This book analyzes the role of strategic human rights litigation in the dissemination and migration of transnational constitutional norms and provides a detailed analysis of how transnational human rights advocates and their local partners have used international and foreign law to promote abolition of the death penalty and decriminalization of homosexuality. The "sharing" of human rights jurisprudence among judges across legal systems is currently spreading emerging norms among domestic courts and contributing to the evolution of international law. While prior studies have focused on international and foreign citations in judicial decisions, this global migration of constitutional norms is driven not by judges but by legal advocates themselves, who cite and apply international and foreign law in their pleadings in pursuit of a specific human rights agenda. Local and transnational legal advocates form partnerships and networks that transmit legal strategy and comparative doctrine, taking advantage of similarities in postcolonial legal and constitutional frameworks. Using examples such as the abolition of the death penalty and decriminalization of same-sex relations, this book traces the transnational networks of human rights lawyers and advocacy groups who engage in constitutional litigation before domestic and supranational tribunals in order to embed international human rights norms in local contexts. In turn, domestic human rights litigation influences the evolution of international law to reflect state practice in a mutually reinforcing process. Accordingly, international and foreign legal citations offer transnational human rights advocates powerful tools for legal reform.

This book focuses on Boko Haram and terrorism in Nigeria, framing the conflict in an international law context. It analyses the nature of political violence and the dominant roles of a violent nation-state (in both colonial and post-colonial experiences) and the rise of terrorism in Nigeria. The book unearths embedded evidence of religious nepotism on the part of state officials using such state institutions as Islamic Preaching Boards to promote one Islamic sect over another in mainly Muslim Northern Nigeria. The book offers insights into this subtle sectarian divide and how this and other 'subterranean' elements have contributed to the rise of Boko Haram in Northern Nigeria beyond the dominant poverty-terrorism nexus narrative. Furthermore, the book analyses the various components of Boko Haram's radical ideology, situates them in Islamic Jurisprudence, and examines the philosophy of the group (both in doctrine and practice) - their interpretation of the Koran and the waging of Jihad, and the extent to which they conform to the Islamic Sect Boko Haram claims to follow. The book then examines the basic doctrinal features and characteristics of Boko Haram - waging Jihad, prohibiting revealing dresses for women and mixing of genders, rejecting western values and institutions, denouncing scientific inquiry and democracy, hostage taking, sexual exploitation of captives and other aspects of jus ad bellum and jus in bello in Islamic jurisprudence and international law. Finally, the book analyses the plight of vulnerable groups such as internally displaced persons, the atrocities committed against women and girls in the Boko Haram insurgency and the (in)ability of international law to enforce the protections offered to the victims. From the perspective of critical intellectual inquiry, the book also challenges a number of fundamental assumptions and encourages us to revisit our legal characterisation of certain concepts such as "gender-based crimes". It then goes further to analyse some legal grey areas in the Boko Haram insurgency such as the legal status of the Civilian Joint Task Force (CJTF) and the legal framework for holding members accountable for violations of international human rights and humanitarian law. Overall, the book represents a valuable contribution to scholarship, deepens our understanding and delineates how international law could respond to the Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria in particular and terrorism in Africa in general.

More than five years after the commencement of the Human Rights Act 1998, it is timely to evaluate the Act's effectiveness. The focus of Making Rights Real is on the extent to which the Act has delivered on the promise to 'bring rights home'. To that end the book considers how the judiciary, parliament and the executive have performed in the new roles that the Human Rights Act requires them to play and the courts' application of the Act in different legal spheres. This account cuts through the rhetoric and controversy surrounding the Act, generated by its champions and detractors alike, to reach a measured assessment. The true impact in public law, civil law, criminal law and on anti-terrorism legislation are each considered. Finally, the book discusses whether we are now nearer to a new constitutional settlement and to the promised new 'rights culture'.

This book discusses the recently introduced concession policy, which is also known as PPP worldwide, on municipal utilities policy in China. In this context, critics have claimed that there is a gap in accountability with regard to concessions. The author utilizes interdisciplinary methods and comparative studies, taking into account the situation in the EU and US to analyze the accountability gap some feel will be created when the policy is implemented. Taking water sector concessions as the subject of discussion, the author distinguishes between three types of accountability: traditional bureaucratic accountability, legal accountability and public accountability. By systematically analyzing the essential problems involved, the book attempts to achieve a better understanding of concession and its application in the context of public utilities and finds that the alleged accountability gap is attributed to traditional bureaucratic accountability in China and the concession system per se.

This book examines selected legal complexities of the notion of torture and the issue of the proper foundation for legally characterizing certain acts as torture, especially when children are the targeted victims of torture. ICC case law is used to highlight the International Criminal Court's reluctance in practice to prosecute as a separable offence the crime of torture as set out in one or more of the relevant provisions of the Rome Statute where children are the particularized targets as part of a common plan during armed conflict. Also addressed is the failure of the ICC to consider that the young age of the victims of torture (i.e. children) should be an aggravating factor taken into account in determining the ICC sentence for those convicted of the torture of civilians, including children, in the context of armed conflict as part of a common plan. The six UN-designated grave crimes against children (including child soldiering for State or non-State forces perpetrating mass atrocities, and sexual violence perpetrated on a systematic and widespread basis against children including child soldiers), it is argued, are also instances of the torture of children as part of a common plan such that separate charges of torture are legally supportable (along with the other charges relating to additional Rome Statute offences involved in such circumstances). Useful legal perspectives on the issue of the torture of children in its various manifestations gleaned from the case law of other international judicial forums such as the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the ICTY are also examined.

This second Volume in the book Series on Nuclear Non-Proliferation in International Law discusses the legal interpretation and implementation of verification and compliance with the Treaty of the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, 1968; the Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty, 1996; and the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM), 1957. It specifically examines the question, contested in recent academic writings, whether the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is competent to verify not only the correctness, but also the completeness of national declarations. Topical legal issues of verification and its technical and political limits as well as peaceful settlement of disputes and countermeasures are discussed in-depth. The Series on Nuclear Non-Proliferation in International Law provides scholarly research articles with critical commentaries on relevant treaty law, best practice and legal developments, thus offering an academic analysis and information on practical legal and diplomatic developments both globally and regionally. It sets a basis for a further constructive discourse on the topic at both national and international levels. A Third Volume, to be published in Autumn 2016, will focus on legal issues of safety and security of the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. Jonathan L. Black-Branch is Professor of International Law, Royal Holloway University of London; a Member of Wolfson College, Oxford; Chairman of the International Law Association (ILA) Committee on Nuclear Weapons, Non-Proliferation and Contemporary International Law. Dieter Fleck is Former Director International Agreements & Policy, Federal Ministry of Defence, Germany; Member of the Advisory Board of the Amsterdam Center for International Law (ACIL); Honorary President, International Society for Military Law and the Law of War; Rapporteur of the ILA Committee on Nuclear Weapons, Non-Prolife ration and Contemporary International Law.

This work, perhaps for the first time, provides a description of the great variety of proposals at EEC level for the reform and harmonisation of intellectual property law. It addresses patents, copyright and neighbouring rights, trade marks, biotechnology, semiconductor chips, topography right, industrial designs and plant breeders' rights. Save as required for the purpose of shedding light on the EEC proposals, it does not attempt to examine member states' national laws. In the case of industrial designs, where no harmonisation has yet been proposed, a very brief survey of national jurisdictions is presented. There is a useful appendix of documents, a bibliography and index. This practical handbook will prove invaluable to practitioners, both in the IP field and non-specialists, seeking up-to-date information on European developments, including solicitors, barristers, patent agents and trade mark agents in private practice, commerce and industry throughout the EEC and in Member States' major trading partners.

This book introduces readers to the main principles of Turkish contract law, and particularly analyzes the general provisions of the Turkish Code of Obligations. Moreover, in order to illuminate certain key subjects, it discusses selected provisions of the Turkish Civil Code, the Turkish Commercial Code and the Turkish Bankruptcy and Enforcement Law. Intended to provide a comprehensive and clear overview of Turkish contract law, the book seeks to avoid contentious arguments and explains the subjects with the help of simple examples.

This greatly updated and expanded version of a 1996 classic - in its time, the first major study on the practice of international business dispute resolution - is a new book in itself. Benefitting from a comprehensive empirical survey of new trends in the field, and from discussions of the newest tools for making settlement negotiations more effectie, the second edition is a "must have" resource for anyone dealing with a potential conflict in international business relationships. The authors' analysis is rooted in the experience of over 100 top practitioners from 17 countries, distilling the conduct of over 3000 international commercial arbitrations and mediations. The book's in-depth coverage includes such key considerations as the following: process, legal framework, and transaction costs of international commercial arbitrations; practical techniques to integrate mediation and arbitration in international business; conflict and negotiation theory as a conceptual basis for mediation and other alternative dispute resolution techniques; guidelines for the design of procedures for effective conflict management in international business; and statements and recommendations of numerous practitioners made during personal interviews. An abundance of illustrative graphs, tables and practical checklists enhances the presentation throughout. As a detailed analysis of how dispute resolution actually works in modern international business - with practical guidance on relevant techniques - this book will be of enormous value to corporate counsel and to international lawyers and business persons, as well as to scholars and students of dispute resolution.

Since the 2003 U.S. led invasion of Iraq, the private military sector has seen the largest growth of profit for decades. As Iraq continues to be the focal point of private military clients, staff and related actors, the recurring issue of legitimacy must be addressed. While many texts focus only on existing or proposed legislation, this book analyses the public perception of private military companies (PMCs) and, of wider significance, how their use by states affects how the general public perceives state legitimacy of monopolizing force. Furthermore, this book provides a timely overview of how the energy sector and PMCs are challenging the established sovereignty of politically fragmented oil states, illustrating how energy firms may become as culpable as states in their partnerships with the private military sector and subsequent political ramifications.

Foreign investors enjoy the protection of a vast network of international investment agreements (IIAs) supplemented by the general rules of international law. Under these treaties, states must accord substantive standards of promotion and protection, in addition to an investor-state arbitration mechanism that allows investors to enforce these standards against host states. In response to disputes arising under the IIA regime, since the early 1990s a significant body of arbitral jurisprudence has come into being. This book is the first to provide a comprehensive explanation of these standards of treatment, taking into account the full weight of relevant jurisprudence as it continues to evolve. Where possible, the authors critically examine applicable principles that can be seen to emerge for international commercial arbitration practitioners.The book focuses on the substantive protections accorded to investors and investments and on the variations among jurisdictions. Among the many specific issues and topics that arise in the course of the discussion are the following:A { problems of transparency and conflict of interest;A { the recent growth in IIAs between and among developing nations;A { the effect of new model bilateral investment treaties (BITs);A { the ability of non-disputing parties to participate in investor-state arbitration;A { theories of the interaction of foreign direct investment (FDI) and BITs;A { investor-state arbitration as an evasion of public regulatory authority;A { the role of investment funds in international investment;A { A fork in the road A| provisions; andA { institutional versus ad hoc arbitration.International business and other investors will greatly appreciate the in-depth information and insightful guidance in this solidly useful book. It will also be welcomed by jurists and students as a significant milestone in the development of principles in a quickly growing field of practice that is still plagued with inconsistencies.

This book examines how law functions in a multitude of facets and dimensions. The contributions shed light on the study of comparative law in legal scholarship, the relevance of comparative law in legal practice, and the importance of comparative law in legal education. The book will particularly appeal to those engaged in the teaching and scholarship of comparative law, and those seeking to uncover the various significant dimensions of the workings of law. The book is organised in three parts. Part I addresses scholarship, with contributors examining comparative legal issues as critique and from a theoretical framework. Part II outlines practice, with contributors discussing the function of comparative law in such comparatively diverse areas as international arbitration, environment, and the rule of law. Part III appraises comparative law in education.

This book offers a vision of economics in which there is no place for universal laws of nature, and even for laws of a more probabilistic character. The author avoids interpreting the practice of economics as something that leads to the formulation of universal laws or laws of nature. Instead, chapters in the book follow the method of contemporary philosophy of science: rather than formulating suggestions for practicing scientists of how they should do research, the text describes and interprets the very practice of scientific research. This approach demonstrates how economists can explain economic phenomena not by subsuming them under general laws, but rather by building models of these phenomena, by referring to causes, or even by investigating what is in the nature of given factors, events, or circumstances to produce.

Based on official records and reports, relevant secondary sources, and observations of members of the Convention's implementary organ, The Convention on the Rights of the Child describes and evaluates the first international human rights treaty to deal specifically with the rights and freedoms of the child. Mower deals first with the significance, origin, and development of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, then describes and analyzes its substantative content, procedures, and mechanisms for the Convention's implementation. He concludes with an examination of the factors that are most likely to determine the rate of progress toward the realization of the convention's goals. Based on official records, relevant secondary sources, and observations of members of the Convention's implementary organ, the book will be of considerable use to scholars and researchers in the fields of human rights and children's welfare.

Preventing Corruption explores the problems involved in the contemporary investigation, enforcement and governance of international corruption, identifying that no one country or culture has a monopoly on corruption, as it ranges across the social spectrum and different cultures. This unique international coverage explores the level of corruption in different public and private sectors of business for individuals and organizations around the world and highlights that some individuals and organizations benefit from corruption regardless of geographical location. It also examines the limits of current anti-corruption strategies, laws and conventions and considers the involvement of western democratic states in corruption, the concept of state capture and the corrupt use of private military organizations in conflict zones around the world.This diverse critical analysis of international corruption includes under-explored areas such as bribery, whistle blowing and the use of private bodies and will be a highly valuable tool for scholars and practitioners alike.

In the law of contracts, the term "internationalization" has come to mean the removal of transactions from any nation's legal standards, system of dispute resolution, or commercial practices. The benefits include avoidance of choice-of-law and venue deadlocks, use of clearly defined terms (sometimes specialized for a particular industry) that have attained general international usage, and escape from the jurisdiction of unacceptable laws, legal systems and courts. The trend has picked up speed in recent years, to the point where many business people want their contracts "internationalized" as a matter of course. This volume focuses on the elements that make a contract "international" in the new sense, and the interrelationships between those elements, rather than on the constantly changing mass of attendant detail. It provides an understanding of the principles that underlie the structure of a sound international commercial contract, and aims to give the practitioner the insight necessary to negotiate such a contract successfully, whatever the particular circumstances. To clarify such an understanding of "internationalization", the author describes and analyzes aspects of the following international contract law regimes: the United Nations convention on contracts for the international sale of goods (CISG); the UNIDROIT principles; CISG and UNIDROIT jurisprudence; the "lex mercatoria" and other international, regional, and national contract law principles; privately established rules, standards and certifications; model contracts, provisions, and standards; and international commercial arbitration regimes and other non-national dispute resolution fora. A final chapter deals exclusively with practical applications - when to and when not to "internationalize" a contract, how to plan for effectiveness and the best advantage, and selecting appropriate and consistent devices for "internationalization".

The book examines the economic crisis in the European Union and its consequences for European integration and the member states. Discussing the provisions introduced by the Treaty of Lisbon, from the effects of macroeconomic monitoring to the restraints produced by the Fiscal Compact, it offers an analysis of the European Union's current situation and the effects of the measures adopted to manage the crisis, also making reference to how Europe is perceived by its citizens. Moreover, the chapters offer thoughts on the European integration process, in particular the effects that the policies adopted to tackle the crisis have had on the economic and financial sovereignty of the member states. This detailed examination of the situation of the EU between the Treaty of Lisbon and the Fiscal Compact is characterized by an original multidisciplinary approach that offers an articulate reflection on the criticalities that affect the actions of both European and national institutions.

This reference work examines the procedure and practice relating to commercial agreements and trade association practices under UK and EC competition laws. It first covers procedure in both the UK and EC, and then provides a detailed comparative analysis of all the major types of commercial agreements and trade association practices in both UK and EC law. Since much of competition law is, in practice, administered by administrative rather than judicial bodies, full treatment is given to the informal administrative solutions applied by the authorities. However, as an increasing amount of competition law is subject to litigation, there is also in-depth analysis of all the major cases. There is also a full discussion of the EC block exemptions and recent developments in UK competition law.

The 2005 UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity is a landmark agreement in modern international law of culture. It reflects the diverse and pluralist understanding of culture, as well as its growing commercial dimension. Thirty diplomats, practitioners and academics explain and assess this important agreement in a commentary style. Article by article, the evolution, concepts, contents and implications of the Convention are analysed in depth and are complemented by valuable recommendations for implementation. In an unprecedented way, the book draws on the first-hand insights of negotiators and on the experience of practitioners in implementation, including international cooperation, and combines this with a good deal of critical academic reflection. It is a valuable guide for those who deal with the Convention and its implementation in governments, diplomacy, international organizations, cultural institutions and non-governmental organizations and will also serve as an important resource for academic work in such fields as international law and international relations.

Providing a desk reference for lawyers and others involved from time to time in the issuance or sale of securities outside their own national jurisdiction, this handbook presents briefly, in uniform summary form, the key elements of securities law and regulations in 20 national jurisdictions and seven US state jurisdictions. It aims to enable a foreign lawyer to gain a general understanding of the legal environment affecting securities, to perceive the types of questions which need to be addressed, to talk intelligently with his or her clients concerning these questions and the need for foreign legal advice and assistance, and to interact effectively with foreign counsel.

This book examines the relationship between regulation and market integration, with a special focus on China. It pursues a Law and Economics and Comparative Law approach (China and EU) to analyze the current obstacles to market integration and domestic economic growth in China. Topics covered at the national level include competition law, public procurement rules and financial regulation. At the regional and local level, this book addresses questions related to administrative monopolies, self-regulation, legal services markets, and environmental law.

The book presents contributions from Brazilian experts on the regulation of different energy sources. Focusing on describing and discussing the fundamental issues related to the legal regulation of each of the sources that compose Brazil's energy matrix, it also analyzes economic and strategic aspects and identifies the main current problems related to the exploration for and production of each energy source. The book offers a clear and detailed overview of energy law and regulation for policymakers, foreign investors and legal professionals dealing with energy projects in Brazil.