This book brings together papers which address a range of issues regarding the nature and structure of sign languages and other gestural systems, and how they exploit the space in which they are conveyed. The chapters focus on five pertinent areas reflecting different, but related research topics: * space in language and gesture, * point of view and referential shift, * morphosyntax of verbs in ASL, * gestural systems and sign language, and * language acquisition and gesture. Sign languages and gestural systems are produced in physical space; they manipulate spatial contrasts for linguistic and communicative purposes. In addition to exploring the different functions of space, researchers discuss similarities and differences between visual-gestural systems -- established sign languages, pidgin sign language (International Sign), "homesign" systems developed by deaf children with no sign language input, novel gesture systems invented by hearing nonsigners, and the gesticulation that accompanies speech. The development of gesture and sign language in children is also examined in both hearing and deaf children, charting the emergence of gesture ("manual babbling"), its use as a prelinguistic communicative device, and its transformation into language-like systems in homesigners. Finally, theoretical linguistic accounts of the structure of sign languages are provided in chapters dealing with the analysis of referential shift, the structure of narrative, the analysis of tense and the structure of the verb phrase in American Sign Language. Taken together, the chapters in this volume present a comprehensive picture of sign language and gesture research from a group of international scholars who investigate a range of communicative systems from formal sign languages to the gesticulation that accompanies speech.

Basic Irish: A Grammar and Workbook provides a jargon-free introduction to the most commonly used grammatical structures within the Irish language. Focusing on the repeated use of grammatical patterns, this Workbook develops an understanding of the structures presented, making the forms familiar and automatic for learners. This user-friendly workbook includes: terminology introduced and explained with multiple examples exercises in the grammatical forms introduced in the text translation exercises an exercise key.

Colloquial Panjabi: The Complete Course for Beginners has been carefully developed by an experienced teacher to provide a step-by-step course to Panjabi as it is written and spoken today. Combining a clear, practical and accessible style with a methodical and thorough treatment of the language, it equips learners with the essential skills needed to communicate confidently and effectively in Panjabi in a broad range of situations. No prior knowledge of the language is required. Colloquial Panjabi is exceptional; each unit presents a wealth of grammatical points that are reinforced with a wide range of exercises for regular practice. A full answer key, a grammar summary, bilingual glossaries and English translations of dialogues can be found at the back as well as useful vocabulary lists throughout. Key features include: A clear, user-friendly format designed to help learners progressively build up their speaking, listening, reading and writing skills Jargon-free, succinct and clearly structured explanations of grammar An extensive range of focused and dynamic supportive exercises Realistic and entertaining dialogues covering a broad variety of narrative situations Helpful cultural points explaining the customs and features of life in Panjabi-speaking areas. An overview of the sounds of Panjabi Balanced, comprehensive and rewarding, Colloquial Panjabi is an indispensable resource both for independent learners and students taking courses in Panjabi. Audio material to accompany the course is available to download free in MP3 format from www.routledge.com/cw/colloquials. Recorded by native speakers, the audio material features the dialogues and texts from the book and will help develop your listening and pronunciation skills. A wealth of additional text material is also provided on the website. This supplementary material builds on the foundation provided in the Colloquial Panjabi course and will develop your language skills beyond the beginner level into intermediate study.

Do you know Brazilian Portuguese already and want to go a stage further? If you're planning a visit to Brazil, need to brush up your Brazilian Portuguese for work, or are simply doing a course, Colloquial Portuguese of Brazil 2 is the ideal way to refresh your knowledge of the language and to extend your skills. Key features of Colloquial Portuguese of Brazil 2 include: revision material to help consolidate and build up your basics a wide range of contemporary authentic documents lots of spoken and written exercises in each unit highlighted key structures and phrases, a grammar reference and detailed answer keys a broad range of everyday situations, focusing on Brazil supplementary exercises and Brazilian Portuguese language web-links at www.routledge.com/languages. Audio material to accompany the course is available to download free in MP3 format from www.routledge.com/cw/colloquials. Recorded by native speakers, the audio material features the dialogues and texts from the book and will help develop your listening and pronunciation skills.

Do you know Latin American Spanish already and want to go a stage further? If you're planning a visit to South America, need to brush up your Latin American Spanish for work, or are simply doing a course, Colloquial Spanish of Latin America 2 is the ideal way to refresh your knowledge of the language and extend your skills. Colloquial Spanish of Latin America 2 is designed to help those involved in self-study. Structured to give you the opportunity to listen to and read lots of modern, everyday Latin American Spanish, it has been developed to work systematically on reinforcing and extending your grasp of the grammar and vocabulary. Key features of Colloquial Spanish of Latin America 2 include: Revision material to help consolidate and build up your basics Lots of spoken and written exercises in each unit A grammar reference and detailed answer keys Extensive Spanish/English and English/Spanish glossaries Audio material to accompany the course is available to download free in MP3 format from www.routledge.com/cw/colloquials. Recorded by native speakers, the audio material features the dialogues and texts from the book and will help develop your listening and pronunciation skills.

Pronunciation, spelling, the concept of roots and patterns and idomatic phrases are just some of the areas that cause confusion for students of Arabic. Learning how to avoid the common errors that arise repeatedly in these areas is an essential step in successful language learning. Speed Up Your Arabic is a unique and innovative resource that identifies and explains the most commonly made errors, enabling students to learn from their mistakes and enhance their understanding of the Arabic language. Each of the nine chapters focuses on a grammatical category where English speakers typically make mistakes in Arabic. Each chapter is divided into sections that classify the concepts and errors into subcategories. Full explanations are provided throughout with clear, comprehensive examples and exercises to help the learner gain an in-depth understanding of Arabic grammar and usage. Key features: Carefully selected grammar topics and examples based on the most commonly made errors Comprehensive explanations of the most difficult grammar points help learners gain an in-depth understanding of Arabic grammar and usage. Exercises throughout reinforce learning and link theory to practice A complete answer key making it ideal for self-study A glossary of grammatical terms, an Arabic-English glossary and a bibliography to aid learning Useful drills and listening samples available for free download at http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415660556/ Suitable both for classroom use or self-study, Speed Up Your Arabic is the ideal resource for all intermediate learners of Arabic wishing to refine their language skills.

Learn French step-by-step and soon you'll be making leaps and bounds Your quickest route to learning French is through a solid grounding in grammar basics. Now don't be put off by the "G-word." What you won't find in this book is a lot of repetitive drills. Instead, you get an original, step-by-step approach to learning French based on the way people naturally acquire language. From the very beginning, you are introduced to the most essential structures--allowing you to communicate in French almost immediately. Gradually, through a series of interconnected "steps," you logically progress to more common concepts that govern how French is spoken and written. And along the way you are introduced to hundreds of carefully selected verbs and vocabulary words presented on the basis of how often they are used in everyday French. Guaranteed to get you quickly up and running with the knowledge and skills you need to communicate in French with confidence, Easy French Step-by-Step features: A unique "building-block" approach to mastering essential grammar, verbs, and vocabulary Down-to-earth explanations of important rules and concepts Hundreds of frequently used verbs and key terms a beginner should know Exercises to test what you've learned and measure progress Engaging readings that help you hone your skills in everyday contexts

Start reading and speaking Arabic Arabic For Dummies helps readers start speaking Modern Standard Arabic in no time. Whether you're a student, traveler, or work in business or government, you'll find this title to be packed with practical lessons, cultural facts, and handy references. Inside, you'll find guidance on basic grammar, as well as the necessary vocabulary to make introductions and greetings, use proper etiquette, make small talk, make transportation arrangements, order food and beverages, ask directions, deal with money, shop, access recreation, and handle an emergency. Features new and revised content Offers a revamped, user-friendly design to both pedagogy and organization Includes expanded coverage of grammar, verb conjugations, and pronunciations Get free access to conversational audio tracks online If you want to start speaking Arabic, this go-to book is packed with practical instruction, cultural facts, and handy references you won't want to be without!

A practical fill-in workbook for beginners learning Mandarin Chinese with everyday words, essential vocabulary, and hands-on practice. A fascination introduction to the Chinese writing system, Easy Peasy Chinese Workbook shows you how to write more than 200 of the most useful characters. This straightforward workbook helps to develop and perfect Mandarin Chinese writing skills and is the perfect companion to DK's Easy Peasy Chinese. Sections follow a logical progression, starting with different character strokes and everyday words, such as "hello" and "thank you", and progressing to the essential vocabulary needed to tell the time, order in a restaurant, or buy a train ticket. For children aged 7+ who are learning Mandarin at school, and for adults learning the language for travel, this book is ideal for beginners of all ages. Its clear modern design, inventive visuals and clear explanations make learning Chinese both accessible and fun!

Get By in French is the ideal travel companion - a quick and easy introduction to French and a phrase book covering all the essential language you'll need on your trip. Get to grips with the basics of a conversation before you leave, then take the book away with you as a handy reference guide. Understand the basics of the language with clear and easy-to-follow explanations. Try out what you have learned with mini role-plays and activities. Communicate with confidence with thousands of essential words and phrases. Get around easily with useful tips for the visitor. Eat out the French way with the comprehensive menu reader. Also contains a two-way mini dictionary so you'll never be stuck for the right word, and a full pronunciation guide so you'll always know how to say it! This 160-page book is also available in a pack with one 60-minute audio CD (9781406612592). Also available in these languages: Chinese, German, Greek, Italian, Japanese, Latin American Spanish, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish.

First published in 2004. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

The fast, easy way to master the essentials of Spanish

Now, learning Spanish can be as easy as uno, dos, tres! Combining the quick- reference virtues of a phrase book with the learning tools of a full-fledged language course, this popular guide gives you a solid start. Completely revised and updated for today's usage, Practical Spanish Grammar gives you:

• A proven interactive format that has been tested, rewritten, and retested to ensure you can teach yourself at your own pace
• Exercises to reinforce what you've learned
• Clear explanations of approximately 80 percent of Spanish grammatical structures
• Over 1,000 of the most frequently used Spanish words
• Sample dialogues with cultural notes and lists of terms

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Everything needed to learn to read, write, speak, and understand the most essential words in the Korean language is in this handy set of flash cards--including many hundreds of phrases and sentences using them. The cards in this volume are a great way to learn Korean and contain the most common words and expressions used in daily Korean communication--concrete nouns as well as verbs and adjectives that form the core Korean vocabulary. These are grouped thematically to enable easy memorization and retention. A sample sentence is given to illustrate the use of the primary word on each card which is often a well-known Korean saying or an idiom. Key features of Korean Flash Cards include: 200 Hole-punched flash cards Over 1,000 Korean words and sentences All of the most commonly used words Streamable or Downloadable Native-speaker audio recordings Sample sentences in Korean A 32-page booklet with sorting indexes and practice tips The FRONT of each card contains: Main vocabulary word Four related words and phrases to help you use it. The BACK of each card contains: Main word Related words' English meanings Korean script (hangul) Romanizations. A sample sentence in Korean with romanization and English translation.

This book does not include any audio files. If you are learning independently (and not in the classroom, with teacher support) we recommend you purchase the book and CD bundle instead, ISBN 9781406680201. This book-only product is aimed at learners in a course setting, where the teacher uses audio files as part of the lesson. Talk Portuguese (Book) has already inspired thousands of people to learn Portuguese from scratch - whether you're learning for business, travel or just for fun, its straightforward, step-by-step approach will ensure you're soon able to speak Portuguese in a range of everyday situations. With specially designed activities and clear, jargon-free grammar explanations you'll quickly develop your language skills and make genuine progress right from the start. * Make real progress using the successful, proven Talk method. * Develop your language skills with tips and strategies to help you learn. * Practise and learn with interactive activities to support every topic. Also available: Talk Portuguese Pack (includes this book and 2 x 60-minute CDs) ISBN 9781406680201. Other languages in the series: Arabic, French, German, Greek, Italian, Japanese, Mandarin Chinese, Russian and Spanish. www.bbcactivelanguages.com

An unmissable collection of eight unconventional and captivating short stories for young adult and adult intermediate learners of Danish. "Olly's top-notch language-learning insights are right in line with the best of what we know from neuroscience and cognitive psychology about how to learn effectively. I love his work - and you will too!" - Barbara Oakley, PhD, Author of New York Times bestseller A Mind for Numbers Short Stories in Danish for Beginners has been written especially for learners from beginner to low-intermediate level, designed to give a sense of achievement, a feeling of progress and most importantly - enjoyment! Mapped to A2-B1 on the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) for languages, these eight captivating stories are designed to give you a sense of achievement and a feeling of progress when reading. What does this book give you? - Eight stories in a variety of exciting genres, from science fiction and crime to history and thriller - making reading fun, while you learn a wide range of new vocabulary - Controlled language at your level to help you progress confidently - Accessible grammar so you learn new structures naturally, in a stress-free way - Realistic spoken dialogues to help you learn conversational expressions and improve your speaking ability - Beautiful illustrations accompanying each story, to set the scene and support your understanding - Pleasure! Research shows that if you're enjoying reading in a foreign language, you won't experience the usual feelings of frustration - 'It's too hard!' 'I don't understand!' Carefully curated to make learning a new language easy, these stories include key features that will support and consolidate your progress, including: - A glossary for bolded words in each chapter - Full plot summary - A bilingual word list - Comprehension questions after each chapter. As a result, you will be able to focus on enjoying reading, delighting in your improved range of vocabulary and grasp of the language, without ever feeling overwhelmed. From science fiction to fantasy, to crime and thrillers, Short Stories in Danish for Beginners will make learning Danish easy and enjoyable.

Privyet! Explore the Russian language with this fantastic beginner's guide With over 260 million speakers around the world, Russian remains one of the most popular and marketable languages you can learn. And for those who have no idea where to begin, Russian For Dummies is the perfect first step! In this easy-to-understand resource for Russian language beginners, you'll discover basic grammar and common expressions you might use while shopping, dining out, traveling, or conducting business. You'll also find simplified and generalized conjugation rules and a streamlined approach to grammar based on how you actually understand the language, rather than technical rules and details. This book offers: Supplemental online resources so you can hear how native Russian speakers use the words you're trying to learn Guidance on identifying Cyrillic letters from the alphabet used by Russian speakers and writers Tons of useful exercise and practice opportunities you can take advantage of to sharpen your skills Perfect for any newcomer to the Russian language trying to pick up their first few phrases, Russian For Dummies is a fantastic first foray into conversational Russian that will have you ordering meals, going shopping, and navigating other day-to-day situations with ease. ! (That means good luck!)

A manual that bridges the gap between pure grammar and practical speech. A step-by-step guide that provides examples in Sesotho, English and Afrikaans. The book is aimed at both first- and second-language speakers of Sesotho, and covers all aspects of grammer and has a detailed list of vocabulary. Every chapter begins with an orientation to help the learner. The pictorial vocabulary in Chapter 1 enables easy reference and visual associations.

Developing Writing Skills in German, is a unique course designed to improve the reading and writing skills of intermediate students of German. Presenting a wide range of authentic written materials, the book aims to develop reading strategies and the ability to write texts of various types - essays, articles and reviews - while imparting an understanding of important aspects of German society.

From the environment to consumerism, each chapter focuses on a different theme and concentrates on the advancement of particular skills; all the chapters conclude with a task appropriate to the skills focus of the section.

Summary writing, note-taking, the use of mind-maps to collect ideas, and other strategies for successful writing in German are presented here. This course is suitable both for classroom use and independent study, with feedback and answer key supplied at the back of the book.

Puzzled by past tenses? Confused be comparatives? The English for Everyone Grammar Practice Book is packed with practice questions and activities to help you learn essential English grammar through visual and engaging content. The Grammar Practice Book helps you to develop your practical English through a variety of exercises and examples that will expand your understanding of grammar and punctuation in use. When used alongside our Grammar Guide, which introduces essential grammar rules through visual teaching methods, this grammar book is ideal for English test preparations or ESL lesson plans. About English For Everyone English for Everyone is a series of guides and practice books that support English learning for teenagers and adults from a beginner level, to intermediate, and advanced practical English. Offering an easy-to-follow format that offers guidance for both teaching English as a foreign language, and a self-study approach with resources available to improve English speaking, reading and writing. Whether you are looking for ESL teaching resources, or a structured programme for adults to learn English as a second language, the English for Everyone Series provides: - Sample language examples: New language topics are introduced in context using clear, illustrated, and colour-coded explanations - Supporting audio: Extensive English-speaking audio materials integrated into every unit, giving vital oral and listening practice. (All supplementary audio is available on the DK English for Everyone website and IOS/Android App). - Quick referencing: Easy-to-follow units, mirrored in both the Course and Practice Books for easy referencing and teaching - Sentence formation guides: Visual break downs of essential English grammar for beginners, showing learners how to recreate even complex English sentences - Visual English vocabulary cues: Lists of useful English words and common phrases with visual aids are available throughout the book - Personalised learning: Write-on lines encourage ESL learners to write their prompts and translations The English for Everyone Series covers the skills and topics required for all major global English-language exams and reference frameworks including: - CEFR - TOEFL - IELTS - TOEIC

Introducing Italian culture and people through the medium of the language used today, Basic Italian: A Grammar and Workbook provides readers with the basic tools to express themselves in a wide variety of situations.

Presenting twenty-three individual grammar points in lively and realistic contexts, Basic Italian is an accessible reference grammar with related exercises in one, easy to follow volume. Each unit consists of jargon-free explanations and comparisons with English, which focus upon the more common difficulties experienced by learners of Italian.

Features include:

* contemporary examples in both Italian and English

* grammar tables for easy reference

* full exercise answer key

* glossary of grammatical terms.

Basic Italian is the ideal reference and practice book for beginners, as well as for students with some knowledge of the language.

Transform your down time into 'do time'. The most successful language learners create a habit of studying on a regular basis. 50 Spanish Coffee Breaks makes it easy to master a simple routine of improving your Spanish by effortlessly integrating it with your calming daily ritual -from a 5-minute espresso to a 15-minute latte. Organised by 5, 10 and 15 minutes, these 50 varied and lively activities - from anagrams and idiom challenges to recipes and quotations - are created for high-beginner to intermediate adult and young-adult learners and designed to keep you motivated while building your skills in key areas. * Reading comprehension * Writing skills * Grammar confidence * Translation abilities * Vocabulary expansion * Cultural awareness By practising Spanish in a fun and relaxed way in the time you have, you will stay on track to achieve your language-learning aspirations. So, pick up your preferred brew and this practical book, and make learning the most pleasant and productive part of your busy day. The Spanish used in this book includes a variety of sources and contexts including both Peninsular Spanish and Latin American Spanish, making the book a valuable tool for learners of both. For 15 years Coffee Break Languages has helped make it possible for millions of people to learn a language in a way that fits into their everyday life: whether that's while walking the dog, at the gym, or on their coffee break! Teach Yourself has collaborated with Coffee Break Languages to bring their brilliant method to a wider audience by producing their first-ever printed product. All the activities are written by long-time teachers of the language in Coffee Break's characteristically friendly and conversational style. It's the perfect complement to your studies. The activities are levelled for high-beginner to low-intermediate learners: CEFR A2-B1 and ACTFL Intermediate-low/mid

Talk Japanese has already inspired thousands of people to learn Japanese from scratch and find the confidence to give it a go.

Whether you're learning for business, travel or just for fun, its straightforward, step-by-step approach will ensure you're soon able to speak Japanese in a range of everyday situations.

With its specially designed activities and clear, jargon-free grammar explanations you'll quickly develop your language skills and make genuine progress right from the start.

• Make real progress using the successful, proven Talk method.
• Develop your language skills with tips and strategies to help you learn.
• Practise and learn with interactive activities to support every topic.