Viscosimetry is to this day an easy accessible, but at the same time significant an alytical method for the characterization of polymers in solution. It is therefore widely used in the technical chemistry and chemical engineering like pharmaceu tical, medical, polymer processing and food industries as weIl as in research insti tutes and universities. Viscosimetry allows for a fast and low-priced determination of relevant parameters such as solution structure, volume fraction, coil dimensions, molar mass, viscosity or thermodynamical properties of a polymer in solution. The importance of viscosimetry as an independent area in the field of polymer analytics becomes clear through the Nobel prices awarded for two works in this area. The name of the 1953 honored Prof. Hermann Staudinger for his proof of the existence of polymers is still used in viscosimetry in the intrinsic viscosity (German: "Staudingerindex") (see "Intrinsic viscosimetry" in Chap. 4). In 1974, Prof. Paul J. Flory was honored with the Nobel price for his groundbreaking works on the conformation of polymers in solution and his name is conserved for pos terity in the Flory constant (see "The Fox-Flory theory" in Chap. 8)."

P. S. HOPE and M. J. FOLKES Mixing two or more polymers together to produce blends or alloys is a well-established strategy for achieving a specified portfolio of physical proper ties, without the need to synthesise specialised polymer systems. The subject is vast and has been the focus of much work, both theoretical and experimental. Much ofthe earlier work in this field was necessarily empirical and many ofthe blends produced were of academic rather than commercial interest. The manner in which two (or more) polymers are compounded together is of vital importance in controlling the properties of blends. Moreover, particular ly through detailed rheological studies, it is becoming apparent that process ing can provide a wide range of blend microstructures. In an extreme, this is exemplified by the in situ formation of fibres resulting from the imposition of predetermined flow fields on blends, when in the solution or melt state. The microstructures produced in this case transform the blend into a true fibre composite; this parallels earlier work on the deformation of metal alloys. This type of processing-structure-property correlation opens up many new possi bilities for innovative applications; for example, the production of stiff fibre composites and blends having anisotropic transport properties, such as novel membranes. This book serves a dual purpose."

Mobility Gradient of Polystyrene in Films Supported on Solid Substrates, by Yoshihisa Fujii, Hiroshi Morita, Atsushi Takahara and Keiji Tanaka Probing Properties of Polymers in Thin Films Via Dewetting, by Gunter Reiter Heterogeneous and Aging Dynamics in Single and Stacked Thin Polymer Films, by Koji Fukao, Takehide Terasawa, Kenji Nakamura, Daisuke Tahara Heterogeneous Dynamics of Polymer Thin Films as Studied by Neutron Scattering, by Rintaro Inoue and Toshiji Kanaya

This volume covers various aspects of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE). The contents include manufacture, morphology, structure, properties, applications, early stage development, cross-linking techniques, recycling process, physical and chemical properties as well as the scope and future aspects of XLPE. It focuses on the life cycle analysis of XLPE and their industrial applications and commercial importance. This book will be of use to academic and industry researchers, as well as graduate students working in the fields of polymer science and engineering, materials science, and chemical engineering.

Fisheries genetics researchers will find invaluable the thirty-eight peer-reviewed contributions in this book, presented at the 20th Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposium "Genetics of Subpolar Fish and Invertebrates," held in May 2002 in Juneau, Alaska. Looming over concerns of lost fisheries stocks and persistent erosion of genetic variability are predictions of global warming, which may further tax genetic resources. One consequence is an increased reliance on genetic applications to many aspects of fisheries management, aquaculture, and conservation. The contributions in this book are important to modern fisheries science and genetics, and illustrate the evolution of the field over the past decade. The improved technology provides tools to address increasingly complicated problems in traditional applications and ecological and behavioral studies. The union between molecular and quantitative genetics, where many of the major questions about population structure and evolution remain unanswered, will also benefit from the new technologies.

Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage of progress in the major areas of chemical research. Written by experts in their specialist fields the series creates a unique service for the active research chemist, supplying regular critical in-depth accounts of progress in particular areas of chemistry. For over 80 years the Royal Society of Chemistry and its predecessor, the Chemical Society, have been publishing reports charting developments in chemistry, which originally took the form of Annual Reports. However, by 1967 the whole spectrum of chemistry could no longer be contained within one volume and the series Specialist Periodical Reports was born. The Annual Reports themselves still existed but were divided into two, and subsequently three, volumes covering Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry. For more general coverage of the highlights in chemistry they remain a 'must'. Since that time the SPR series has altered according to the fluctuating degree of activity in various fields of chemistry. Some titles have remained unchanged, while others have altered their emphasis along with their titles; some have been combined under a new name whereas others have had to be discontinued. The current list of Specialist Periodical Reports can be seen on the inside flap of this volume.

Emerging Mass Spectrometric Tools for Analysis of Polymers and Polymer Additives, by Nina Aminlashgari and Minna Hakkarainen. Analysis of Polymer Additives and Impurities by Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and Capillary Electrophoresis/Mass Spectrometry, by Wolfgang Buchberger and Martin Stiftinger. Direct Insertion Probe Mass Spectrometry of Polymers, by Jale Hacaloglu Mass Spectrometric Characterization of Oligo- and Polysaccharides and Their Derivatives, by Petra Mischnick. Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry for Molecular Level Understanding of Polymer Degradation, by Minna Hakkarainen.

Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage of progress in the major areas of chemical research. Written by experts in their specialist fields the series creates a unique service for the active research chemist, supplying regular critical in-depth accounts of progress in particular areas of chemistry. For over 90 years The Royal Society of Chemistry and its predecessor, the Chemical Society, have been publishing reports charting developments in chemistry, which originally took the form of Annual Reports. However, by 1967 the whole spectrum of chemistry could no longer be contained within one volume and the series Specialist Periodical Reports was born. The Annual Reports themselves still existed but were divided into two, and subsequently three, volumes covering Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry. For more general coverage of the highlights in chemistry they remain a 'must'. Since that time the SPR series has altered according to the fluctuating degree of activity in various fields of chemistry. Some titles have remained unchanged, while others have altered their emphasis along with their titles; some have been combined under a new name whereas others have had to be discontinued. The current list of Specialist Periodical Reports can be seen on the inside flap of this volume.

1. F.H. Kohnke, J. Mathias, J.F. Stoddart: Substrate-Directed Synthesis: The Rapid Assembly of Novel Macropolycyclic Structures via Stereoregular Diels-Alder Oligomerizations 2. S.C. Zimmerman: Rigid Molecular Tweezers as Hosts for the Complexation of Neutral Guests 3. A. Collet, J.-P. Dutasta, B. Lozach, J. Canceill: Cyclotriveratrylenes and Cryptophanes: Their Synthesis and Applications to Host-Guest Chemistry and to the Design of New Materials 4. J.-C. Chambron, Ch.D. Dietrich-Buchecker, S. Misumi: From Classical Chirality to Topologically Chiral Catenands and Knots 5. S. Misumi: Recognitory Coloration of Cations with Chromoacerands 6. D.A. Tomalia, H.D. Durst: Genealogically Directed Synthesis: Starburst/Cascade Dendrimers and Hyperbranched Structures

This book introduces the reader to latex, which is a colloidal dispersion of polymer particles in water, and explains how useful products are made from it.

The primary focus is the process by which wet latex can be transformed into coatings, adhesives, and composites in the process known as film formation. The book reviews the main experimental techniques used to study the film formation process. It then presents the fundamental concepts for each of the three main stages of the process: evaporation of water, particle deformation, and polymer diffusion. The latest experimental observations are presented along with theoretical descriptions and models. Later chapters consider the effects of surfactant on film properties and describe films made from nanocomposite particles and from blends of latex with nanoparticles, such as clays or carbon nanotubes. The book concludes with a chapter considering the remaining technical challenges and highlighting a few exciting future directions. Throughout the presentation, fundamental concepts are emphasised. Relevant models are explained in an accessible way that does not assume prior knowledge.

This book will serve as a state-of-the art reference for scientists working in industrial R&D and also for researchers in diverse academic subjects, including chemistry, physics, engineering, and materials science.

The excitement of the chemistry of organofluorine compounds stems from the unique reactions that arise and the "special effects" that introduction of fluorine impart on a molecule. Indeed, these effects are now exploited in a remarkable array of applications the whole of the chemical, pharmaceutical, and plant-protection industries. In this two-volume set, we have gathered authors with immense experience in various aspects of their fields and each is a world-authority on the important topics which they have described. The first volume treats the chemistry of fluorinated alkenes, which are important "building-blocks" for the synthesis of a range of fluorinated systems and are used widely in industry. The second volume is directed to techniques and synthons for obtaining fluorinated compounds.

The current state of the art of several aspects of minerals and petroleum is presented in this volume. It documents the proceedings of the Internationl symposium on Particle Technology and Surface Phenomena in Minerals and Petroleum sponsored by the Fine Particle Society (FPS). This meeting was held in San Diego, California, August 21-25, 1990. The symposium upon which this volume is based was organized in five sessions emphasizing various basic and applied aspects of research on minerals and petroleum technology. Major topics discussed involve surface phenomena in minerals, mineral flotation, characterization of aspaltenes, theoretical aspects of reservoir simulation, porosity, permeability, residual water saturation, hydrocarbon and gas potential in north slope Alaska, polymer/alkaline flooding, surfactant flooding and foam flooding for enhanced oil recovery. This edition includes eighteen selected papers presented in the symposium. These papers are divided in four broad categories: (1) Asphaltene Aggregation and Characterization, (2) Theoretical Aspects and Reservoir Characterization, (3) Colloidal Dispersions in Minerals/Petroleum, and (4) Surface Phenomena and Petroleum Recovery. Several mineral and oil recovery processes using various chemicals with special reference to surface phenomena and particle technology are described in these sections.

This treatise is a compendium of refereed papers based on invited talks presented at the American Chemical Society Symposium on Electrorheological (ER) Materials and Fluids. ER fluids were first investigated 50+ years ago. These fluids, which change rheology when placed in an electric field, were recognized, from the beginning, for allowing an extremely efficient interface between electrical control and mechanical devices. Critical problems, however, existed with the initial fluids, which prevented them from serious consideration for large-scale applications. While over time some of the critical problems have been solved and activity in ER technology has increased, commercial success has remained elusive. A recent Department of Energy report concluded that a primary reason for the failure to commercialize this promising technology is due to a lack in understanding the physics and chemistry of how the materials work. The goal of the symposium was to address the issue of understanding how ER materials work and how they can be used. One of the outcomes of the symposium, which we hope is conveyed in this book, is a feeling that if the mechanism of ER is to be fully understood and improved, expertise from diverse fields must be applied to the problem.

Brett M. Rambo ? Eric S. Silver ? Christopher W. Bielawski ? Jonathan L. Sessler Covalent Polymers Containing Discrete Heterocyclic Anion Receptors Philip A. Gale ? Chang-Hee Lee Calix n]pyrroles as Anion and Ion-Pair Complexants Wim Dehaen Calix n]phyrins: Synthesis and Anion Recognition Hiromitsu Maeda Acyclic Oligopyrrolic Anion Receptors Jeffery T. Davis Anion Binding and Transport by Prodigiosin and Its Analogs Hemraj Juwarker ? Jae-min Suk ? Kyu-Sung Jeong Indoles and Related Heterocycles Pavel Anzenbacher Jr. Pyrrole-Based Anion Sensors, Part I: Colorimetric Sensors Pavel Anzenbacher Jr. Pyrrole-Based Anion Sensors, Part II: Fluorescence, Luminescence, and Electrochemical Sensors Ermitas Alcalde ? Immaculada Dinares ? Neus Mesquida Imidazolium-Based Receptors Nathan L. Kilah ? Paul D. Beer Pyridine and Pyridinium-Based Anion Receptors Kevin P. McDonald ? Yuran Hua ? Amar H. Flood 1,2,3-Triazoles and the Expanding Utility of Charge Neutral CHlllAnion Interactions

Organometallic chemistry is an interdisciplinary science which continues to grow at a rapid pace. Although there is continued interest in synthetic and structural studies the last decade has seen a growing interest in the potential of organometallic chemistry to provide answers to problems in catalysis synthetic organic chemistry and also in the development of new materials. This Specialist Periodical Report aims to reflect these current interests reviewing progress in theoretical organometallic chemistry, main group chemistry, the lanthanides and all aspects of transition metal chemistry. Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage of progress in the major areas of chemical research. Written by experts in their specialist fields the series creates a unique service for the active research chemist, supplying regular critical in-depth accounts of progress in particular areas of chemistry. For over 80 years the Royal Society of Chemistry and its predecessor, the Chemical Society, have been publishing reports charting developments in chemistry, which originally took the form of Annual Reports. However, by 1967 the whole spectrum of chemistry could no longer be contained within one volume and the series Specialist Periodical Reports was born. The Annual Reports themselves still existed but were divided into two, and subsequently three, volumes covering Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry. For more general coverage of the highlights in chemistry they remain a 'must'. Since that time the SPR series has altered according to the fluctuating degree of activity in various fields of chemistry. Some titles have remained unchanged, while others have altered their emphasis along with their titles; some have been combined under a new name whereas others have had to be discontinued. The current list of Specialist Periodical Reports can be seen on the inside flap of this volume.

Light scattering is a very powerful method to characterize the structure of polymers and nanoparticles in solution. Recent technical developments have strongly enhanced the possible applications of this technique, overcoming previous limitations like sample turbidity or insufficient experimental time scales. However, despite their importance, these new developments have not yet been presented in a comprehensive form. In addition, and maybe even more important to the broad audience, there lacks a simple-to-read textbook for students and non-experts interested in the basic principles and fundamental techniques of light scattering. As part of the Springer Laboratory series, this book tries not only to provide such a simple-to-read and illustrative textbook about the seemingly very complicated topic of light scattering from polymers and nanoparticles in dilute solution, but also intends to cover some of the newest technical developments in experimental light scattering.

Non-Newtonian properties on bubble dynamics and cavitation are fundamentally different from those of Newtonian fluids. The most significant effect arises from the dramatic increase in viscosity of polymer solutions in an extensional flow, such as that generated about a spherical bubble during its growth or collapse phase. In addition, many biological fluids, such as blood, synovial fluid, and saliva, have non-Newtonian properties and can display significant viscoelastic behaviour. This monograph elucidates general aspects of bubble dynamics and cavitation in non-Newtonian fluids and applies them to the fields of biomedicine and bioengineering. In addition it presents many examples from the process industries. The field is strongly interdisciplinary and the numerous disciplines involve have and will continue to overlook and reinvent each others' work. This book helps researchers to think intuitively about the diverse physics of these systems, to attempt to bridge the various communities involved, and to convey the interest, elegance, and variety of physical phenomena that manifest themselves on the micrometer and microsecond scales.

Keeping up with the advances in modern heterocyclic chemistry is essential for many of our colleagues in academia and industry. It is the aim of this series on "Stereoselective Heterocyclic Synthesis" to assist the chemical community in this respect by presenting a selection of exciting recent developments. As it was for the first two volumes (1997), the stereoselective synthesis of - or with the aid of - heterocycles is the common motif for all the chapters in this third volume. I am very glad that again leading researchers in this area have contrib- ed highly stimulating accounts with up-to-date coverage. "Stereoselective Heterocyclic Synthesis 111" features chapters on "Stereoselective Intramolecular J,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions" by I. N. N. Nambothiiri and A. Hassner giving an in depth survey of the generation and synthetic application of valuable 1,3-dipoles,"4-Acetoxy- and 4-Cyano-12-dioxanes in Synthesis" by C. J. Sinz and S. D. Rychnovsky presenting a comprehensive summary of the utility of the versatile title compounds in natural products synthesis,"The Synthetic Potential of Three-Membered Ring Aza-Heterocycles" by B. Zwanenburg and l? ten Holte highlighting the fascinating chemistry of aziridine and azirine carboxylic esters, and '(Synthesis of Medium-Sized Ring Lactams" by U. Nubbemeyer discussing a wide range of modern strategies for the stereoselective preparation of these important heterocycles. I wish to express my thanks to all contributors for their dedicated effort and to Mrs. Kollmar-Thoni, Springer-Verlag, for her continuous support. Dresden, March 2001 Peter Metz Contents Stereoselective Intramolecular 1. 3. Dipolar Cycloadditions I. N. N. Namboothiri. A . Hassner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Introduction to Fragment-Based Drug Discovery, by Daniel A. Erlanson

Fragment Screening Using X-Ray Crystallography, by Thomas G. Davies and Ian J. Tickle

Hsp90 Inhibitors and Drugs from Fragment and Virtual Screening, by Stephen Roughley, Lisa Wright, Paul Brough, Andrew Massey and Roderick E. Hubbard

Combining NMR and X-ray Crystallography in Fragment-Based Drug Discovery: Discovery of Highly Potent and Selective BACE-1 Inhibitors, by Daniel F. Wyss, Yu-Sen Wang, Hugh L. Eaton, Corey Strickland, Johannes H. Voigt, Zhaoning Zhu and Andrew W. Stamford

Combining Biophysical Screening and X-Ray Crystallography for Fragment-Based Drug Discovery, by Michael Hennig, Armin Ruf and Walter Huber

Targeting Protein Protein Interactions and Fragment-Based Drug Discovery, by Eugene Valkov, Tim Sharpe, May Marsh, Sandra Greive and Marko Hyvonen

Fragment Screening and HIV Therapeutics, by Joseph D. Bauman, Disha Patel and Eddy Arnold

Fragment-Based Approaches and Computer-Aided Drug Discovery, by Didier Rognan"

Since the discovery of ferrocene and the sandwich-type complexes, the development of organometallic chemistry took its course like an avalanche and became one of the scientific success stories of the second half of the twentieth century. Based on this development, the traditional boundaries between inorganic and organic chemistry gradually disappeared and a rebirth of the nowadays highly important field of homogeneous catalysis occurred. It is fair to say that despite the fact that the key discovery, which sparked it all off, was made more than 50 years ago, organometallic chemistry remains a young and lively discipline.

Fluorine is unique in that it is possible to replace hydrogen by fluorine either singly or multiply, in an organic molecule and, in so-doing create a potentially infinite extension to organic chemistry that is entirely synthetic. The excitement of the chemistry of these systems stems from the unique reactions that ensue and the special-effects that introduction of fluorine impart. Indeed, these effects are now exploited in a remarkable array of applications across the whole of the chemical, pharmaceutical, and plant-protection industries, although this is not widely appreciated. In this book, we have gathered authors with immense experience in various aspects of their field and each is a world-authority on the important topics they have described. Some topics, like the use of elemental fluorine, and enzymes in synthesis, are relatively new areas that are rapidly growing. We dedicate the book to a long standing friend, Professor George Olah, in the year of his 70th birthday, in recognition of his massive achievements. Durham, May 1997 Dick Chambers Contents Elemental Fluorine in Organic Chemistry J. Hutchinson and G. Sandford . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Fluorinated Organometallic Compounds D. J. Burton and L. Lu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Enzymatically Controlled Reactions of Organofluorine Compounds T. Kitazume and T. Yamazaki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Building Block Approaches to Aliphatic Organofluorine Compounds J. M. Percy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Electrofluorination of Organic Compounds F. G. Drakesmith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Author Index Volumes 151 193 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Contents of Volume 192 Organofluorine Chemistry: Fluorinated Alkenes and Reactive Intermediates Volume Editor: R. D. Chambers Nucleophilic Reactions of Fluorinated Alkenes R. D. Chambers and J. F.

The book series "Polymer Nano-, Micro- and Macrocomposites" provides complete and comprehensive information on all important
aspects of polymer composite research and development, including, but not limited to synthesis, filler modification, modeling, characterization as well as application and commercialization issues. Each book focuses on a particular topic and gives a balanced in-depth overview of the respective subfi eld of polymer composite science and its relation to industrial applications. With the books the readers obtain dedicated resources with information relevant to their research, thereby helping to save time and money.
In-situ intercalative polymerization in the presence of filler provides distinct advantages when compared to other nanocomposite synthesis
techniques including the possibility to polymerize a large range of thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers, improved handling of gaseous
or liquid monomers or high pressure polymerization and improved control of heat of polymerization. This volume aims to highlight these
advantages of the generation of polymer nanocomposites with a large spectrum of polymer matrices. Following an overview of the synthesis
methodologies, the text goes on to discuss the most relevant polymer materials, including polyamides, polyolefi nes, polyacrylates, polyethylenes, polyurethanes, polyesters and polyepoxides.

This book presents a comprehensive range of research on pulsed electric energy used in food processing, including sections on the fundamentals of electroporation and important techniques for the estimation of electroporation effects in various foods and biomass feedstocks. By focusing on application over theory, this book presents researchers with practical steps for processing techniques such as solid-liquid extraction, pressing, osmotic dehydration, drying, freezing and cooking. Special interest is given to the selective recovery and extraction of sugar, inulin, starch, proteins, polysaccharides, polyphenols, pigments, flavor compounds, phytochemicals and other of high-value components from food biomasses such as fruits and vegetables, leaves, herbs, mushrooms, microalgae and suspensions of cells. Processing of Foods and Biomass Feedstocks by Pulsed Electric Energy presents a singular overview of the biorefinery applications of pulsed electric energy for the processing of wastes and non-food biomasses such as root and tuber crops, grape waste, lignocellulosic biomass, oil crops and residues and seeds and peels of exotic and citrus fruits. The book begins by presenting general information on the fundamentals of electroporation and information on the procedures and protocols involved. Further chapters focus on the specific food processing operations involved and biorefinery applications for the processing of wastes and non-food biomasses. All of the relevant and up-to-date information any researcher needs on pulsed electric energy in food processing is presented here in this text.

Carbohydrate Chemistry provides review coverage of all publications relevant to the chemistry of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides in a given year. The amount of research in this field appearing in the organic chemical literature is increasing because of the enhanced importance of the subject, especially in areas of medicinal chemistry and biology. In no part of the field is this more apparent than in the synthesis of oligosaccharides required by scientists working in glycobiology. Clycomedicinal chemistry and its reliance on carbohydrate synthesis is now very well established, for example, by the preparation of specific carbohydrate- based antigens, especially cancer-specific oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates. Coverage of topics such as nucleosides, amino-sugars, alditols and cyclitols also covers much research of relevance to biological and medicinal chemistry. Each volume of the series brings together references to all published work in given areas of the subject and serves as a comprehensive database for the active research chemist Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage in major areas of chemical research. Compiled by teams of leading authorities in the relevant subject areas, the series creates a unique service for the active research chemist, with regular, in-depth accounts of progress in particular fields of chemistry. Subject coverage within different volumes of a given title is similar and publication is on an annual or biennial basis.