The International Conference TSD 2003, the sixth event in the series on Text, Speech, and Dialogue, which originated in 1998, presents state-of-the-art technology and - cent achievements in the ?eld of natural language processing. This year's conference includes invited talks given by top-class researchers (Frederick Jelinek from Johns H- kinsUniversityofBaltimore, SadaokiFuruifromtheUniversityofTechnologyinTokyo, President of ISCA, and Steven Krauwer from the Institute of Linguistics of Utrecht U- versity), plenary and problem-oriented sessions, as well as poster sessions and dem- strations involving 28 functional applications. The conference declares its intent to be an interdisciplinary forum, which intertwines researchinspeechandlanguageprocessingaswellasresearchintheEasternandWestern hemispheres. We feel that the mixture of different approaches and applications gives agreatopportunitytogetacquaintedwiththecurrentactivitiesinallaspectsoflanguage communication and to witness the amazing vitality of research from the former East Block countries. The ?nancial support of ISCA (International Speech Communication Association) enables the wide attendance of researchers from all active regions of the world. This volume contains a collection of all the papers presented at the international conf- ence organized by the Faculty of Applied Sciences of the University of West Bohemia in Pilsen in collaboration with the Faculty of Informatics, Masaryk University in Brno, ? and held in the beautiful city of Ceske Budejo ? vice (South Bohemia, Czech Republic), September 8-12, 2003. Each of the submitted papers was thoroughly reviewed by three membersoftheconferencereviewingteamconsistingofmorethan40world-famouss- cialists in the conference topic areas."

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 5th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, AMTA 2002, held in Tiburon, CA, USA, in October 2002.The 18 revised full technical papers, 3 user studies, and 9 system descriptions presented were carefully reviewed and selected for inclusion in the book. Among the issues addressed are hybrid translation environments, resource-limited MT, statistical word-level alignment, word formation rules, rule learning, web-based MT, translation divergences, example-based MT, data-driven MT, classification, contextual translation, the lexicon building process, commercial MT systems, speeck-to-speech translation, and language checking systems.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Smart Graphics, SG 2003, held in Heidelberg, Germany in July 2003. The 19 revised full papers and 7 poster papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected for presentation. The papers address smart graphics issues from the points of view of computer science, artificial intelligence, cognitive psychology, and fine art. The papers are organized in topical sections on graphical interaction, visualization techniques, virtual characters, and camera planning.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Text, Speech and Dialogue, TSD 2002, held in Brno, Czech Republic, in September 2002.The 65 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 134 submissions. The papers present a wealth of state-of-the-art research and development results in the field of natural language processing with emphasis on text, speech, and spoken language, ranging from theoretical and methodological issues to applications in various fields, such as web information retrieval, the semantic Web, algorithmic learning, dialogue systems, etc.

This third volume documents the results achieved within a priority program on spatial cognition funded by the German Science Foundation (DFG). The 23 revised full papers presented went through two rounds of reviewing and improvement and reflect the increased interdisciplinary cooperation in the area. The papers are organized in topical sections on routes and navigation, human memory and learning, spatial representation, and spatial reasoning.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Third International Conference PorTAL 2002 - Portugal for Natural Language Processing, held in Faro, Portugal, in June 2002.The 23 reviewed regular papers and 11 short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 48 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on pragmatics, discourse, semantics, and the lexicon; interpreting and generating spoken and written language; language-oriented information retrieval, question answering, summarization, and information extraction; language-oriented machine learning; multi-lingual processing, machine translation, and translation aids; natural language interfaces and dialogue systems; tools and resources; and evaluation of systems.

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Applications of Natural Language to Information Systems, NLDB 2002, held in Stockholm, Sweden in June 2002.The 17 revised full papers and 7 revised short papers presented were carefully selected from 42 submissions during two rounds of reviewing and revision. The papers are organized in topical sections on linguistic aspects of modeling, information retrieval, natural language text understanding, knowledge bases, recognition of information in natural language descriptions, and natural language conversational systems.

CICLing2002wasthethirdannualConferenceonIntelligenttextprocessingand Computational Linguistics (hence the name CICLing); see www.CICLing.org. It was intended to provide a balanced view of the cutting edge developments in both theoretical foundations of computational linguistics and practice of natural language text processing with its numerous applications. A feature of CICLing conferences is their wide scope that covers nearly all areas of computational linguistics and all aspects of natural language processing applications. The c- ference is a forum for dialogue between the specialists working in these two areas. This year we were honored by the presence of our invited speakers Ni- lettaCalzolari (Inst. for Computational Linguistics, Italy), Ruslan Mitkov (U.of Wolverhampton, UK), Ivan Sag (Stanford U., USA), Yorick Wilks (U. of She?eld), and Antonio Zampolli (Inst. for Computational Linguistics, Italy). They delivered excellent extended lectures and organized vivid discussions. Of 67 submissions received, after careful reviewing 48 were selected for p- sentation; of them, 35 as full papers and 13 as short papers; by 98 authors from 19countries: Spain (18 authors), Mexico (13), Japan, UK (8each), Israel (7), Germany, Italy, USA (6each), Switzerland (5), Taiwan(4), Ireland (3), A- tralia, China, CzechRep., France, Russia (2each), Bulgaria, Poland, Romania (1 each).

This book is based on the workshop "Information Retrieval Techniques for Speech Applications", held as part of the 24th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval in New Orleans, USA, in September 2001.The book presents 10 papers based on workshop presentations. The topics range from traditional information retrieval techniques over adaptations of these techniques to spoken documents and multimedia collections finally to new applications.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 6th International Colloquium on Grammatical Inference, ICGI 2002, held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands in September 2002.The 28 revised full papers presented together with 7 software descriptions were carefully reviewed and selected from 48 submissions. The papers address issues in machine learning, automata, theoretical computer science, computational linguistics, and grammar systems as well as applications in fields like natural language processing, pattern recognition, computational biology, information retrieval, text processing, and data compression.

The conference series Logical Aspects of Computational Linguistics (LACL) aims at providing a forum for the presentation and discussion of current research in all the formal and logical aspects of computational linguistics. The LACL initiative started with a workshop held in Nancy (France) in 1995. Selected papers from this event have appeared as a special issue of the Journal of Logic Language and Information, Volume 7(4), 1998. In 1996, LACL shifted to the format of an international conference. LACL'96 and '97 were both held in Nancy (France). The proceedings appeared as volumes 1328 and 1582 of the Springer Lecture Notes in Arti cial Intelligence. This volume contains selected papers of the third international conference on Logical Aspects of Computational Linguistics (LACL'98), held in Grenoble, France, from December 14 to 16, 1998. The conference was organized by the U- versity Pierre Mend es-France (Grenoble 2) together with LORIA (Laboratoire Lorrain d'Informatique et Applications, Nancy). On the basis of 33 submitted 4-page abstracts, the Program Committee selected 19 contributions for pres- tation. In addition to the selected papers, the program featured three invited talks, by Maarten de Rijke (ILLC, Amsterdam), Makoto Kanazawa (Chiba U- versity, Japan), and Fernando Pereira (AT&T Labs). After the conference, the contributors were invited to submit a full paper for the conference proceedings.

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Application of Natural Language to Information Systems, NLDB 2000, held in Versailles, France, in June 2000.The 29 revised full papers presented together with two invited papers and seven posters and demonstrations have passed through two rounds of reviewing and selection. The book offers topical sections on linguistics in information design, temporal databases, word-sense disambiguation, semantic relationships in databases, semantic and contextual document retrieval, natural language generation for answering email and OLAP, NLP techniques for information retrieval, Web information retrieval, technical databases, users and interactions in Web querying, and conceptual patterns.

Parsing technologies are concerned with the automatic decomposition of complex structures into their constituent parts, with structures in formal or natural languages as their main, but certainly not their only, domain of application. The focus of Recent Advances in Parsing Technology is on parsing technologies for linguistic structures, but it also contains chapters concerned with parsing two or more dimensional languages. New and improved parsing technologies are important not only for achieving better performance in terms of efficiency, robustness, coverage, etc., but also because the developments in areas related to natural language processing give rise to new requirements on parsing technologies. Ongoing research in the areas of formal and computational linguistics and artificial intelligence lead to new formalisms for the representation of linguistic knowledge, and these formalisms and their application in such areas as machine translation and language-based interfaces call for new, effective approaches to parsing. Moreover, advances in speech technology and multimedia applications cause an increasing demand for parsing technologies where language, speech, and other modalities are fully integrated. Recent Advances in Parsing Technology presents an overview of recent developments in this area with an emphasis on new approaches for parsing modern, constraint-based formalisms on stochastic approaches to parsing, and on aspects of integrating syntactic parsing in further processing.

CICLing 2001 is the second annual Conference on Intelligent text processing and Computational Linguistics (hence the name CICLing), see www.CICLing.org. It is intended to provide a balanced view of the cutting edge developments in both theoretical foundations of computational linguistics and practice of natural language text processing with its numerous applications. A feature of the CICLing conferences is their wide scope that covers nearly all areas of computational linguistics and all aspects of natural language processing applications. The conference is a forum for dialogue between the specialists working in these two areas. This year our invited speakers were Graeme Hirst (U. Toronto, Canada), Sylvain Kahane (U. Paris 7, France), and Ruslan Mitkov (U. Wolverhampton, UK). They delivered excellent extended lectures and organized vivid discussions. A total of 72 submissions were received, all but very few of surprisingly high quality. After careful reviewing, the Program Committee selected for presentation 53 of them, 41 as full papers and 12 as short papers, by 98 authors from 19 countries: Spain (19 authors), Japan (15), USA (12), France, Mexico (9 each), Sweden (6), Canada, China, Germany, Italy, Malaysia, Russia, United Arab Emirates (3 each), Argentina (2), Bulgaria, The Netherlands, Ukraine, UK, and Uruguay (1 each).

A feature is a small modification or extension of a system which can be seen as having a self-contained functional role, such as Call Forwarding, Automatic Call back and Voice Mail in telephone services, to which users can subscribe. Feature interaction happens when one feature modifies or subverts the operation of another, and this problem has received a great deal of attention from industry and academics, especially in the field of telecommunications, where new services are constantly being developed and deployed. This volume contains refereed papers resulting from the ESPRIT FIREworks working group. The papers focus on the language constructs which have been developed describing features, and advocate a feature-oriented approach to software design including requirements specification languages and verifications logics.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Text, Speech and Dialogue, TSD 2001, held in Zelezna Ruda, Czech Republic in September 2001.
The 59 revised papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 117 submissions. The book presents a wealth of state-of-the-art research and development results from the field of natural language processing with emphasis on text, speech, and spoken language.

Thisvolumecontainstheproceedingsofthe4thInternationalConferenceonL- icalAspectsofComputationalLinguistics, heldJune27 29,2001inLeCroisic, France. TheLACLconferencesaimtoprovideaforumforthepresentationand discussionofcurrentresearchinalltheformalandlogicalaspectsofcompu- tionallinguistics. Theprogramcommitteeselected16papersfromsubmissionsofoverallhigh quality. Thepaperscoverawiderangeoftopics, includingcategorialgrammars, dependency grammars, formal languagetheory, grammaticalinference, hyp- intensionalsemantics, minimalism, andtype-logicalsemantics, byauthorsfrom Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, TheNetherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, UnitedKingdom, andUSA. M. Moortgat (Universiteit Utrecht), G. K. Pullum (University of Calif- nia, Santa Cruz), and M. Steedman (University of Edinburgh) presented - vitedtalks, on StructuralEquationsinLanguageLearning, OntheDisti- tion between Model-Theoretic and Generative-Enumerative Syntactic Fra- works, and ReconcilingType-LogicalandCombinatoryExtensionsofCate- rialGrammar respectively. Wewouldliketothankallthepeoplewhomadethis4thLACLpossible: the programcommittee, theexternalreviewers, theorganizationcommittee, andthe LACLsponsors. April2001 PhilippedeGroote &GlynMorrill Organization ProgramCommittee W. Buszkowski(Poznan) M. Kanazawa(Tokyo) R. Crouch, (PaloAlto) G. Morrill, co-chair(Barcelona) A. Dikovsky(Nantes) R. Muskens(Tilburg) M. Dymetman(Grenoble) F. Pfenning(Pittsburgh) C. Gardent(Nancy) B. Rounds, (AnnArbor) Ph. deGroote, co-chair(Nancy) E. Stabler(LosAngeles) OrganizingCommittee B. Daille(Nantes) C. Piliere, publicitychair(Nancy) A. Dikovsky(Nantes) C. Retore, chair(Rennes) A. Foret(Rennes) P. Sebillot(Rennes) E. Lebret(Rennes) AdditionalReferees J. -M. Andreoli T. HollowayKing J. Marciniec P. Blackburn M. Kandulski J. -Y. Marion C. Brun F. Lamarche G. Perrier TableofContents InvitedTalks StructuralEquationsinLanguageLearning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 MichaelMoortgat OntheDistinctionbetweenModel-TheoreticandGenerative-Enumerative SyntacticFrameworks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Geo?reyK. Pullum, BarbaraC. Scholz ContributedPapers AFormalDe?nitionofBottom-UpEmbeddedPush-DownAutomataand TheirTabulationTechnique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 MiguelA. Alonso, EricdelaClergerie, ManuelVilares AnAlgebraicApproachtoFrenchSentenceStructure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 DanieleBargelli, JoachimLambek DeductiveParsingofVisualLanguages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 PaoloBottoni, BerndMeyer, KimMarriott, FrancescoParisiPresicce LambekGrammarsBasedonPregroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 WojciechBuszkowski AnAlgebraicAnalysisofCliticPronounsinItalian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 ClaudiaCasadio, JoachimLambek Consistent Identi?cation in the Limit of Any of the Classes k-Valued Is NP-hard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 ChristopheCostaFlor encio PolarizedNon-projectiveDependencyGrammars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 AlexanderDikovsky OnMixingDeductionandSubstitutioninLambekCategorialGrammars. . 158 AnnieForet A Framework for the Hyperintensional Semantics of Natural Language withTwoImplementations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 ChrisFox, ShalomLappin ACharacterizationofMinimalistLanguages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 HenkHarkema VIII TableofContents PartofSpeechTaggingfromaLogicalPointofView. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Torbjorn ] Lager, JoakimNivre TransformingLinearContext FreeRewritingSystemsintoMinimalist Grammars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 JensMichaelis RecognizingHeadMovement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 EdwardP. Stabler CombinatorsforParaconsistentAttitudes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 JorgenVilladsen Combining Syntax and Pragmatic Knowledge for the Understanding of SpontaneousSpokenSentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 JeanneVillaneau, Jean-YvesAntoine, OlivierRidoux AtomicityofSomeCategoriallyPolyvalentModi?ers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 R. Zuber AuthorIndex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Structural Equations in Language Learning Michael Moortgat UtrechtInstituteofLinguistics OTS Trans10,3512JKUtrecht, TheNetherlands Michael. Moortgat@let. uu. nl Abstract. Incategorialsystemswitha?xedstructuralcomponent, the learningproblemcomesdownto?ndingthesolutionforasetofty- assignmentequations. Ahard-wiredstructuralcomponentisproblematic ifonewanttoaddressissuesofstructuralvariation. Ourstartingpointis atype-logicalarchitecturewithseparatemodulesforthelogicalandthe structural components of the computati

This volume contains the papers prepared for the 2nd International Conference on Natural Language Processing, held 2-4 June in Patras, Greece. The conference program features invited talks and submitted papers, c- ering a wide range of NLP areas: text segmentation, morphological analysis, lexical knowledge acquisition and representation, grammar formalism and s- tacticparsing, discourse analysis, languagegeneration, man-machineinteraction, machine translation, word sense disambiguation, and information extraction. The program committee received 71 abstracts, of which unfortunately no more than 50% could be accepted. Every paper was reviewed by at least two reviewers. The fairness of the reviewing process is demonstrated by the broad spread of institutions and countries represented in the accepted papers. So many have contributed to the success of the conference. The primary credit, ofcourse, goes to theauthors andto the invitedspeakers. By theirpapers and their inspired talks they established the quality of the conference. Secondly, thanks should go to the referees and to the program committee members who did a thorough and conscientious job. It was not easy to select the papers to be presented. Last, but not least, my special thanks to the organizing committee for making this conference happ

Intelligent agents are one of the most important developments in computer science in the 1990s. Agents are of interest in many important application areas, ranging from human-computer interaction to industrial process control. The ATAL workshop series aims to bring together researchers interested in the core aspects of agent technology. Speci?cally, ATAL addresses issues such as th- ries of agency, software architectures for intelligent agents, methodologies and programming languages for realizing agents, and software tools for developing and evaluating agent systems. One of the strengths of the ATAL workshop series is its emphasis on the synergies between theories, infrastructures, architectures, methodologies, formal methods, and languages. This year's workshop continued the ATAL trend of attracting a large n- ber of high-quality submissions. In more detail, 75 papers were submitted to the ATAL-99 workshop, from 19 countries. After stringent reviewing, 22 papers wereacceptedforpresentationattheworkshop.Aftertheworkshop, thesepapers were revised on the basis of comments received both from the original reviewers and from discussions at the workshop itself. This volume contains these revised papers.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 13th International Tbilisi Symposium on Logic, Language and Computation, TbiLLC 2019, held in Batumi, Georgia, in September 2019. The volume contains 17 full revised papers presented at the conference from 17 submissions. The scientific program consisted of tutorials, invited lectures, contributed talks, and two workshops. The symposium offered two tutorials in language and logic and aimed at students as well as researchers working in the other areas: * Language: Sign language linguistics. State of the art, by Fabian Bross (University of Stuttgart, Germany) * Logic: Axiomatic Semantics, by Graham E. Leigh (University of Gothenburg, Sweden)

The need to improve communication between humans and computers has been instrumental in de ning new modalities of communication, and new ways of interacting with machines. Gestures can convey information for which other modalities are not e cient or suitable. In natural and user-friendly interaction, gesturescanbeused, asasinglemodality, orcombinedinmultimodalinteraction schemes which involvespeech, or textual media. Speci cation methodologiescan be developed to design advanced interaction processes in order to de ne what kind of gestures are used, which meaning they convey, and what the paradigms of interaction are. Research centred on gesture interaction has recently provided signi cant technologicalimprovements, in particular: gesture capture and tra- ing (from video streams or other input devices), motion recognition, motion generation, and animation. In addition, active research in the elds of signal processing, pattern recognition, arti cial intelligence, and linguistics is relevant to the areas covered by the multidisciplinary research on gesture as a means of communication. Resulting fromathree-dayinternationalworkshopin Gif-sur-Yvette, France, with 80 participants from ten countries all over the world, this book presents contributions on gesture under the focus of human-computer communication. The workshop was run by Universit e Paris Sud, Orsay, on the lines of GW'96 at York University, UK, and GW'97 at Bielefeld University, Germany. Its purpose was to bring together scientists from researchand industrial organisationswo- ing on all aspects of gesture modelling and interaction. The book is organised in sixsections, coveringhumanperceptionandproductionofgesture, gestureloc- isation and movement segmentation, vision-based recognition and sign language recognition, gesture synthesis and animation, and multimodality.

Human language capabilities are based on mental proceduresthat are closely linked to the time domain. Listening, understanding, and reacting, on the one hand, as well as planning, formulating, and speaking, onthe other, are performedin a highlyover lapping manner, thus allowing inter human communication to proceed in a smooth and ?uent way. Although it happens to be the natural mode of human language interaction, in cremental processing is still far from becoming a common feature of today's lan guage technology. Instead, it will certainly remain one of the big challenges for research activities in the years to come. Usually considered dif?cult to a degree that rendersit almost intractableforpracticalpurposes, incrementallanguageprocessing has recently been attracting a steadily growing interest in the spoken language pro cessing community. Its notorious dif?culty can be attributed mainly to two reasons: Due to the inaccessibility of the right context, global optimization criteria are no longer available. This loss must be compensated for by communicating larger search spaces between system components or by introducing appropriate repair mechanisms. In any case, the complexity of the task can easily grow by an order of magnitude or even more. Incrementality is an almost useless feature as long as it remains a local property of individual system components. The advantages of incremental processing can be effectiveonly if all the componentsof a producer consumerchain consistently adhere to the same pattern of temporal behavior.

Machine translation (MT) is the area of computer science and applied linguistics dealing with the translation of human languages such as English and German. MT on the Internet has become an important tool by providing fast, economical and useful translations. With globalisation and expanding trade, demand for translation is set to grow.Translation Engines covers theoretical and practical aspects of MT, both classic and new, including: - Character sets and formatting languages - Translation memory - Linguistic and computational foundations - Basic computational linguistic techniques - Transfer and interlingua MT - Evaluation Software accompanies the text, providing readers with hands on experience of the main algorithms.

This book contains the collection of papers presented at the Second Workshop on Text, Speech and Dialogue - TSD'99 held in Plzen and Mari ansk eLazn e (Czech Republic) on 13{17 September 1999. The general objective of the workshop was to present state{of{the{art technology and recent achievements in the eld of natural language processing. A total of 57 papers and 19 posters contributed by 128 authors (63 from Central Europe, 11 from Eastern Europe, 33 from Western Europe, 2 from Africa, 13 from America, and 6 from Asia) were included in the workshop proceedings. The workshop is an interdisciplinary forum, which brings together research in speech and language processing as well as research in the Eastern and Western hemisphere. We feel that the mixture of di erent approaches and applications gives all of us a great opportunity to bene t and learn from each other. We would like to gratefully thank the invited speakers and the authors of the papers for their valuable contributions, the Medav GmbH (Uttenreuth, GER) and the SpeechWorks (Boston, USA) for their nancial support, and Prof. V- tracky for greeting the workshop on behalf of the University of West Bohemia.

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-proceedings of the Second International Conference on Logical Aspects of Computational Linguistics, LACL '97, held in Nancy, France in September 1997.
The 10 revised full papers presented were carefully selected during two rounds of reviewing. Also included are two comprehensive invited papers. Among the topics covered are type theory, various types of grammars, linear logic, parsing, type-directed natural language processing, proof-theoretic aspects, concatenation logics, and mathematical languages.