This fourth volume in the series "Organic Synthesis: Theory and Applications" is composed of five chapters that span a wide range of disciplines. Alkaloid chemistry, total synthesis, synthetic methodology, carbohydrate technology, and spin-trapping agents are all covered by experts in these fields.
The first chapter is one of the finest examples of deductive reasoning in the chemical literature, examining the rich history of the chemistry of morphine. Within the following chapters, synthetic challenges of the marine terpenoids are brought into focus, the chemistry and synthetic applications of cyclobutenediones are reviewed and the utility of glycosyl iodides in the preparation of glycosides are summarized. Finally a report on a new class of spin-traping agents, azulenyl nitrones is covered. In all, five diverse subdisciplines are brought together and reviewed in this volume.

The chemistry and biochemistry of carbohydrates have become key research areas throughout the world. Responding to the enormous interest expressed in these fields, this new book has brought together a range of contributors, each working at the forefront of carbohydrate chemistry and biochemistry to provide concise authoritative and timely review of these exciting areas. Aimed at chemists, biochemists and biologists, the reader will find this book an invaluable introduction to and review of the most important developments in carbohydrate chemistry. As a distinct chemical group, the carbohydrates comprising mono-, oligo-, and polysaccharides and their derivatives are the most abundant group of natural products. From simple monosaccharides produced in photosynthesis to polysaccharides built in complex biochemical reactions, carbohydrates are produced in huge quantities by plant and animal life. Apart from dietary and structural uses in plants and animals, it is now well established that carbohydrates play a number of key roles in living systems. From cell-cell recognition to hormonal activities, carbohydrates are implicated in a wide range of cellular processes. This new understanding has forced the study of carbohydrates to the forefront of modern chemical research. For example, the nature of the role of carbohydrates in living systems offers the potential to provide important lead compounds in the development of new bioactive molecules. Similarly, the relative abundance of carbohydrates is prompting research aimed at utilizing simple monosaccharides as starting materials for a range of high value chemical product, offering a renewable alternative to current starting materials.

Resin glycosides are part of a very extensive family of secondary metabolites known as glycolipids or lipo-oligosaccharides and are constituents of complex resins (glycoresins) (1) unique to the morning glory family, Convolvulaceae (2). These active principles are responsible for the drastic purgative action of all the important Convolvulaceous species used in traditional medicine throughout the world since ancient times. Several commercial purgative crude drugs can be prepared from the roots of different species of Mexican morning glories. Their incorporation as therapeutic agents in Europe is an outstanding example of the assimilation of botanical drugs from the Americas as substitutes for traditional Old World remedies (3). Even though phytochemical investigations on the constituents of these drugs were initiated during the second half of the nineteenth century, the structure of their active ingredients still remains poorly known for some examples of these purgative roots. During the last two decades, the higher resolution c- abilities of modern analytical isolation techniques used in conjunction with pow- ful spectroscopic methods have facilitated the elucidation of the active principles of these relevant herbal products. This chapter describes the ethnobotanical information associated with the p- gative morning glory species and how traditional usages were instrumental in plant selection for chemical studies. The advantages and limitations of available analy- cal techniques for the isolation, puri?cation, and structure characterization of the individual constituents of these complex glycoconjugates are also discussed.

Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage of progress in the major areas of chemical research. Written by experts in their specialist fields the series creates a unique service for the active research chemist, supplying regular critical in-depth accounts of progress in particular areas of chemistry. Fro over 90 years The Royal Society of chemistry and its predecessor, the Chemical Society, have been publishing reports charting developments in chemistry, which originally took the form of Annual Reports. However, by 1967 the whole spectrum of chemistry could no longer be contained within one volume and the series Specialist Periodical Reports was born. The Annual Reports themselves still existed but were divided into two, and subsequently three, volumes covering Inorganic, Organic, and Physical Chemistry. For more general coverage of the highlights in chemistry they remain a 'must'. Since that time the SPR series has altered according to the fluctuating degree of activity in various fields of chemistry. Some titles have remained unchanged, while others have altered their emphasis along with their titles; some have been combined under a new name whereas others have had to be discontinued. The current list of Specialist Periodical Reports can be seen on the inside flap of this volume.

This thesis provides essential information on the systematic design of assembled lanthanide complexes for functional luminescent materials. It discusses the relationships between assembled structures and photo, thermal, and mechanical properties on the basis of crystallography, spectroscopy, and thermodynamics. The described guidelines for assembled structures will be extremely valuable, both for industrial applications and for readers' fundamental understanding of solid-state photophysics and materials chemistry. Luminescent lanthanide complexes are promising candidates for lighting devices, lasers, and bio-probes owing to their line-like and long-lived emission arising from characteristic 4f-4f transitions. Low-vibrational and asymmetrical coordination structures around lanthanide ions have been introduced to achieve strong luminescence, using specific organic ligands. Recently, assembled lanthanide complexes including coordination polymers and metal organic frameworks have increasingly attracted attention as a new class of luminescent materials offering thermal stability and color tunability. However, improving the luminescence efficiencies of these compounds remains a challenge, and specific molecular designs to control assembled structures and yield additional physical properties have not been established. The author provides a group of bent-angled bridging ligands to boost photoluminescence efficiency, and successfully introduces for the first time glass formability and strong triboluminescence properties.

This book describes state-of-the-art borylation chemistry using copper(I) catalysis. Enantioselective reactions are included to afford a variety of functionalized, complex organoboronate esters, which will find wide application in asymmetric synthesis, drug discovery, and material science. Organoboron compounds are recognized as useful reagents in organic synthesis; therefore, great effort has been devoted to the development of a simple, mild, and efficient method for their preparation in the past several years. However, the synthesis of functionalized organoboron compounds remains a challenging issue because known reactions often require the use of highly reactive organometallic carbon nucleophiles. This book focuses on conceptually new, formal nucleophilic copper(I)-catalyzed borylation reactions with diboron compounds that show high selectivity and excellent functional group compatibility. Theoretical studies based on density functional theory calculations to understand the reaction mechanisms have also been described. Advances in this novel borylation chemistry will allow the rapid and efficient synthesis of complex molecules with potentially interesting properties in combination with the boron functionalization process.

In view of increasing interest in organofluorine compounds, this book was undertaken to describe biological and physical properties of organofluorine compounds, synthetic methods of these, their roles in pharmaceutical, agrochemical and material sciences. In particular, the book will emphasize on the usefulness of fluorination reaction, availability of fluorination agents, so that even graduate students who are unfamiliar to this field can understand and participate in this fascinating heteroatom chemistry.

Principles of Coordination Polymerisation, is one of the first books to offer a unified and almost complete view of coordination polymerisation. It focuses on the polymerisation of monomers, belonging to all the important classes of hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbon monomers, in the presence of various kinds of coordination catalysts.

Taking a user-friendly approach the book examines how the catalyst is involved in each step of the monomer coordination polymerisation process and presents:

• the basic mechanisms which occur during the coordination polymerisation process
• coordination polymerisation of unsaturated hydrocarbon monomers, such as olefins
• problems connected with coordination polymerisation of non-hydrocarbon monomers, such as heterocyclic and heterounsaturated monomers
• the role of co-polymerisation in the plastics and rubber industries
• useful problem exercises at the end of each chapter

The two special volumes of Advances in Polymer Science entitled "Polymers for Photonics Applications" provide authoritative and critical reviews of up-to-date research and advances in various fields of photonic polymers as well as their promising applications. Eight articles contributed by internationally recognized scientists are concerned with polymers for second- and third-order nonlinear optics, quadratic parametric interactions in polymer waveguides, electroluminescent polymers for light sources, photoreflective polymers for holographic information storage, and highly efficient two-photon absorbing organics and polymers, including their applications. This review should provide individuals working in the field of photonic polymers with invaluable scientific knowledge on the state of the art while giving directions for future research to those deeply interested.

Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage of progress in the major areas of chemical research. Written by experts in their specialist fields the series creates a unique service for the active research chemist, supplying regular critical in-depth accounts of progress in particular areas of chemistry. For over 80 years the Royal Society of Chemistry and its predecessor, the Chemical Society, have been publishing reports charting developments in chemistry, which originally took the form of Annual Reports. However, by 1967 the whole spectrum of chemistry could no longer be contained within one volume and the series Specialist Periodical Reports was born. The Annual Reports themselves still existed but were divided into two, and subsequently three, volumes covering Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry. For more general coverage of the highlights in chemistry they remain a 'must'. Since that time the SPR series has altered according to the fluctuating degree of activity in various fields of chemistry. Some titles have remained unchanged, while others have altered their emphasis along with their titles; some have been combined under a new name whereas others have had to be discontinued. The current list of Specialist Periodical Reports can be seen on the inside flap of this volume.

The whole field of ligand coupling has only emerged in the last decade as a basis for new synthetic transformations. As Professor Finet shows in this comprehensive survey, the recent clarification of reaction mechanisms of ligand coupling process around heteroatom centres, now provides an understanding of these reactions which are certain to permit their application in organic synthesis, thereby achieving transformations which are quite difficult to achieve by other methods. This book provides in a thorough and scholarly way, a balanced coverage of the whole field.

The words "Combinatorial Chemistry" have different meanings to different people, ranging from split and mix strategies to parallel synthesis using robots, and embracing the whole range of preparative chemistry from organic molecules, to catalyst ligands, and even inorganic solids. All of these activities have in common an attempt to expand the diversity of structure available to the chemist as well as the access to this diversity, permitting the discovery of new and valuable biological acid material properties. In this outstanding survey of combinatorial organic chemistry, the authors, Obrecht who has established a new combinatorial chemistry company called "Polyphor," and Villalgardo have brought together the literature, including that from 1998, and have concisely analysed the applications and achievements of this new field. This work will be of value to all chemists engaged in preparative work, both in industry and academe.

This book is designed to give the reader up to date infonnation on some of the more exciting developments that have taken place at the leading edge of fragrance and flavour research. Chapter one gives the reader a rnpid excursion through the chronological landmarks of fragrance and flavour materials and sets the scene for the remaining nine chapters which cover topics that are at the forefront of modem research. Chapter two looks at the total synthesis of synthetically interesting perfumery naturnl materials. This chapter aims to highlight the creative and elegant chemistry that has been performed by some of the worlds greatest chemists in their quest to synthesise one of the five naturnl products reviewed in the chapter. The chapter fits in with the forward looking theme of the book as it will hopefully inspire other chemists that are interested in synthesising natural products to produce elegant new, or industrially applicable routes to these and other perfumery materials. Chapter three looks at the growing area of interest in asymmetric fragrance materials. The chapter focuses on the use of the metal-BINAP catalytic system for the preparation of fragrance and flavour ingredients. Environmental considerations are now an integrnl and vital part of planning any new industrial chemical process. Chapter four aims to give the reader an insight into the wide-ranging and often readily applicable chemistry that is currently available for the installation of environmentally friendly chemical processes.

Environmental Chemistry is a relatively young science. Interest in this subject, however, is growing very rapidly and, although no agreement has been reached as yet about the exact content and limits of this interdisciplinary discipline, there appears to be increasing interest in seeing environmental topics which are based on chemistry embodied in this subject. One of the first objectives of Environ mental Chemistry must be the study of the environment and of natural chemical processes which occur in the environment. A major purpose of this series on Environmental Chemistry, therefore, is to present a reasonably uniform view of various aspects of the chemistry of the environment and chemical reactions occurring in the environment. The industrial activities of man have given a new dimension to Environ mental Chemistry. We have now synthesized and described over five million chemical compounds and chemical industry produces about hundred and fifty million tons of synthetic chemicals annually. We ship billions of tons of oil per year and through mining operations and other geophysical modifications, large quantities of inorganic and organic materials are released from their natural deposits. Cities and metropolitan areas of up to 15 million inhabitants produce large quantities of waste in relatively small and confined areas. Much of the chemical products and waste products of modern society are released into the environment either during production, storage, transport, use or ultimate disposal. These released materials participate in natural cycles and reactions and frequently lead to interference and disturbance of natural systems."

Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage of progress in the major areas of chemical research. Written by experts in their specialist fields the series creates a unique service for the active research chemist, supplying regular critical in-depth accounts of progress in particular areas of chemistry. For over 80 years the Royal Society of Chemistry and its predecessor, the Chemical Society, have been publishing reports charting developments in chemistry, which originally took the form of Annual Reports. However, by 1967 the whole spectrum of chemistry could no longer be contained within one volume and the series Specialist Periodical Reports was born. The Annual Reports themselves still existed but were divided into two, and subsequently three, volumes covering Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry. For more general coverage of the highlights in chemistry they remain a 'must'. Since that time the SPR series has altered according to the fluctuating degree of activity in various fields of chemistry. Some titles have remained unchanged, while others have altered their emphasis along with their titles; some have been combined under a new name whereas others have had to be discontinued. The current list of Specialist Periodical Reports can be seen on the inside flap of this volume.

Table of Contents -Shape-Memory Polymers and Shape-Changing Polymers By M. Behl, J. Zotzmann, and A. Lendlein -Shape-Memory Polymer Composites By Samy A. Madbouly and Andreas Lendlein -Characterization Methods for Shape-Memory Polymers By W. Wagermaier, K. Kratz, M. Heuchel, and A. Lendlein -Shape-Memory Polymers for Biomedical Applications By Christopher M. Yakacki and Ken Gall -Controlled Drug Release from Biodegradable Shape-Memory Polymers By ChristianWischke, Axel T. Neffe, and Andreas Lendlein

In this thesis, the author introduces various bio-inspired smart nanochannel systems. A strategy for design and preparation of novel artificial responsive symmetric/asymmetric single nanochannel systems under various symmetric/asymmetric stimuli is presented for the first time. The author's research work utilizes ion track etching polymer nanochannels with different shapes as examples to demonstrate the feasibility of the design strategy for building novel artificial functional nanochannels using various symmetric/asymmetric physicochemical modifications. The development of these nanochannels and their potential applications is a burgeoning new area of research, and a number of exciting breakthroughs may be anticipated in the near future from the concepts and results reported in this thesis. Research into artificial functional nanochannels continues to drive new developments of various real-world applications, such as biosensors, energy conversion systems and nanofluidic devices. The work in this thesis has led to more than 15 publications in high-profile journals.

Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage of progress in the major areas of chemical research. Written by experts in their specialist fields the series creates a unique service for the active research chemist, supplying regular critical in-depth accounts of progress in particular areas of chemistry. For over 80 years the Royal Society of Chemistry and its predecessor, the Chemical Society, have been publishing reports charting developments in chemistry, which originally took the form of Annual Reports. However, by 1967 the whole spectrum of chemistry could no longer be contained within one volume and the series Specialist Periodical Reports was born. The Annual Reports themselves still existed but were divided into two, and subsequently three, volumes covering Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry. For more general coverage of the highlights in chemistry they remain a 'must'. Since that time the SPR series has altered according to the fluctuating degree of activity in various fields of chemistry. Some titles have remained unchanged, while others have altered their emphasis along with their titles; some have been combined under a new name whereas others have had to be discontinued.

Salen Metal Complexes as Catalysts for the Synthesis of Polycarbonates from Cyclic Ethers and Carbon Dioxide, by Donald J. Darensbourg.- Material Properties of Poly(Propylene Carbonates), by Gerrit. A. Luinstra and Endres Borchardt.- Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) from Carbon Monoxide, by Robert Reichardt and Bernhard Rieger. - Ecoflex(r) and Ecovio(r): Biodegradable, Performance-Enabling Plastics, by K. O. Siegenthaler, A. Kunkel, G. Skupin and M. Yamamoto.- Biodegradability of Poly(Vinyl Acetate) and Related Polymers, by Manfred Amann and Oliver Minge.- Recent Developments in Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactones, by P. Lecomte and C. Jerome.- Recent Developments in Metal-Catalyzed Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactides and Glycolides: Preparation of Polylactides, Polyglycolide, and Poly(lactide-co-glycolide), by Saikat Dutta, Wen-Chou Hung, Bor-Hunn Huang and Chu-Chieh Lin.- Bionolle (Polybutylenesuccinate), by Yasushi Ichikawa, Tatsuya Mizukoshi.- Polyurethanes from Renewable Resources, by David A. Babb.-"

Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage of progress in the major areas of chemical research. Written by experts in their specialist fields the series creates a unique service for the active research chemist, supplying regular critical in-depth accounts of progress in particular areas of chemistry. For over 90 years The Royal Society of Chemistry and its predecessor, the Chemical Society, have been publishing reports charting developments in chemistry, which originally took the form of Annual Reports. However, by 1967 the whole spectrum of chemistry could no longer be contained within one volume and the series Specialist Periodical Reports was born. The Annual Reports themselves still existed but were divided into two, and subsequently three, volumes covering Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry. For more general coverage of the highlights in chemistry they remain a 'must'. Since that time the SPR series has altered according to the fluctuating degree of activity in various fields of chemistry. Some titles have remained unchanged, while others have altered their emphasis along with their titles; some have been combined under a new name whereas others have had to be discontinued. The current list of Specialist Periodical Reports can be seen on the inside flap of this volume.

This multi-authored book provides a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in porous CO2 capture materials, including ionic liquid derived carbonaceous adsorbents, porous carbons, metal-organic frameworks, porous aromatic frameworks, micro porous organic polymers. It also reviews the sorption techniques such as cyclic uptake and desorption reactions and membrane separations. In each category, the design and fabrication, the comprehensive characterization, the evaluation of CO2 sorption/separation and the sorption/degradation mechanism are highlighted. In addition, the advantages and remaining challenges as well as future perspectives for each porous material are covered.

This book is aimed at scientists and graduate students in such fields as separation, carbon, polymer, chemistry, material science and technology, who will use and appreciate this information source in their research. Other specialists may consult specific chapters to find the latest, authoritative reviews.

Dr. An-Hui Lu is a Professor at the State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, China.

Dr. Sheng Dai is a Corporate Fellow and Group Leader in the Chemical Sciences Division at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and a Professor of Chemistry at the University of Tennessee, USA."

For a long time, the properties of transition metal and rare earth compounds have fascinated chemists and physicists from a scientific view-point, and more recently also their enormous potential as new materials has been explored. Applications in different fields have already been realized or are under c- rent investigation, for example, new laser materials, IR to visible upconversion systems, compounds for photolithographic processes, systems involving pho- redox processes for solar energy conversion, new photovoltaic devices, chemical sensors, biosensors, electroluminescent devices (OLEDs) for flat panel display systems, supramolecular devices with wide-range definable photophysical properties, materials for energy harvesting, optical information and storage systems, etc. Metal complexes are also highly important in biology and me- cine. Most of the applications mentioned are directly related to the properties of the electronic ground state and the lower-lying excited states. Metal complexes with organic ligands or organometallic compounds exhibit outstanding features as compared to purely organic molecules. For instance, metal compounds can often be prepared and applied in different oxidation states. Furthermore, various types of low-lying electronic excitations can be induced by a suitable choice of ligands, for example, such as metal-centered transitions (MC, e. g. d-d* tran- tion), ligand-centered (LC, e. g. n-n*), metal-to-ligand-charge transfer (MLCT, e. g. d-7r*), intra-ligand-charge-transfer (ILCT) transitions, etc. In particular, the orbitals involved in the resulting lowest excited states determine the photoph- ical and photochemical properties and thus the specific use of the compoun

This book has its origins in courses taught by the author to various und- graduate and graduate students at the Indian Institute of Technology, K- pur, India. The diversity of inorganic chemistry and its impact on polymer chemistry has been profound. This subject matter has grown considerably in the last decade and the need to present it in a coherent manner to young minds is a pedagogic challenge. The aim of this book is to present to the students an introduction to the developments in Inorganic and - ganometallic polymers. This book is divided into eight chapters. Chapter 1 provides a general overview on the challenges of Inorganic polymer synthesis. This is f- lowed by a survey of organic polymers and also includes some basic f- tures of polymers. Chapters 3-8 deal with prominent families of inorganic and organometallic polymers. Although the target group of this book is the undergraduate and graduate students of chemistry, chemical engineering and materials science it is also hoped that chemists and related scientists in industry would find this book useful. I am extremely thankful to my wife Sudha who not only encouraged me throughout but also drew all the Figures and Schemes of this book. I also thank my children Adithya and Aarathi for their constant concern on the progress of this book. I express my acknowledgment to the editorial team of Springer-Verlag for their cooperation.

The series Advances in Polymer Science presents critical reviews of the present and future trends in polymer and biopolymer science. It covers all areas of research in polymer and biopolymer science including chemistry, physical chemistry, physics, material science. The thematic volumes are addressed to scientists, whether at universities or in industry, who wish to keep abreast of the important advances in the covered topics. Advances in Polymer Science enjoys a longstanding tradition and good reputation in its community. Each volume is dedicated to a current topic, and each review critically surveys one aspect of that topic, to place it within the context of the volume. The volumes typically summarize the significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years and discuss them critically, presenting selected examples, explaining and illustrating the important principles, and bringing together many important references of primary literature. On that basis, future research directions in the area can be discussed. Advances in Polymer Science volumes thus are important references for every polymer scientist, as well as for other scientists interested in polymer science - as an introduction to a neighboring field, or as a compilation of detailed information for the specialist. Review articles for the individual volumes are invited by the volume editors. Single contributions can be specially commissioned. Readership: Polymer scientists, or scientists in related fields interested in polymer and biopolymer science, at universities or in industry, graduate students

Catalysis, which until recently had largely been limited to the production of large volume chemical, is now being increasingly used in the production of medium and small volume chemicals. Simultaneously, the role of process intensification in enhancing overall productivity is being increasingly recognised. This usually takes the form of reaction rate enhancement by extending known or emerging laboratory techniques to industrial scale production. Organic Synthesis Engineering describes the application of catalysis in its various forms in organic synthesis, and addresses both the chemical and engineering aspects of catalysts (particularly solid catalysts). It also outlines different techniques of reaction rate and/or selectivity enhancement - a feature not found in any existing books on reaction engineering.