Giving you the first comprehensive presentation of the ground breaking research undertaken at Heriot Watt University, with Research Council and industrial funding, this book brings a new perspective to the design of building drainage and vent systems. It provides the building services community with clear and verifiable design methods that will be robust enough to meet challenges such as climate change and water conservation; population migration to the mega cities of the developing world, and the consequent pressures of user concentration; the rise of the prestige building and the introduction of new appliances and control strategies. These all combine to make traditional codified design guidance insufficient. Many assumptions in existing codes defining the entrained airflows within building drainage vent systems cannot be theoretically supported, so designers concerned with these systems need analysis and simulation capabilities which are at least as reliable as those enjoyed by other building services practitioners.

The Method of Characteristics solution techniques which are well established in the pressure surge field are now used to provide solutions for drainage designers. The material is applied to a whole range of abstract scenarios then to a series of real world applications including the forensic modelling of the SARS virus spread within Amoy Gardens in 2003 and the refurbishment of the O2 Dome. Applications to specialised services, including underground station drainage and highly infectious disease treatment facilities are discussed and demonstrated, alongside the use of design and simulation techniques in support of product development.

Aimed at both professional and academic users, this book serves both as a design aid and as a core text for specialist masters courses in public health and building services engineering.

Globally, 2.7 billion people are using onsite sanitation systems, particularly in low income, high density settlements (LIHDS) in urban areas of developing countries. However, treatment technologies to manage the faecal sludge (FS) generated from these systems are often not in place, leading to high risks for environmental and public health. The development of replicable and effective technologies for FS treatment is key in addressing this challenge. This research focused on development of an innovative FS stabilisation technology and addressed key constraints in anaerobic FS treatment: inadequate pathogen inactivation and limitations in biochemical energy recovery. The developed two-stage reactor system consists of an acidogenic reactor fed with mixtures of FS and market waste to facilitate pathogen inactivation, and a subsequent methanogenic plug-flow reactor for enhanced methane production. Due to its potential for application as an off-site FS treatment technology at any scale, receiving any type of faecal matter, collected from different types of sanitary systems, the system provides an option for FS stabilisation for LIHDS. Additionally, the research evaluated the limitations of sanitation provision in LIHDS, and proposes methods for creating an enabling environment for full-scale implementation of onsite systems. The presented results contribute to designing appropriate sanitation interventions in LIHDS.

Except in schoolboy jokes, the subject of human waste is rarely aired. We talk about water-related diseases when most are sanitation-related - in short, we don t mention the shit. A century and a half ago, a long, hot summer reduced the Thames flowing past the UK Houses of Parliament to a Great Stink, thereby inducing MPs to legislate sanitary reform. Today, another sanitary reformation is needed, one that manages to spread cheaper and simpler systems to people everywhere. In the byways of the developing world, much is quietly happening on the excretory frontier. In 2008, the International Year of Sanitation, the authors bring this awkward subject to a wider audience than the world of international filth usually commands. They seek the elimination of the Great Distaste so that people without political clout or economic muscle can claim their right to a dignified and hygienic place to go . Published with UNICEF

Reap the benefits of sludge
The processing of wastewater sludge for use or disposal has been a continuing challenge for municipal agencies. Yet, whensludge is properly processed, the resulting nutrient-rich product--biosolids--can be a valuable resource for agriculture and other uses. Wastewater Sludge Processing brings together a wide body of knowledge from the field to examine how to effectively process sludge to reap its benefits, yet protect public health.
Presented in a format useful as both a reference for practicing environmental engineers and a textbook for graduatestudents, this book discusses unit operations used for processing sludge and the available methods for final disposition of the processed product. Topics discussed include sludge quantities and characteristics, thickening and dewatering, aerobicand anaerobic digestion, alkaline stabilization, composting, thermal drying and incineration, energy consumption, and the beneficial use of biosolids.
COMPREHENSIVE IN ITS COVERAGE, THE TEXT:
* Describes new and emerging technologies as well as international methods
* Compares different types of sludge processing methods
* Explains both municipal and industrial treatment technologies
Written by authors with decades of experience in the field, Wastewater Sludge Processing is an invaluable tool for anyone planning, designing, and implementing municipal wastewater sludge management projects.

A practical guide to wastewater bacteria and the roles they perform in wastewater treatment
Communicating material in a practical manner for operators and technicians who regulate and troubleshoot their wastewater treatment processes, Wastewater Bacteria discusses the effective control and proper operation of aerobic (activated sludge) and anaerobic (anaerobic digesters) biological treatment units to ensure that an adequate, active, and appropriate population of bacteria is present in each treatment unit. It is a hands-on guide to understanding the biology and biological conditions that occur at each treatment unit.
Avoiding unnecessary technical jargon and chemical equations, Wastewater Bacteria, the fifth book in the Wastewater Microbiology Series, explores and explains:
* Bacteria and the wastewater environment
* Enzymes and sludge production
* Nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur bacteria
* Floc formation and filamentous organisms
* Nitrification and denitrification
* Sulfate reduction, fermentation, and methane production
* Toxicity
* Foam and malodor production
The goal of Wastewater Bacteria is to enable plant operators to achieve the twofold basic objectives of wastewater treatment-to degrade organic wastes to a level where a significant, dissolved oxygen demand is not exerted upon receiving waters and to remove nutrients to levels where photosynthetic organisms in receiving waters are limited in their growth. This straightforward manual equips plant technicians to meet these objectives with essential information to understand the biological processes and organisms involved in wastewater treatment.

Sludge treatment and disposal used to be considered part of water and wastewater treatment, rather than a separate subject, but is now seen as an independent field of study, research and development. This book is the first text and reference volume on the subject, aiming to provide a comprehensive coverage of basic principles, methods and the advanced practices of sludge treatment and its safe disposal. The book focuses on those aspects of sludge treatment and disposal, particularly in relation to the environment and economy. Based on its inter-disciplinary approach, comprehensive scope and practical case studies and technical illustrations, this book can be recommended as a resource for students, teachers and practising engineers working in the area of water and wastewater treatment, and sludge treatment and disposal in particular.

This book represents a milestone. It is the first overall presentation that summarizes the membrane-coupled activated sludge process (MCASP) in its entirety. The volume offers a thorough survey of current know-how, an explanation of the operational MCASP in municipal plants with full-scale membrane modules, and a description of its advantages and disadvantages. A new approach for calculating excess sludge production and oxygen consumption for the oxidation of carbon compounds is discussed. This approach details correct values for various wastewater streams-from very small to very high sludge loads. Derived values are then related to regulatory criteria and process design alternatives. This book also addresses the relationships between the alpha factor and the concentration of mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), as well as engineering issues such as: membrane performance, energy requirements, and the removal performance of membrane systems. The findings in The Membrane Coupled Activated Sludge Process in Municipal Wastewater Treatment support the practical applicability of the MCASP to smaller wastewater operations ranging from modest-sized municipal treatment plants to facilities serving only one structure. In addition, the MCASP process is shown to be applicable in water reuse operations. The Membrane Coupled Activated Sludge Process in Municipal Wastewater Treatment demonstrates that sewage treatment problems for various types of waste streams-from rural to suburban-can be solved with MCASP. All the required design and operational data for implementing this technology in wastewater treatment can be found in this book.

Uganda's Nakivubo swamp has been receiving wastewater from Kampala for over 30 years and consists of a floating root mat. It's potential to remove nutrients and pathogens from wastewater in a sustainable way, while maintaining ecological quality and biodiversity, is investigated in this work.

FROM THE PREFACE
This textbook explains and discusses many of the unit operations used for processing municipal sewage sludge. It also contains valuable information on the available methods for final disposition of this sludge. This textbook can be used for planning, designing, and implementing municipal sewage sludge management projects.

Filamentous bulking and foaming are the most frequent operational problems in activated sludge plants. This recent book provides a comprehensive, concise guide to the microbiological and technical aspects of bulking and foaming control.
The result of over 25 years of research, the book stresses practical control measures based on kinetic and metabolic selection theories, as well as on case histories. Topics in the book include: biochemical processes in wastewater treatment, evaluation ofseparation problems, settling and foaming principles, bulking and foaming control methods, and system design. More than 100 tables and figures illustrate complex processes, and over 500 references provide a detailed compendium of available resources.
It was the intention of the author to summarize in this book all essential pieces of information on both the microbiological and technical aspects of bulking and foaming control, so microbiologists and engineers can find new and helpful information from each other's field without studying vast numbers of primary literature sources. Naturally, the practical pieces of information required for solving practical operational problems are more stressed.
The book is arranged into six major chapters which are subdivided into uniform topical sections. The reader interested in a particular problem or searching for a particular solution does not necessarily need to read the whole book to get the answer. There are many cross-references in the text which will lead the reader to the background of the problem, and to show its connection to similar problems and their solutions.

Starting with sludge and scum characterization, this practical guide provides least cost methods of improving sludge quality, options for beneficial reuse, the costs of implementing those options, and case studies of sludge reuse programs around the country. From the pitfalls of site selection to pairing sludge products with their markets, this is a comprehensive resource for anyone working to establish a successful sludge reuse program. Each sludge processing option is presented in depth, including costs, operational difficulties, odor control, and application of the sludge product. The land application of liquid sludge, traditional and innovative methods of natural and mechanical dewatering, and lime stabilization processes are covered in detail. Composting options including aerated static pile composting, vermicomposting, windrow composting, and in-vessel composting are investigated. Sludge pelletizing processes and innovative technologies for sludge reuse are discussed, along with the Part 503 regulations.

The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering presents an in-depth examination of the principles and practice of modern day composting. This comprehensive book covers compost science, engineering design, operation, principles, and practice, stressing a fundamental approach to analysis throughout. Biological, physical, chemical, thermodynamic, and kinetic principles are covered to develop a unified analytical approach to analysis and an understanding of the process. A brief history of the development of composting systems, which leads to descriptions of modern processes, is presented.

The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering also discusses the elements of successful odor management at composting facilities, including state-of-the-art odor treatment and enhanced atmospheric dispersion. The book is excellent for all engineers, practitioners, plant operators, scientists, researchers, and students in the field.

This valuable new book offers practical guidance regarding the design and operation of systems for reducing effluent nitrogen and phosphorus. The principles of nitrogen and phosphorus removal are discussed, including sources of nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater, removal options, nitrogen and phosphorus transformations in treatment, process selection, and treatment. The book also covers the design and operation of nitrogen and phosphorus removal systems, including system options, system design, facility design, facility costs, and operation. Practical case studies are provided as examples of successful system implementations that may be able to help you decide what will work best in your plant.

It is generally accepted that excreta disposal is given less priority in emergencies than other humanitarian interventions such as health care, food and water supply. This is despite the fact that many of the most common diseases occuring in emergency situations are caused by inadequate sanitation facilities and poor hygeine practice. Many aid agencies are aware of these facts and wish to give greater emphasis to excreta disposal. In the past, however, they have often been hampered by a lack of experience and resources to support their field staff. This manual is designed for use by field-based technicians, engineers and non-technical staff responsible for sanitation planning, management and intervention in emergencies. This may include international personnel sent to an emergency, local, national and regional staff.

Lose yourself in the vast sewer networks that lie beneath the world's great cities - past and present. Let detailed archival plans, maps and photographs guide you through these subterranean labyrinths - previously accessible only to their builders, engineers and, perhaps, the odd rogue explorer. This execrable exploration traces the evolution of waste management from the ingenious infra-structures of the ancient world to the seeping cesspits and festering open sewers of the medieval period. It investigates and celebrates the work of the civil engineers whose pioneering integrated sewer systems brought to a close the devastating cholera epidemics of the mid-19th century and continue to serve a vastly increased population today. And let's not forget those giant fatbergs clogging our underground arteries, or the storm-surge super-structures of tomorrow.

Although primarily concerned with the treatment of wastewater and water quality, publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) are required to be in compliance with the Federal Clean Air Act and an increasingly stringent series of Clean Air Act Amendments to control emissions of odors, criteria pollutants, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). How POTWs demonstrate, document, or show compliance with federal and state or local quality laws and regulations can vary significantly from POTW to POTW and from state to state. VOC Emissions from Wastewater Treatment Plants: Characterization, Control, and Compliance provides the tools, concepts, policies, and information required to develop an air quality compliance plan and to assess the labor and capital requirements to maintain the plan's viability.

With contributions from a panel of experts and authoritative editorial guidance, the book reflects many viewpoints and approaches based on various air quality compliance and assessment conditions and experiences. The editors use this body of knowledge to develop a clear picture of how to design, set up, and maintain a successful air quality compliance program. Building on this foundation, VOC Emissions from Wastewater Treatment Plants: Characterization, Control, and Compliance shows you how to create a comprehensive, complete program that includes POTW-specific air emissions inventory information, measurement techniques, and viable control options.

Development of a sustainable wastewater treatment scheme to recycle sewage nutrients and water in tilapia aquaculture was the main objective of this PhD research. Use of an integrated UASB-duckweed ponds system for domestic wastewater treatment linked to tilapia aquaculture was investigated. The treatment system was efficient in organic matter removal during the entire year, while nitrogen, phosphorus and faecal coliform removal were negatively affected by the decline in temperature in winter. Most of the nitrogen removal was achieved by plant uptake (81%) while 14.5% and 4.5% of the removal was due to denitrification and sedimentation, respectively. The treatment system provided effluent quality and duckweed biomass suitable to reuse in tilapia aquaculture. The nutritional value of fresh duckweed was significantly better than for wheat bran and simular to the commecial feed when used in combination with treated sewage from the duckweed ponds. This research was carried out with financial support of the Dutch government within the framework of the SAIL funded "Wasteval" project (LUW/MEA/971) and is the result of a cooperative effort of the Water Pollution Control Department of the National Research Centre in Cairo, Wageningen University and Research and the UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education.

This book provides a thorough overview of respirometry and its scientific and engineering basis. The book describes the fundamentals of biological waste treatment, development of predictive models for system design and operation, and how respirometry fits in with these operations. It also presents case studies, which give you concrete examples of the application of respirometry.
This book will help activated sludge process control designers, operators, and managers of biological wastewater treatment facilitieslearn how to improve methods for the analysis of biological wastewater systems, enhance design and treatability projects, optimize and troubleshoot plant operations, and accurately predict the impact of new loads or streams on biological wastewater facilities.

In the sweltering summer of 1858 the stink of sewage from the polluted Thames was so offensive that it drove Members of Parliament from the chamber of the House of Commons. Sewage generated by a population of over 2 million Londoners was pouring into the river, carried to and fro by the tides. The Times called the crisis "The Great Stink". Parliament had to act - drastic measures were required to clean the Thames and improve London's primitive system of sanitation. The great engineer entrusted with this enormous task was Sir Joseph Bazalgette, and this book is a fascinating account of his life and work. Bazalgette's response to the challenge was to conceive and build the system of intercepting sewers, pumping stations and treatment works that serves London to this day. In the process he cleansed the River Thames and helped to banish cholera, but this was only one of the achievements of his career. This enthralling history gives a vivid insight into Bazalgette's achievements and the era in which he worked and lived, including his heroic battle with politicians, bureaucrats and huge engineering problems to transform the face and health of the world's largest city.

In 1858 the 'Great Stink of London' made much of the city along the Thames uninhabitable. Between 1848 and 1854 nearly 25,000 Londoners died of cholera, a disease borne by foul water. Joseph Bazalgette saved the city, building sewers that would serve 4 million people and stop waste water emptying into the Thames. These sewers are still the backbone of London's sewerage system today, but the city's population is now approaching 10 million; the old sewers can't cope and action needs to be taken to ensure that 'The Great Stink' never happens again. This is where the Thames Tideway Tunnel comes in: a GBP4.2 billion, 25km-long, 7.2m-diameter tunnel that will stop virtually all of the sewer overflows into the Thames and give us a cleaner and healthier river and city. This is the inside story on the tunnel, from the very start to breaking ground and all the steps along the way. Written by Phil Stride, a leading civil engineer, it is a unique chance both to see behind the scenes of an incredible civil engineering project and to meet the people who've taken it forward over the last ten years.

Volume II of the definitive series on the microbiology of wastewater treatment

The activated sludge process is the most versatile, commonly used wastewater treatment system in North America; however, many activated sludge processes frequently experience operational problems related to poor compaction or settleability of secondary solids and loss of secondary solids from the clarifier. Eschewing the technical jargon and copious chemical equations found in the majority of wastewater studies, Settleability Problems and Loss of Solids in the Activated Sludge Process speaks directly to plant operators, showing them how to identify and solve common problems and achieve maximum efficiency.

Michael H. Gerardi’s hands-on guide addresses the most common plant operational problems, such as increased costs, loss of treatment efficiency, and permit violations. Using numerous tables and illustrations, Settleability Problems provides microscopic and analytical techniques for troubleshooting and identifying the conditions responsible for settleability problems and loss of solids. It includes pictures of wet mounts and smears of acceptable and unacceptable microscopic conditions of the activated sludge and presents corrective measures for operational problems. Chapters include:

• Undesired Filamentous Growth
• Nutrient-Deficient Floc Particles
• Denitrification
• Slug Discharge of Soluble cBOD
• Viscous Bulking or Zoogloeal Growth
• Production and Accumulation of Foam and Scum

The Wastewater Microbiology Series tackles the critical topics of cost-effective operation, permit compliance, process control, and troubleshooting through a microbiological perspective. Volume II in the series, Settleability Problems will prove to be of unparalleled value to wastewater treatment plant operators as well as students of wastewater microbiology.

Recently, research efforts aiming to improve energy efficiency of wastewater treatment processes for large centralized wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been increasing. Global warming impacts, energy sustainability, and biosolids generation are among several key drivers towards the establishment of energy-efficient WWTPs. WWTPs have been recognized as major contributors of greenhouse gas emissions as these are significant energy consumers in the industrialized world. The quantity of biosolids or excess waste activated sludge produced by WWTP will increase in the future due to population growth and this pose environmental concerns and solid waste disposal issues. Due to limited capacity of landfill sites, more stringent environmental legislation, and air pollution from incineration sites, there is a need to rethink the conventional way of dealing with wastewater and the sludge production that comes with it. This book provides an overview of advanced biological, physical and chemical treatment with the aim of reducing the volume of sewage sludge. Provides a comprehensive list of processes aiming at reducing the volume of sewage sludge and increasing biogas production from waste activated sludge. Includes clear process flowsheet showing how the process is modified compared to the conventional waste activated sludge process. Provides current technologies applied on full scale plant as well as methods still under investigation at laboratory scale. Offers data from pilot scale experience of these processes

A comprehensive guide to sludge management, reuse, and disposal

When wastewater is treated, reducing organic material to carbon dioxide, water, and bacterial cells--the cells are disposed of, producing a semisolid and nutrient-rich byproduct called sludge. The expansion in global population and industrial activity has turned the production of excess sludge into an international environmental challenge, with the ultimate disposal of excess sludge now one of the most expensive problems faced by wastewater facilities.

Written by two leading environmental engineers, "Biological Sludge Minimization and Biomaterials/Bioenergy Recovery Technologies "offers a comprehensive look at cutting-edge techniques for reducing sludge production, converting sludge into a value-added material, recovering useful resources from sludge, and sludge incineration. Reflecting the impact of new stringent environmental legislation, this book offers a frank appraisal of how sludge can be realistically managed, covering key concerns and the latest tools: Fundamentals of biological processes for wastewater treatment, wastewater microbiology, and microbial metabolism, essential to understanding how sludge is producedPrediction of primary sludge and waste-activated sludge production, among the chief design and operational challenges of a wastewater treatment plantTechnologies for sludge reduction, with a focus on reducing microbial growth yield as well as enhancing sludge disintegrationThe use of anerobic digestion of sewage sludge for biogas recovery, in terms of process fundamentals, design, and operationThe use of the microbial fuel cell (MFC) system for the sustainable treatment of organic wastes and electrical energy recovery

A sine qua non of control system development for modern sewer networks is the preservation of the water system around a network's outflow(s). Several approaches have been proposed for the optimisation of sewage control and Optimal Real-time Control of Sewer Networks provides a comparative synthesis of a central sewer network flow control based on two of these: nonlinear-optimal and multivariable-feedback control. Testing and comparison of these protocols are made on the basis of their control results for the large-scale sewer network located around the river Obere Iller in Bavaria. The control strategies implemented within this network are based on this study. From the selection of possible methods of control and moving to the implementation of those methods in a real sewer system, this monograph will be invaluable to control and civil engineers working in sewage flow and wastewater treatment and of interest to academics wishing to see how their ideas on optimal control work out when practically applied.

Calling for ecologically and economically sound wastewater treatment systems, the authors of Natural Wastewater Treatment Systems explore the use of wetlands, sprinkler or deep irrigation, groundwater recharge, and other natural systems as sustainable methods for the treatment and management of wastewater. Based on work by prominent experts in natural waste treatment, this text provides a thorough explanation on how soil and plants can successfully sustain microbial populations in the treatment of wastewater. Determining that natural systems cost less to construct and operate, and require less energy than mechanical treatment alternatives, this book also explains how these processes produce lower amounts of residual solids, and use little or no chemicals. What's New in the Second Edition: This revised edition includes current design and regulatory and operational developments in the natural wastewater treatment field. It provides detailed examples and analyses along with significant operational data in each chapter. It also considers how processes provide passive treatment with a minimum of mechanical elements, and describes new approaches to partially mixed ponds, including dual-powered aeration ponds. Introduces the planning procedures and treatment mechanisms responsible for treatment in ponds, wetlands, land application, and soil absorption systems Provides new case studies of constructed wetlands and water reuse systems Presents design criteria and methods of pond treatment and pond effluent upgrading Describes constructed wetlands design procedures, process applications, treatment performance data, and land treatment concepts and design equations Includes information on constituents of emerging concern (CEC) and their fate in natural systems The text discusses wastewater pond systems, free water surface constructed wetlands, subsurface and vertical flow constructed wetlands, land treatment, sludge management, and onsite wastewater systems. It describes residuals and biosolids management, including nitrogen removal pretreatment methods, and uses U.S. customary and metric units in all chapters. It presents case studies of new applications of natural systems and includes worked examples of design equations for ponds and land treatment. It also provides a biosolids regulatory update from a top EPA scientist, and algae reduction technologies for ponds and wetlands. Designed for practicing wastewater engineers and scientists involved in the planning, design, and operation of ponds, wetlands, land treatment, biosolids, and onsite soil-based treatment systems, the book integrates many natural treatment systems into one single source.