As Apollo 11's Lunar Module descended toward the moon under
automatic control, a program alarm in the guidance computer's
software nearly caused a mission abort. Neil Armstrong responded by
switching off the automatic mode and taking direct control. He
stopped monitoring the computer and began flying the spacecraft,
relying on skill to land it and earning praise for a triumph of
human over machine. In Digital Apollo, engineer-historian David
Mindell takes this famous moment as a starting point for an
exploration of the relationship between humans and computers in the
Apollo program. In each of the six Apollo landings, the astronaut
in command seized control from the computer and landed with his
hand on the stick. Mindell recounts the story of astronauts' desire
to control their spacecraft in parallel with the history of the
Apollo Guidance Computer. From the early days of aviation through
the birth of spaceflight, test pilots and astronauts sought to be
more than "spam in a can" despite the automatic controls, digital
computers, and software developed by engineers. Digital Apollo
examines the design and execution of each of the six Apollo moon
landings, drawing on transcripts and data telemetry from the
flights, astronaut interviews, and NASA's extensive archives.
Mindell's exploration of how human pilots and automated systems
worked together to achieve the ultimate in flight--a lunar
landing--traces and reframes the debate over the future of humans
and automation in space. The results have implications for any
venture in which human roles seem threatened by automated systems,
whether it is the work at our desktops or the future of
exploration.David A. Mindell is Dibner Professor of the History of
Engineering and Manufacturing, Professor of Engineering Systems,
and Director of the Program in Science, Technology, and Society at
MIT. He is the author of Between Human and Machine: Feedback,
Control, and Computing before Cybernetics and War, Technology, and
Experience aboard the USS Monitor.
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