Smart roads are road infrastructures with integrated structural materials, sensors, information centres, and energy systems. They are intended to extend the road's service life and performance, reduce safety risks, and improve service quality. Several smart road pilot projects have been initiated, such as precast pavements with integrated optical fibres, self-healing asphalt material, self-snow-melting systems and solar pavements. Smart roads are likely to play an important role in future sustainable transport systems and supplying data for intelligent transportation systems (ITS). This book brings together the latest research into technologies for novel and smart road infrastructures. Coverage includes road surface technologies, techniques for road-based energy harvesting, sustainable pavement approaches, informatization of the road, and use of the data gained for various cloud-based services including ITS. A systematic guide to an emerging topic, this book is aimed particularly at researchers in academia and industry, including those working for ITS providers and organizations. It will also be of use to practitioners in ITS organizations and governmental transport agencies.

This book explores the economic and broader societal rationale for using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) or “droneâ€� technologies as a complement to the current transport and logistics systems in several use cases in East Africa. The specific use cases examined include medical goods deliveries, food aid delivery, land mapping and risk assessment, agriculture, and transport and energy infrastructure inspection. Across these applications, the case for using UAVs is examined within the context of logistics objectives—total operating costs, speed, availability, and flexibility—as well as human, or societal, objectives. In the public health use case, as more low- and middle-income countries explore opportunities to improve efficiency and performance in their health supply chains and diagnostics networks, they face myriad choices about how best to use UAVs to improve product availability and public health outcomes and to reach the last mile. The high-level findings from this analysis are that, if examining commodity categories individually and looking exclusively at costs, delivery with UAVs in general is still more expensive for most categories. Although the cost is still higher, the most cost-effective use case examples include the transport of laboratory samples to selected destinations and delivery of life-saving items and blood. However, “layeringâ€� several use cases can provide efficiencies and cost savings by allocating fixed costs across a greater number of flights and maximizing capacity and time utilization. From the perspective of public decision-makers, the cost effectiveness of UAVs cannot be analyzed without looking at the public health benefits, which may be substantial. Drone application in the other use cases examined in this book, such as mapping, risk assessment, and agriculture, is relatively more common than cargo drone operations, and the existing pilot initiatives in East Africa have delivered impressive results for speed and quality (precision). Food aid delivery by drones is still mostly at a planning, rather than implementation, stage. Drone applications are rapidly evolving, and several use cases could gain impact and scale over the coming years

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Internet of Vehicles, IOV 2019, which took place in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, in November 2019. The 23 papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 101 submissions. The papers focus on providing new efficient solutions with digital intervehicular data transfer and overall communications. Yet, IOV is different from Telematics, Vehicle Ad hoc Networks, and Intelligent Transportation, in which vehicles like phones can run within the whole network, and obtain various services by swarm intelligent computing with people, vehicles, and environments.

Is public transportation a right? Should it be? For those reliant on public transit, the answer is invariably "yes" to both. Indeed, when city officials propose slashing service or raising fares, it is these riders who are often the first to appear at that officials' door demanding their "right" to more service. Rights in Transit starts from the presumption that such riders are justified. For those who lack other means of mobility, transit is a lifeline. It offers access to many of the entitlements we take as essential: food, employment, and democratic public life itself. While accepting transit as a right, this book also suggests that there remains a desperate need to think critically, both about what is meant by a right and about the types of rights at issue when public transportation is threatened. Drawing on a detailed case study of the various struggles that have come to define public transportation in California's East Bay, Rights in Transit offers a direct challenge to contemporary scholarship on transportation equity. Rather than focusing on civil rights alone, Rights in Transit argues for engaging the more radical notion of the right to the city.

Urban Transport energy efficiency and environmental sustainability continue to present big challenges for city leaders and policy think tanks. As the share of the world's population living in cities grows to nearly 70 per cent between now and 2050, urban transport energy consumption is forecast to double to meet the travel demand in the world's future cities. This urban growth will also dramatically change the scale and nature of our communities, and put a tremendous strain on the built environment and infrastructure that delivers vital services like transport. This book presents a cohesive body of work on the policy principles and practical applications to drive sustainable mobility services in tomorrow's smart cities. Topics covered include policy principles for low carbon mobility; low carbon mobility and reducing automobile dependence; integrated land-use and transport planning for future cities; decarbonising suburban mobility; public transport for the urban millennium; impacts on public health; active transport, health and wellbeing; mobility and the sharing economy; autonomous shared mobility; gamification and sustainable mobility; and digital innovations and disruptive mobility. Low Carbon Mobility for Future Cities will be essential reading for researchers and practitioners in transport engineering, urban planning, transport planning and strategy, government employees in charge of sustainable practices, higher degree students, and the industries involved in offering mobility as a service.

Road pricing is increasingly being implemented around the world to combat congestion, curb carbon and other polluting emissions, compensate for falling revenues from fuel duty, improve the efficiency of the existing transport infrastructure, and fund new transport projects. Road Pricing outlines some of the economic theory behind these schemes, indicates the different kinds of road charging schemes that are possible, describes the electronic technology being used, shows that it is available and already in operational use in many countries, addresses how public acceptability can be achieved, and demonstrates that people will accept road pricing if they understand the reasons for using it, and above all, if they have experienced it in use and understand how it will affect them personally. There are very few engineering-oriented books in this field, or books aimed at transport planners. This book aims to fill that gap - informing engineers and planners how to prepare for and implement road pricing schemes, which technologies to use, and which technologies are already in use successfully throughout the world. The book also aims to show politicians and policy advisors what has been successfully achieved and what is possible now and in the immediate future.

Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) use information and communications technologies (ICT) to deliver transport improvements instead of extending physical infrastructure, thereby saving money and reducing environmental impact. This book provides an overview of ICT-based intelligent road transport systems with an emphasis on evaluation methods and recent evaluation results of ITS development and deployment. Topics covered include: ITS evaluation policy; frameworks and methods for ITS evaluation; ITS impact evaluation; the network perspective; field operational tests (FOTs); assessing transport measures using cost-benefit and multicriteria analysis; technical assessment of the performance of in-vehicle systems; opportunities and challenges in the era of new pervasive technology; evaluation of automated driving functions; user-related evaluation of ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems) and automated driving; evaluation of traffic management; performance assessment of a wet weather pilot system; case studies from China; heavy vehicle overload control benefit and cost. With chapters from an international panel of leading experts, this book is essential reading for researchers and advanced students from academia, industry and government working in intelligent road transport systems.

The U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) is responsible for protecting the natural resources and heritage contained on almost 20 percent of the land in the United States. This responsibility requires acquisition of remotely sensed data throughout vast lands, including areas that are remote and potentially dangerous to access. One promising new technology for data collection is unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), which may be better suited (achieving superior science, safety, and savings) than traditional methods. UAS, regardless of their size, have the same operational components: aircraft, payloads, communications unit, and operator control unit. This book provides operational procedures and lessons learned from completed proof-of-concept UAS missions in areas such as wildlife management, resource monitoring, and public land inspections. This information provides not only an implementation framework but can also help increase the awareness by resource managers, scientists, and others of the ability of UAS technology to advance data quality, improve personnel safety, and reduce data acquisition costs.

The authors trace the evolution of the taxi from the early horse-drawn European vehicles to the futuristic paratransit" vehicles of today, relating the development of mass transit to the taxi and showing how both forms of transportation changed in response to alterations in city and urban life. They discuss the economics, innovative services, and future of the taxi and maintain that this service has the potential to alleviate some of the current problems of urban transportation."
Originally published in 1982.
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As Apollo 11's Lunar Module descended toward the moon under automatic control, a program alarm in the guidance computer's software nearly caused a mission abort. Neil Armstrong responded by switching off the automatic mode and taking direct control. He stopped monitoring the computer and began flying the spacecraft, relying on skill to land it and earning praise for a triumph of human over machine. In Digital Apollo, engineer-historian David Mindell takes this famous moment as a starting point for an exploration of the relationship between humans and computers in the Apollo program. In each of the six Apollo landings, the astronaut in command seized control from the computer and landed with his hand on the stick. Mindell recounts the story of astronauts' desire to control their spacecraft in parallel with the history of the Apollo Guidance Computer. From the early days of aviation through the birth of spaceflight, test pilots and astronauts sought to be more than "spam in a can" despite the automatic controls, digital computers, and software developed by engineers. Digital Apollo examines the design and execution of each of the six Apollo moon landings, drawing on transcripts and data telemetry from the flights, astronaut interviews, and NASA's extensive archives. Mindell's exploration of how human pilots and automated systems worked together to achieve the ultimate in flight--a lunar landing--traces and reframes the debate over the future of humans and automation in space. The results have implications for any venture in which human roles seem threatened by automated systems, whether it is the work at our desktops or the future of exploration.David A. Mindell is Dibner Professor of the History of Engineering and Manufacturing, Professor of Engineering Systems, and Director of the Program in Science, Technology, and Society at MIT. He is the author of Between Human and Machine: Feedback, Control, and Computing before Cybernetics and War, Technology, and Experience aboard the USS Monitor.

Although the concept of a fully automated driving system as envisioned under the Automated Highway System program has yet to be realised, technological advancements over the past decade have led to the emergence of advanced driver assistance systems and features such as Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC), collision warning, automatic braking, and lane-keeping assist systems. To date, deployed systems and features have largely been designed to support safe operations rather than to relieve the driver of direct vehicle control. Advancements in driver assistance systems (eg: ACC and lane-keeping assist) may provide some of the early building blocks for future automated driving systems that assume either partial or full authority from the driver. Although automated systems offer the promise of increased safety and reduced human error, substantive human factors challenges need to be addressed before these forms of automated systems become a practical reality. These challenges include the potential for negative adaptations occurring through misunderstanding of, misuse of, or overreliance on the system, or changes in attention and distraction from the driving task. Another concern is how an automated system will impact drivers' information-processing capabilities and level of workload, including their willingness to engage in non-driving-related secondary tasks. Automation may also impact a driver's situational awareness -- including the ability to perceive critical factors in the environment or to detect system state changes (system failures) -- as the driver's role shifts from active vehicle control to passive monitoring of the automated system and environment, and path planning down the road. This book assesses the research, the technology and the concepts behind automated driving.

A number of wireless technologies have been developed in recent years to meet the increasing needs of high-speed wireless communications in civil and military applications. The advances include WiFi (IEEE 802.11), WiMAX (IEEE 802.16), sensor networks, wireless Mesh/Ad hoc networks, mobile IP, smart antenna, cognitive radio, and so on. These emerging technologies will significantly impact the design and operation of Intelligent Transportation Systems, which aims to effectively provide higher vehicles safety, traffic management, and communications among vehicles and transport infrastructure. Organised into three parts, 'Wireless Technologies for Intelligent Transportation Systems' provides readers a thorough technical guide covering various wireless technologies developed in the most recent years for Intelligent Transportation Systems applications. It presents key technologies of circuits and physical layer, network protocols, system designs and applications. The broad content covers topics of radar sensor, radio channel modelling, smart antenna, medium access control, routing protocol, data dissemination, hand-over, security, mesh networking, road traffic estimation and monitoring, and location-based services. This comprehensive book is a collection of basic concepts, major issues, design approaches, application examples, and future research directions of various advanced technologies developed for Intelligent Transportation Systems. With its broad coverage allowing cross reference, it serves as an essential reference for engineers, researchers, students, scientists, professors, designers and planners of Intelligent Transportation Systems.

This book provides valuable insight and critical appraisal of key areas of intelligent transport systems (ITS) for land transport in Europe. ITS is becoming increasingly important as the means to improving the efficiency, safety and comfort of the transport of people and goods while at the same time helping to minimize environmental damage and the contribution of transport to global warming. The material draws on over four years of study by the ROSETTA project -- part of the European Commission 5th Framework Program. For each of the 12 areas addressed, the book provides a vision for their application, identifies key issues yet to be addressed and the future opportunities that the timely application and advancement of ITS can bring.

Ecologically Sustainable Transportation: Planning, Building, and Operations provides transportation researchers, practitioners and policymakers with a consistent and cohesive examination of the local, regional and national environmental issues in sustainable transportation systems planning, development and implementation. The book compiles numerous topics together in one resource to bridge the gap between the study and practice of these interdisciplinary fields. It is an accessible resource for transportation professionals on the basics of ecology, its principles, how to connect the academic and technical literature, ecological planning, mitigation, monitoring, and the entire spectrum of road ecology issues in sustainable transportation systems.