Food, energy, and water are intrinsically connected through economic and ecological linkages and dependent on limited resources that are particularly threatened in developing countries by climate change, economic and population growth. A nexus perspective that simultaneously encompasses food, energy, and water has thus become crucial to avoid inefficient resource use. This volume contributes to the research on the food-energy-water nexus by first developing three integrated modeling frameworks for ex-ante policy simulation and then analyzing four policies in Malawi - biofuels production, irrigation expansion, improved cookstoves and agroforestry. The analyses show that the design of policies matters and that the inclusion of smallholders generally maximizes synergies between food, energy and water security. Integrated modeling frameworks are vital for analyses of policies that simultaneously affect the economic, social, and environmental spheres to quantify relevant tradeoffs.

Shortly after speaking with a bullhorn amidst the still-smoking wreckage at the World Trade Center site, President George W. Bush urged Americans to 'get down to Disney World in Florida...take your families and enjoy life, the way we want it to be enjoyed.' Americans, he implied, should not merely offer sacrifices but return to normalcy. Consistent with this anecdote, his administration cut taxes, and held of efforts by a renegade group of anti-war Congress members to introduce a 'share the sacrifice' war tax for Iraq in 2007. According to the tax's opponents, Americans were already being 'taxed to death.' The ultimate result of all of this is that the government has financed the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan entirely through borrowing. As Sarah Kreps shows in Taxing Wars, the type of debt financing for war that we have seen since 9/11 could not have been more different from earlier experiences when wars meant taxation. For instance, in 1914-three years before America's direct involvement in World War I-President Wilson urged war taxes as a way to fund defense preparations. Indeed, the Wilson Administration levied a series of war taxes before, during, and after the war, amounting to about one-third of the war's costs. Why, when Wilson was aiming to recruit rather than repel support for the war, did he introduce measures such as a hefty war tax that recent leaders have considered politically toxic? Why was the public so magnanimous in its willingness to contribute its own resources? By contrast, why did leaders not use the crisis of war, often used as entrees for introducing war taxes in the past, in the aftermath of 9/11 to extract resources from the populace in a way that been customary in the past? More generally, what explains shifting attitudes towards bearing the financial burden of war and the move away from war taxes, and the consequences of that shift? Kreps argues that the starkly different approaches are the result of public attitudes towards wartime fiscal sacrifice that vary depending on the underlying type of war and state-society relations. The public accepted the sacrifices that the state demanded during the two world wars, an effect of both the nature of those wars and the public's more favorable views toward government in that era. However, when these factors combine to make the public cost sensitive, leaders have pursued forms of war finance that anticipate opposition and minimize constraints on the way they use force. In post-1945 wars, the public has become almost uniformly unforgiving of fiscal sacrifice, which explains leaders' increased tendency to rely on less visible forms of finance such as borrowing. The lack of visibility has had an important knock-on effect too: Leaders have been able to increasingly operate without the type of decision-making constraints that were present in earlier war efforts which depended upon broader levels of public support. Her ultimate conclusion is both sobering and extremely important: the deterioration of decision-making accountability with regard to war in the second half of the twentieth century has allowed leaders to wage increasingly costly and protracted wars. And because the health of a democracy can be measured by how responsive leaders are to an informed and attentive public in times of war, our current practices suggest that we are edging ever closer to how non-democracies conduct war.

A sophisticated and accessible application of the newest theoretical work in public-policy history and legal studies, this book is a detailed account of how a permanent income tax was enacted into law in the United States. The tax originated as an apology for the aggressive manipulation of other forms of taxation, especially the tariff, during the Civil War. Levied with very low rates on a small proportion of the population and raising little revenue, the early tax was designed to preserve imbalances in the structure of wealth and opportunity, rather than to ameliorate or abolish them, by strengthening the status quo against fundamental attacks by the political left and right. This book shows that the early course of income taxation was more clearly the product of centrist ideological agreement, despite occasional divergences, than of "conservative-liberal" allocative conflict.

This publication sets out considerations for policymakers embarking on planning and implementing a digital transformation of tax administration. Digitalization can play a key role in helping tax authorities lower compliance and administrative costs, collect more revenue more efficiently, enhance transparency and service to taxpayers, and accommodate big data flows. This report explores how tax administrations can use technology and how risks can be identified and reduced. It provides an assessment framework to support policymakers as they begin the planning process and outlines considerations for effective implementation of the tax administration of the future.

Alle aktuellen Regelungen und die besten Steuerstrategien: Dieses Buch erlautert die Besteuerung von Kapitalertragen im Privatvermoegen sowie in Grundzugen im Betriebsvermoegen und nennt wirksame Steueroptimierungen zum Schutz des Kapitals. Zahlreiche UEbersichten verdeutlichen die gesetzlichen Regelungen, die aktuellen Anpassungen durch die Rechtsprechung und Aussagen der Finanzverwaltung sowie Ausnahmen bei der Abgeltungsteuer. Von der praxisnahen Darstellung dieses wertvollen Ratgebers profitieren vor allem private Kapitalanleger, Bankberater und Steuerberater. Die uberarbeitete dritte Auflage wurde aufgrund neuer gesetzlicher Vorschriften, zahlreicher zwischenzeitlich ergangener BMF-Schreiben und Urteile der Finanzrechtsprechung aktualisiert.

This book presents evidence that public debts in the advanced economies have surged in recent years to levels not recorded since the end of World War II, surpassing the heights reached during the First World War and the Great Depression. At the same time, private debt levels, particularly those of financial institutions and households, are in uncharted territory and are (in varying degrees) a contingent liability of the public sector in many countries. Historically, high leverage episodes have been associated with slower economic growth and a higher incidence of default or, more generally, restructuring of public and private debts.A more subtle form of debt restructuring in the guise of "financial repression" (which had its heyday during the tightly regulated Bretton Woods system) also importantly facilitated sharper and more rapid debt reduction than would have otherwise been the case from the late 1940s to the 1970s. It is conjectured here that the pressing needs of governments to reduce debt rollover risks and curb rising interest expenditures in light of the substantial debt overhang (combined with the widespread "official aversion" to explicit restructuring) are leading to a revival of financial repression-including more directed lending to government by captive domestic audiences (such as pension funds), explicit or implicit caps on interest rates, and tighter regulation on cross-border capital movements.

This handbook is a concise guide for all those who aim at obtaining a basic knowledge of European tax law. Designed for students, it should also be useful for experienced international tax specialists with little knowledge of European law, European law specialists who are reluctant to approach the technicalities of direct taxation and non-Europeans who deal with Europe for business or academic reasons and need to understand the foundations of European tax law. This book should also help academics without a legal background to approach the technical issues raised by European Union tax law. This edition contains selected relevant information available as of 30 June 2022. It retains all of the features and tools contained in the previous editions (including the final charts, which our readers very much appreciate). In this edition we have also included a list of relevant documents and a selection of reference textbooks on European tax law in five languages, which we found of potential interest to our readers.

This publication explores how innovative financing and transformative knowledge solutions can help build sustainable and resilient food systems in Asia and the Pacific. The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted the food security and nutrition challenges in Asia and the Pacific, where various risks and fragilities have affected the food and agriculture sector. This publication explores how innovative financing and transformative knowledge solutions can help address the financing gaps and other challenges of food systems in the region. It emphasizes the need to enhance resilience and mitigate climate change by integrating the sustainable management of natural resources, nutritional considerations, and the economic dimensions of food supply chains.

This publication provides guidance for bond issuers and their advisors on the process and key considerations for a successful green bond issuance. Demand for green bonds and other sustainable finance products is increasing rapidly, and issuers are seeing an opportunity to be part of the green bond market. This publication covers all the steps required to follow best practices in labeling bonds as green. It includes examples, links to further details, and key resources for green bond issuers and their deal teams.

Die deutsche Wirtschaft wird traditionell von mittelstandischen Unternehmen getragen. Viele dieser Unternehmen werden von traditionsbewussten Familienunternehmern gefuhrt. Diese wollen auch nach ihrem Ausstieg erreichen, dass "ihr" Unternehmen von der nachsten Generation, insbesondere den eigenen Kindern, fortgefuhrt wird. Der Generationenwechsel ist eine grosse Herausforderung, da er in der Regel von zahlreichen gesellschaftsrechtlichen und steuerrechtlichen Fragestellungen sowie familieninternen Auseinandersetzungen begleitet wird. Der Autor untersucht, ob die Unterbeteiligung als mittelbare Beteiligungsform dazu geeignet ist, praktikable Antworten bezuglich des Generationenwechsels zu geben und damit die Unternehmensnachfolge in mittelstandischen Unternehmen zu optimieren.

The study supports policy makers in designing legal and operational frameworks and practices to enhance cooperation between tax authorities and Law Enforcement Agencies at the domestic and international levels, and to build on synergies between investigations and enforcement in the context of tax crimes, money laundering and corruption.