Member States (MMS) have a basis to work on this topic of immense importance. Ignoring the competition rules not seldom lead to large fines being levied by the European Commission (in July 1991 Tetra Pak was fined because of competition law infringement with a record sum of 52mn)3. The aim of this essay is to briefly outline the scope of EUs competition policy and laws and to give an insight into both the Agreements of Minor Importance ("de Minimis") and the impact of Competition Law on the topic of parallel (grey) imports. The latter is examined on a case study given. The basis of this essay consists of secondary literature taken from books, treaties, articles, notices or webpages. A full bibliography can be found at the end of the main part.

Visa processing barriers limiting inbound international business and pleasure travelers cost the United States economy billions of dollars in direct revenues while severing vital communications links to the Arab market. Total Arab market import demand has more than doubled since the year 2001, but US corporations attempting to close deals are stymied by visa barriers that turn away even longtime Arab business visitors, including trainees seeking to enter the US. The US has already lost US$62 billion in merchandise trade to competitors maintaining "open door" visa policies through 2005. Cumulative opportunity cost losses are on track to reach a total of $101 billion in 2006 as "turnkey" infrastructure projects, defense, consumer goods, and industrial machinery deals flow to US competitors. IRmep presents specific recommendations for avoiding permanent damage to vital trade and communications links between the US and this key region.

Mental health in the elderly is a topic that draws a lot of research interest. However, researchers call depression in old age a "scientific myth," for lack of conclusive findings. While some researchers have found that depression is highest among the oldest people. Others found the opposite. To understand this scientific myth, researchers argue that people of different age groups are usually exposed to different stressors, thus controlling for different stressors will lead to different answers. However, there are situations when all age groups are facing the same stressor. For example, wars, natural disasters, economic depressions, and project-induced forced migrations subject people of all ages to the same adverse conditions. Does the same stressor affect people of different ages differently? In this study, our interest is to detect whether there are any age differentials in depression when individuals of different ages face a common stressor: the impending forced migration-induced by a large scale dam project-the Three Gorges Project (TGP) in China. The book is addressed to professionals in the filed of migration study. It is also directed towards policy makers.

This book brings together contributions from some of the leading authorities in the field of EU immigration and asylum law to reflect upon developments since the Amsterdam Treaty and, particularly, the Tampere European Council in 1999. At Tampere, Heads of State and Government met to set guidelines for the implementation of the powers and competences introduced by the Amsterdam Treaty and make the development of the Union as an area of freedom, security and justice a reality. Since 1999, a substantial body of law and policy has developed, but the process has been lengthy and the results open to critique. This book presents a series of analyses of and reflections on the major legal instruments and policy themes, with the underlying question, to what extent the ideals held out of 'freedom, security and justice accessible to all', are in fact reflected in these legislative and policy developments. Has freedom from terrorism and the spectre of illegal or irregular migration, and increasingly strict border securitisation and surveillance overshadowed the freedom of the migrant to seek entry or residence for legitimate touristic, work, study, or family reasons, a secure refuge from persecution, and effective access to justice? In 2004, the Heads of State and Government presented a programme for the next stage of development in these areas, the Hague Programme, and the Directives and Regulations that have been agreed are now being transposed and applied in Member States legal systems. What are the main challenges in the years ahead as the Hague Programme and the existing legislative acquis are implemented?

WhenJusticeandHomeAffairscooperationwasofficiallyintroducedintheEu- peanlegal orderby theTreaty ofMaastricht, severalnewpolicy fields slowly enteredEuropeanlaw: asylumandimmigrationlaw, criminallaw, policestudies. SincetheTreatyofAmsterdamthisnewpolicyareaisreferredtoastheAreaof Freedom, SecurityandJustice. Ithasbeendividedintotwomainsubjects: b- ders, visa, asylumandimmigration, andcivillawinthefirstpillar;andpoliceand judicialcooperationinthethirdpillar. Importantelementsarecommoncontrolsattheexternalbordersfollowingthe abolishmentofinternalcontrols. Asaconsequenceofthecompletionoftheint- nalmarketacommonvisa, asylumandimmigrationpolicyhasbeenputinplace. PolicecooperationbetweennationalauthoritiesandinthecontextofEuropolisan importanttoolforguaranteeingadequatesecurityconditionsforcitizensofthe MemberStates. Criminallawcooperationisnecessarytocombatcrime. ThroughtheTampereProgrammeof1999, theAreawasdevelopedatare- tivelyhighspeed. Eventssuchas11September2001and11March2004have illustratedtheneedandurgencyforclosecooperationincriminallawthroughout Europe, notleasttocombatterrorism. InNovember2004, theEuropeanCouncil launchedthefollow-upprogrammeof'Tampere' theHagueProgramme, along withadetailedActionPlaninJune2005. ThedepartmentofEuropeanLawoftheLawSchoolofErasmusUniversity RotterdamhasfromthebeginningtakentheAreaofFreedom, SecurityandJ- ticeasoneofthefocalpointsofitsresearch. Oneoftheachievementswasthe publicationofahandbookbyDeZwaanandBultena: RuimtevanVrijheid, Veil- heidenRechtvaardigheid AreaofFreedom, SecurityandJustice], in2002. A specialcourseforstudentsofcriminologyandDutchlawistaughtattheLaw Schoolaswell, andthesubjectispartoftheresearchintheResearchSchoolfor SafetyandSecurityinSocialIssues(OnderzoeksschoolMaatschappelijkeVeil- heid). InviewofthisfocusontheAreaofFreedom, SecurityandJustice, andinview ofthepotentiallyfar-reachinginfluenceoftheHagueProgrammefortheEu- peancitizens, thedepartmentofEuropeanLaworganizedatwodaysinternational conferenceon23and24June2005inRotterdam, withover120participantsfrom alloverEurope. Prominentspeakersfrompolitics(EuropeanCommissionerFr- tini, DutchMinisterofJusticeDonner), thecivilservice(fromtheEuropeanC- mission, fromtheCouncil, andfromnationalministries), nongovernmentalor- nizations, and from the academic world (speakers from Turkey, the UK, and Germany for instance) discussed the new developments from many different angles. VIII Thisbookrepresentsthereflectionoftheconference: manyspeakersandp- ticipantscooperatedtoproducethisfirstevaluationoftheHagueProgramme. In viewofitsdifferentcharacteronlycivillawcooperationisnotcoveredinthis publication. WewouldliketothankLauraSchepersfortakingcareofallthedetailsinthe texts, andPeterMorrisforfine-tuningthelanguage. Wecouldnothaveorganized theconferencewithoutthehelpofNathalieWeberandAnnetSchuurmanofour conferencebureau. Rotterdam, May2006 JaapdeZwaan FloraGoudappel IX TableofContents Summaryofcontents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V Foreword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII Listofabbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV Introductoryspeeches Piet-HeinDonner TheHagueProgramme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 FrancoFrattini TheHagueProgramme: ourfutureinvestmentindemocraticstabilityand democraticsecurity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A history of the battles over US immigrants' rights since 1965-and how these conflicts reshaped access to education, employment, civil liberties, and more The 1965 Hart-Celler Act transformed the American immigration system by abolishing national quotas in favor of a seemingly egalitarian approach. But subsequent demographic shifts resulted in a backlash over the social contract and the rights of citizens versus noncitizens. In The Walls Within, Sarah Coleman explores those political clashes, focusing not on attempts to stop immigration at the border, but on efforts to limit immigrants' rights within the United States through domestic policy. Drawing on new materials from the Carter, Reagan, and Clinton administrations, and immigration and civil rights organizations, Coleman exposes how the politics of immigration control has undermined the idea of citizenship for all. Coleman shows that immigration politics was not just about building or tearing down walls, but about employer sanctions, access to schools, welfare, and the role of local authorities in implementing policies. In the years after 1965, a rising restrictionist movement sought to marginalize immigrants in realms like public education and the labor market. Yet throughout the 1970s and 1980s, restrictionists faced countervailing forces committed to an expansive notion of immigrants' rights. In the 1990s, with national politics gridlocked, anti-immigrant groups turned to statehouses to enact their agenda. Achieving strength at the local level, conservatives supporting immigration restriction actually acquired more influence under the Clinton presidency than even during the so-called Reagan revolution, resulting in dire consequences for millions of immigrants. Revealing the roots behind much of today's nativist sentiment, The Walls Within examines debates about who is entitled to the American dream, and how such dreams can be subverted for those already calling the country home.

There are many people in the United States today who are illegal alien. Many of these people entered the United States legally but became illegal for lack of knowledge of what to do to remain legal. Ignorance of the law is no excuse. Some are even afraid to take the right step. Some rely on the faulty step taken by people around them when they entered the United States. Some are discouraged from taking the right step. Some are ill advised. Some believes that it cost fortune to consult an Attorney. The author, who himself entered the United States as a visitor but later changed his status, encountered some of this discouragement. However, considering his background as an Attorney, who was familiar with the effect of being illegal, it was easy for him to overcome the obstacles. Consequently, he decided to write this book to assist others who may have otherwise fallen into the same trap.

This new book (CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY STUDENT UNION INTERNATIONAL 2003-2004: INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS' STRUGGLE FOR REPRESENTATION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM) by Christian Kim is very interesting. The struggles of international students at Cambridge University and in the context of the United Kingdom come alive for the reader. There are many important documents and articles included in the book that makes this a historical document in its own right. Christian Kim's book points out the inadequacies of Cambridge University to deal with the influx of international students and their needs. Furthermore, this book exposes the underhanded policies of the British New Labour government. It would not be a surprise if this book becomes an important impetus for change in the United Kingdom. It seems that Christian Kim desires nothing more than positive change for the benefit of international students. This book is more than a recounting of the valiant struggles of international students, particularly in light of the onerous $500 Visa Renewal Fee that the British New Labour government struck on international students while they were away for the summer vacation. This book is a heart-warming account of the positivity of the human spirit to take on a big unfair power even when the odds are stacked against them. There are a lot of pictures in the book that make events come alive.

This innovative book looks at the topic of migration through the prism of law and literature. The author uses a rich mix of novels, short stories, literary realism, human rights and comparative literature to explore the experiences of African migrants and asylum seekers. The book is divided into two. Part one is conceptual and focuses on art activism and the myriad ways in which people have sought to 'write justice.' Using Mazrui's diasporas of slavery and colonialism, it then considers histories of migration across the centuries before honing in on the recent anti-migration policies of western states. Achiume is used to show how these histories of imposition and exploitation create a bond which bestows on Africans a "status as co-sovereigns of the First World through citizenship." The many fictional examples of the schemes used to gain entry are set against the formal legal processes. Attention is paid to life post-arrival which for asylum seekers may include periods in detention. The impact of the increased hostility of receiving states is examined in light of their human rights obligations. Consideration is paid to how Africans navigate their post-migration lives which includes reconciling themselves to status fracture-taking on jobs for which they are over-qualified, while simultaneously dealing with the resentment borne of status threat on the part of the citizenry. Part two moves from the general to consider the intersections of gender and status focusing on women, LGBTI individuals and children. Focusing on their human rights and the fictional literature, chapter four looks at women who have been trafficked as well as domestic workers and hotel maids while chapter five is on LGBTI people whose legal and literary stories are only now being told. The final substantive chapter considers the experiences of children who may arrive as unaccompanied minors. Using a mixture of poetry and first person accounts, the chapter examines the post-arrival lives of children, some of whom may be citizens but who are continually made to feel like outsiders. The conclusion follows, starting with two stories about walls by Hadero and Lanchester which are used to illustrate the themes discussed in the book. Few African lawyers write about literature and few books and articles in Western law and literature look at books by or about Africans, so a book that engages with both is long overdue. This book provides fascinating reading for academics, students of law, literature, gender and migration studies, and indeed the general public.

For the first time in English and a single volume are the Statute, Regulations and government Procedures Manual comprising the primary sources of Mexico's immigration law. Includes original Spanish texts.

The states of the Southern African Development Community (SADe have committed themselves to increased regional cooperation and integration. This study collates information on national immigration legislation into a single region-wide publication. It is divided thematically into chapters surveying citizenship and registration laws in the SADC, migration and immigration legislation and policies, and refugee protection and immigration controls. The report identifies points of similarity and difference in national immigration law between SADC member states, and investigates the possibilities for harmonisation of national immigration.

With over 240 million migrants in the world, including over 65 million forced migrants and refugees, states have turned to draconian measures to stem the flow of irregular migration, including the criminalization of migration itself. Canada, perceived as a nation of immigrants and touted as one of the most generous countries in the world today for its reception of refugees, has not been immune from these practices. This book examines "crimmigration" - the criminalization of migration - from national and comparative perspectives, drawing attention to the increasing use of criminal law measures, public policies, and practices that stigmatize or diminish the rights of forced migrants and refugees within a dominant public discourse that not only stereotypes and criminalizes but marginalizes forced migrants. Leading researchers, legal scholars, and practitioners provide in-depth analyses of theoretical concerns, legal and public policy dimensions, historic migration crises, and the current dynamics and future prospects of crimmigration. The editors situate each chapter within the existing migration literature and outline a way forward for the decriminalization of migration through the vigorous promotion and advancement of human rights. Building on recent legal, policy, academic, and advocacy initiatives, The Criminalization of Migration maps how the predominant trend toward the criminalization of migration in Canada and abroad can be reversed for the benefit of all, especially those forced to migrate for the protection of their inherent human rights and dignity.

Europe has finally started to debate migration. A timely debate indeed, as many migrants have over the last 30 years entered the European Union without the cover of a proper and well-defined policy. The Migration Acquis Handbook (a companion to The Asylum Acquis Handbook) describes and provides the foundation for a common European Migration Policy. It provides an overview of EU instruments in an accessible and transparent manner, pays due attention to EC Commissioner Vitorino's communication on migration and his call for a debate; reproduces relevant non-European international (UN) instruments; moreover includes an overview of the context and contents of the most hotly-contested issues: ageing and demography, globalization, illegal migration, trafficking and family reunification. This handbook should be considered an extremely useful tool, if not indispensable, for the executive, students, policy makers, the media and all others interested in this exceedingly important topic. Dr Van Krieken is actively involved in European migration, refugee and asylum policy issues under CIREA, Phare assessment missions and related Twinning, Odysseus and Horizontal Programmes

Until the Amsterdam Treaty,law and policymaking in the field of immigration remained a national function, though in practice there was much co-operation (the so-called Third Pillar). Now these powers have been transferred to the European Community as First Pillar powers. Only Denmark, Ireland and the UK have opted out. This book looks at the likely effects of this substantial transfer of powers to the Community. How will the powers and responsibilities be divided? How should the powers be exercised? Will there be input from the public into policymaking? What role will Parliaments play? Will migrants suffer? The foremost scholars from many European countries try to answer these and other questions, offering a variety of legal and social viewpoints. Contributors: Pieter Boeles (Amsterdam and Leiden), Antje Weiner (Hannover), Cristina Gortazar (Madrid), Guy Goodwin-Gill (Oxford), Nicholas Blake QC (London), Johannes van der Klaauw (UNHCR Brussels), Jens Vedsted Hansen (Aahus), Elspeth Guild (Nijmegen and London), Kees Groenendijk (Nijmegen), Gisbert Brinkmann (Bonn), John Crowley (CERI, Paris), Deirdre Curtin (Utrecht), Roger Errera (Paris), Steve Peers (Essex), Carol Harlow (LSE), Gregor Noll (Lund).