Masers and Lasers: An Historical Approach examines the progress of research and practical use of lasers chronologically, covering the fundamental science in detail alongside fascinating biographical sketches of famous physicists and summaries of seminal papers. It supplies helpful drawings of prototype devices, conceptual diagrams to aid in understanding, and remarkable historical photographs. This Second Edition contains new chapters on ultrashort pulse lasers and nonlinear optics, incorporates the latest developments and insights from key scientists, and includes extensive updates on fiber lasers, amplifiers, ultraviolet and X-ray lasers, and plasmonic lasers.

As demonstrated by five Nobel Prizes in physics, radio astronomy has contributed greatly to our understanding of the Universe. Yet for too long, there has been no comprehensive textbook on radio astronomy for undergraduate students. This two-volume set of introductory textbooks is exclusively devoted to radio astronomy, with extensive discussions of telescopes, observation methods, and astrophysical processes that are relevant for this exciting field. The first volume, Fundamentals of Radio Astronomy: Observational Methods, discusses radio astronomy instrumentation and the techniques to conduct successful observations. The second volume, Fundamentals of Radio Astronomy: Astrophysics, discusses the physical processes that give rise to radio emission, presents examples of astronomical objects that emit by these mechanisms, and illustrates how the relevant physical parameters of astronomical sources can be obtained from the radio observations. Requiring no prior knowledge of astronomy, the two volumes are ideal textbooks for radio astronomy courses at the undergraduate or graduate level, particularly those that emphasize radio wavelength instrumentation and observational techniques or the astrophysics of radio sources. The set enables instructors to pick and choose topics from the two volumes that best fit their courses. Features: Explores radio astronomy instruments and techniques that are important to enable observations Describes astrophysical processes that produce the radio emissions observed in different types of astronomical objects Includes numerous worked examples to demonstrate how the methods are used to solve problems, in addition to advanced material for students with more extensive physics and mathematics backgrounds

This book provides a first integrated view of nanophotonics and plasmonics, covering the use of dielectric, semiconductor, and metal nanostructures to manipulate light at the nanometer scale. The presentation highlights similarities and advantages, and shows the common underlying physics, targets, and methodologies used for different materials (optically transparent materials for nanophotonics, vs opaque materials for plasmonics). Ultimately, the goal is to provide a basis for developing a unified platform for both fields. In addition to the fundamentals and detailed theoretical background, the book showcases the main device applications. Ching Eng (Jason) Png is Director of the Electronics and Photonics Department at the Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore. Yuriy A. Akimov is a scientist in the Electronics and Photonics Department at the Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore.

This dedicated overview of optical compressive imaging addresses implementation aspects of the revolutionary theory of compressive sensing (CS) in the field of optical imaging and sensing. It overviews the technological opportunities and challenges involved in optical design and implementation, from basic theory to optical architectures and systems for compressive imaging in various spectral regimes, spectral and hyperspectral imaging, polarimetric sensing, three-dimensional imaging, super-resolution imaging, lens-free, on-chip microscopy, and phase sensing and retrieval. The reader will gain a complete introduction to theory, experiment, and practical use for reducing hardware, shortening image scanning time, and improving image resolution as well as other performance parameters. Optics practitioners and optical system designers, electrical and optical engineers, mathematicians, and signal processing professionals will all find the book a unique trove of information and practical guidance.

Atomic Inferometry and Trapping: Quantum Theory of Particle Trapping by Oscillating Fields; R.J. Glauber. Quantum Measurements on Localized Particles; S. Stenholm. Quantum Measurements: PhaseSensitive BackAction on a Microscopic System; V. Bagini, et al. Cavity QED and Classical Antenna Theory; J.P. Dowling. Quantum Noise Reduction and Squeezing: Progress and Perspectives in Squeezing; E. Giacobino, et al. Time-Dependent Invariants and Nonclassical Light; V.I. Man'ko. Optical Propagation, Communication and Imaging: Direct Space Quantum Optics; I. Abram, E. Cohen. Photonic Band Structure; E. Yablonovitch. Photon Interference and Bell's Theorum: What is Two Photons? J.G. Rarity, P.R. Tapster. Quantum Cryptography and Bell's Theorum; A.K. Ekert. Twentyfive additional articles. Index.

Since the invention of the first working laser in 1960, development of these devices has progressed at an unprecedented rate, to the extent that the laser is now a common part of everyday life, from the semiconductor laser used in CD players and telecommunication systems to the high power eximer lasers used in manufacturing processes. This book traces the history of the laser, from the first theoretical predictions of stimulated emission made in the 1920s, through the experimental development of masers and lasers in the 50s and 60s, to the advanced applications of lasers in the present day. Along the way it tells the fascinating and at times controversial story of the people behind the discoveries. Written in a style suitable for the general public, it will be of interest to those working within the laser community, and to anyone with an interest in the history of science.

In the extensive fields of optics, holography and virtual reality, technology continues to evolve. Displays: Fundamentals and Applications, Second Edition addresses these updates and discusses how real-time computer graphics and vision enable the application and displays of graphical 2D and 3D content. This book explores in detail these technological developments, as well as the shifting techniques behind projection displays, projector-camera systems, stereoscopic and autostereoscopic displays. This new edition contains many updates and additions reflecting the changes in fast developing areas such as holography and near-eye displays for Augmented and Virtual reality applications. Perfect for the student looking to sharpen their developing skill or the master refining their technique, Rolf Hainich and Oliver Bimber help the reader understand the basics of optics, light modulation, visual perception, display technologies, and computer-generated holography. With almost 500 illustrations Displays will help the reader see the field of augmentation and virtual reality display with new eyes. Features: * Covers physics, technology and techniques behind flat-panel as well as projection displays, projector-camera systems, stereoscopic and autostereoscopic displays, computer-generated holography, and near-eye displays * Discusses how real-time computer graphics and computer vision enable the visualization of graphical 2D and 3D content * Augmented by close to 500 rich illustrations, which give readers a clear understanding of existing and emerging display technology

Diffractive Optics and Nanophotonics is devoted to achievements in diffractive optics, focusing on the creation of new nanophotonic components and devices, as well as instrumentation and available information technology. The author describes methods of calculation of diffractive optical elements to solve actual problems of nanophotonics. Coverage includes mathematical methods for calculation of diffraction gratings, calculation of modes of inhomogeneous waveguides, integral methods of calculation of electromagnetic field near the focus, and methods of calculation of diffractive optical elements generating vortex laser beams.

This book cover advances in the study of processes of nonlinear propagation of continuous and pulsed laser radiation in a continuous and micro structured optical media. It details distributed fiber-optical measuring systems, the physical basis of ultra-low laser cooling of atoms, and studies of optical and nonlinear optical properties of nanostructured heterogeneous systems.

Thin-film coatings are universal on optical components such as displays, lenses, mirrors, cameras, and windows and serve a variety of functions such as antireflection, high reflection, and spectral filtering. Designs can be as simple as a single-layer dielectric for antireflection effects or very complex with hundreds of layers for producing elaborate spectral filtering effects. Starting from basic principles of electromagnetics, design techniques are progressively introduced toward more intricate optical filter designs, numerical optimization techniques, and production methods, as well as emerging areas such as phase change materials and metal film optics. Worked examples, Python computer codes, and instructor problem sets are included. Key Features: Starting from the basic principles of electromagnetics, topics are built in a pedagogic manner toward intricate filter designs, numerical optimization and production methods. Discusses thin-film applications and design from simple single-layer effects to complex several-hundred-layer spectral filtering. Includes modern topics such as phase change materials and metal film optics. Includes worked examples, problem sets, and numerical examples with Python codes.

This book is intended as an undergraduate/postgraduate level textbook for courses on high-speed optical networks as well as computer networks. Nine chapters cover the basic principles of the technology and different devices for optical networks, as well as processing of integrated waveguide devices of optical networks using different technologies. It provides students, researchers and practicing engineers with an expert guide to the fundamental concepts, issues and state-of-the-art developments in optical networks. It includes examples throughout all the chapters of the book to aid understanding of basic problems and solutions. Presents basics of the optical network devices and discusses latest developments Includes examples and exercises throughout all the chapters of the book to aid understanding of basic problems and solutions for undergraduate and postgraduate students Discusses different optical network node architectures and their components Includes basic theories and latest developments of hardware devices with their fabrication technologies (such as optical switch, wavelength router, wavelength division multiplexer/demultiplexer and add/drop multiplexer), helpful for researchers to initiate research on this field and to develop research problem-solving capability Reviews fiber-optic networks without WDM and single-hop and multi-hop WDM optical networks P. P. Sahu received his M.Tech. degree from the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi and his Ph.D. degree in engineering from Jadavpur University, India. In 1991, he joined Haryana State Electronics Development Corporation Limited, where he has been engaged in R&D works related to optical fiber components and telecommunication instruments. In 1996, he joined Northeastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology as a faculty member. At present, he is working as a professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Tezpur Central University, India. His field of interest is integrated optic and electronic circuits, wireless and optical communication, clinical instrumentation, green energy, etc. He has received an INSA teacher award (instituted by the highest academic body Indian National Science Academy) for high level of teaching and research. He has published more than 90 papers in peer-reviewed international journals, 60 papers in international conference, and has written five books published by Springer Nature, McGraw-Hill. Dr Sahu is a Fellow of the Optical Society of India, Life Member of Indian Society for Technical Education and Senior Member of the IEEE.

This book is intended as a graduate/post graduate level textbook for courses on high-speed optical networks as well as computer networks. The ten chapters cover basic principles of the technology as well as latest developments and further discuss network security, survivability, and reliability of optical networks and priority schemes used in wavelength routing. This book also goes on to examine Fiber To The Home (FTTH) standards and their deployment and research issues and includes examples in all the chapters to aid the understanding of problems and solutions. Presents advanced concepts of optical network devices Includes examples and exercises inall the chapters of the book to aid the understanding of basic problems and solutions for undergraduate and postgraduate students Discusses optical ring metropolitan area networks and queuing system and its interconnection with other networks Discusses routing and wavelength assignment Examines restoration schemes in the survivability of optical networks

The use of lasers in material processing has become a useful method for transforming industrial materials into finished products. The benefits of laser material processing are vast, including increased precision, high processing speed, and dustless cutting and drilling. Advanced Manufacturing Techniques Using Laser Material Processing explores the latest methodologies for using lasers in materials manufacturing and production, the benefits of using lasers in industrial settings, as well as future outlooks for this technology. This innovative publication is an essential reference source for professionals, researchers, and graduate-level students studying manufacturing technologies and industrial engineering.

Plasma Atomic Physics provides an overview of the elementary processes within atoms and ions in plasmas, and introduces readers to the language of atomic spectra and light emission, allowing them to explore the various and fascinating radiative properties of matter. The book familiarizes readers with the complex quantum-mechanical descriptions of electromagnetic and collisional processes, while also developing a number of effective qualitative models that will allow them to obtain adequately comprehensive descriptions of collisional-radiative processes in dense plasmas, dielectronic satellite emissions and autoionizing states, hollow ion X-ray emissions, polarized atoms and ions, hot electrons, charge exchange, atomic population kinetics, and radiation transport. Numerous applications to plasma spectroscopy and experimental data are presented, which concern magnetic confinement fusion, inertial fusion, laser-produced plasmas, and X-ray free-electron lasers' interaction with matter. Particular highlights include the development of quantum kinetics to a level surpassing the almost exclusively used quasi-classical approach in atomic population kinetics, the introduction of the recently developed Quantum-F-Matrix-Theory (QFMT) to study the impact of plasma microfields on atomic populations, and the Enrico Fermi equivalent photon method to develop the "Plasma Atom", where the response properties and oscillator strength distribution are represented with the help of a local plasma frequency of the atomic electron density. Based on courses held by the authors, this material will assist students and scientists studying the complex processes within atoms and ions in different kinds of plasmas by developing relatively simple but highly effective models. Considerable attention is paid to a number of qualitative models that deliver physical transparency, while extensive tables and formulas promote the practical and useful application of complex theories and provide effective tools for non-specialist readers.

The first comprehensive treatment of long-wavelength laser technology

Because of very strong molecular absorption between 2 mm to 1000 mm, compact semiconductor lasers in this spectral range are ideal components for a wide variety of applications ranging from ultra-sensitive detection of molecules, to the study of fine structures of molecules, to studies of the origin of the universe. However, because of the very rapid progress made in these long-wavelength semiconductor lasers in recent years, no comprehensive information covering the entire field has been available up to this point.

Long-Wavelength Infrared Semiconductor Lasers fills the need for a reference that covers the vast scope of coherent semiconductor sources that emit in this important spectral region. Written by today's foremost experts in the field, the book covers the latest knowledge in the areas of:

• Quantum cascade lasers
• Interband mid-infrared lasers fabricated from InGaAs, antimonides, and lead-salt materials
• Hot-hole lasers
• Photomixers

Researchers, application engineers, graduate students, and others who develop mid- to far-infrared emitters and use them for spectroscopy, astrophysics, environmental monitoring, and process control will find Long-Wavelength Infrared Semiconductor Lasers a necessary resource.

* Focuses only on elastic lidars and directly related topics.
* Evaluates all of the major inversion and analysis methods.
* Covers an emerging field that is generating a lot of interest.

Recently developed organic photovoltaics (OPVs) show distinct advantages over their inorganic counterparts due to their lighter weight, flexible shape, versatile materials synthesis and device fabrication schemes, and low cost in large-scale industrial production. Although many books currently exist on general concepts of PV and inorganic PV materials and devices, few are available that offer a comprehensive overview of recently fast developing organic and polymeric PV materials and devices.

Organic Photovoltaics: Mechanisms, Materials, and Devices fills this gap. The book provides an international perspective on the latest research in this rapidly expanding field with contributions from top experts around the world. It presents a unified approach comprising three sections: General Overviews; Mechanisms and Modeling; and Materials and Devices. Discussions include sunlight capture, exciton diffusion and dissociation, interface properties, charge recombination and migration, and a variety of currently developing OPV materials/devices. The book also includes two forewords: one by Nobel Laureate Dr. Alan J. Heeger, and the other by Drs. Aloysius Hepp and Sheila Bailey of NASA Glenn Research Center.

Organic Photovoltaics equips students, researchers, and engineers with knowledge of the mechanisms, materials, devices, and applications of OPVs necessary to develop cheaper, lighter, and cleaner renewable energy throughout the coming decades.

"Distributed Feedback Laser Diodes and Optical Wavelength Tunable Filters" deals with the advances in optical fibre based communication systems that have played a crucial role in the development of the information highway. By offering a single mode oscillation and narrow spectral output, distributed feedback (DFB) semiconductor laser diodes offer excellent optical light sources as well as optical filters for fibre based communications and dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) systems. This all-inclusive text focuses on the basic working principles of DFB laser diodes and optical filters and detail the development of a new technique for enhanced system performance.

This indispensable textbook is written in a highly informative manner. It combines extensive referencing with a comprehensive glossary of symbols and abbreviations.

It is highly recommended for undergraduate and postgraduate students of electrical and electronic engineering and physics, as it consolidates their knowledge in this rapidly growing field. This book is a technical guide for the structural design of DFB laser diodes and optical filters, and will serve as an invaluable reference for researchers in opto -electronics, and semi conductor device physics.

This volume: Considers the optical waveguiding characteristics and properties of semiconductor materials and the physics of DFB semiconductor lasers. Presents a powerful modelling technique based on the transfer matrix method which can be used to improve the design of laser diodes, optical fibres and amplifiers. Examines the effect of the various corrugation shapes on the coupling coefficients and lasing characteristics of DFB laser diodes. Offerstechnical advice to improve immunity against the spatial hole burning effect.

Visible Light Communications, written by leading researchers, provides a comprehensive overview of theory, stimulation, design, implementation, and applications. The book is divided into two parts - the first devoted to the underlying theoretical concepts of the VLC and the second part covers VLC applications. Visible Light Communications is an emerging topic with multiple functionalities including data communication, indoor localization, 5G wireless communication networks, security, and small cell optimization. This concise book will be of valuable interest from beginners to researchers in the field.

Obtain the Best Estimate of a Strongly Scattering Object from Limited Scattered Field Data Introduction to Imaging from Scattered Fields presents an overview of the challenging problem of determining information about an object from measurements of the field scattered from that object. It covers widely used approaches to recover information about the objects and examines the assumptions made a priori about the object and the consequences of recovering object information from limited numbers of noisy measurements of the scattered fields. The book explores the strengths and weaknesses of using inverse methods for weak scattering. These methods, including Fourier-based signal and image processing techniques, allow more straightforward inverse algorithms to be exploited based on a simple mapping of scattered field data. The authors also discuss their recent approach based on a nonlinear filtering step in the inverse algorithm. They illustrate how to use this algorithm through numerous two-dimensional electromagnetic scattering examples. MATLAB (R) code is provided to help readers quickly apply the approach to a wide variety of inverse scattering problems. In later chapters of the book, the authors focus on important and often forgotten overarching constraints associated with exploiting inverse scattering algorithms. They explain how the number of degrees of freedom associated with any given scattering experiment can be found and how this allows one to specify a minimum number of data that should be measured. They also describe how the prior discrete Fourier transform (PDFT) algorithm helps in estimating the properties of an object from scattered field measurements. The PDFT restores stability and improves estimates of the object even with severely limited data (provided it is sufficient to meet a criterion based on the number of degrees of freedom).

Broadly tunable lasers continue to have a tremendous impact in many and diverse fields of science and technology. From a renaissance in laser spectroscopy to Bose-Einstein condensation, the one nexus is the tunable laser. Tunable Laser Applications describes the physics and architectures of widely applied tunable laser sources. Fully updated and expanded to address important advances in the science and technology, this Third Edition: Contains new chapters on tunable laser microscopy and tunable laser atomic vapor laser isotope separation Offers extended coverage of optical parametric oscillators and their application to atmospheric sensing, biomedicine, defense counter measures, microscopy, and spectroscopy Discusses exciting new applications in astronomy, defense R&D, medicine, and more Featuring fresh contributions from internationally recognized experts-including 100+ new pages and extensive reference listings-Tunable Laser Applications, Third Edition provides a timely account of the most promising tunable laser applications to date.

Graphene is giving new impetus to the electronics industry because its band structure allows its properties to be dramatically altered and modified by chemical or electrochemical doping methods. This book provides a comprehensive source of information about graphene as a phenomenon, its physics and its mechanical and chemical properties in the light of the latest scientific and technological discoveries. The major focus of the book is on military and special applications since that is where the biggest investments are made.

This book discusses light-based science, emphasizing its pervasive influence in science, technology, policy, and education. A wide range of contributors offers a comprehensive study of the tremendous, and indeed foundational, contributions of Ibn al Haytham, a scholar from the medieval period. The analysis then moves into the future development of light-based technology. Written as a multi-disciplinary reference book by leading scholars in the history of science and /or photonics, it covers Ibn al Haytham's optics, LED lighting for sustainable development, global and atomic-scale time with new light sources, advanced technology, and vision science. Cutting-edge optical technologies and their global impact is addressed in detail, and the later chapters also explore challenges with renewable energy, the global impact of photonics, and optical and photonic education technology. Practical examples and illustrations are provided throughout the text.

Tighter regulations of harmful substances such as NOx, CO, heavy metals, particles, emissions from commercial plants and automobiles reflect a growing demand for lowering the anthropogenic burdens on the environment. It is equally important to monitor controlling factors to improve the operation of industrial machinery and plants. Among the many methods for doing this, laser diagnostics stands out. Taking a practical approach, Industrial Applications of Laser Diagnostics discusses how to apply laser diagnostics to engines, gas turbines, thermal and chemical plant systems, and disposal facilities. It also briefly discusses their growing application in biochemical fields. The book introduces the guidelines for industrial applications of laser diagnostics, briefly describes the main components of laser diagnostics systems, and summarizes application codes of laser diagnostics to industrial systems. The author them discusses laser induced fluorescence, laser induced breakdown spectroscopy, spontaneous Raman spectroscopy and CARS, tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy, and time of flight mass spectroscopy. He provides theoretical explanations and complex equations, which are usually main inhibitors, in appendices or indicates them with citations. Although the diagnostics have been well documented in the scientific literature, and the techniques in journals, the applications have not. And usually these books are comprehensible only to those in this field, not researchers from other fields or from industry. Until now. Incorporating a plethora of real life industrial examples and applications, this text underscores the real potential for these techniques in industrial applications.

The combination of laser and optoelectronics with optical fiber technology can enhance the seamless activities of fiber-optic communications and fiber-sensor arena. This book discusses foundations of laser technology, non-linear optics, laser and fiber-optic applications in telecommunication and sensing fields including fundamentals and recent developments in photonics technology. Accumulated chapters cover constituent materials, techniques of measurement of non-linear optical properties of nanomaterials, photonic crystals and pertinent applications in medical, high voltage engineering and, in optical computations and designing logic gates.