Die Steuersysteme im 19. Jahrhundert entstanden im Gefolge der neuen liberalen Grundlagenphilosophie von 1789 und den damit verbundenen neuen Staatsordnungen. Sie l-sten die alten feudalen Abgaben und Dienste ab. Von Frankreich ausgehend, entwickelte sich in den meisten mittel- und s}deurop{ischen Staaten der Typ der direkten objektiven Ertragsteuern. Sie sollten die Individuen vor staatlicher Steuerwillk}r besonders gut sch}tzen. Wegen ihrer Schwerf{lligkeit gegen}ber nderungen konnten diese Steuern jedochdie wirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Folgen der Industrialisierung nur ungen}gend aufnehmen. Die Ertragsteuern wurden abgel-st durch den revolution{r neuen Typ der englischen subjektiven Einkommensteuer, die bereits 1799 als au erordentliche Kriegssteuer entwickelt worden war. Die preu ische Einkommensteuer von 1891 blieb f}r Deutschland bis heute richtungweisend. Die bewegliche Einkommensteuer pa te sich den Wechseln der Industrialisierung ebenso elastisch an wie den sich {ndernden Staatszwecken: vom liberalen Nachtw{chterstaat, den es im w-rtlichen Sinne kaum gegeben hat, hin zum Rechts-, Lenkungs- und Sozialstaat. Die Steuer wurde zu einem bevorzugten Instrument der Innenpolitik. Die Staatshaushalte zeigen diese nderungen und die milit{rischen Auseinandersetzungen der europ{ischen Staaten mit gro er Deutlichkeit bei ihren Einnahmen und Ausgaben.

Das deutsche Steuer- und Rentenrecht ist den Anforderungen dieser Zeit nicht gewachsen. Zwar hat sich die Politik zaghaft an einer Reform des Steuer- und Rentensystems versucht, eine zukunftstrachtige Losung der Probleme aber wurde nicht gefunden. Zur Beseitigung dieses Defizits haben die Referenten des im Juni 2001 vom Heidelberger Steuerkreis veranstalteten Kongresses "Integriertes Steuer- und Sozialsystem in der Zukunft" eine Fulle von Reformvorschlagen vorgelegt. Ihre in diesem Band veroffentlichten Beitrage richten sich auf Deutschlands Reformfahigkeit uberhaupt, die Leitbilder eines zukunftigen Steuer- und Sozialsystems, ein moglichst einfaches und zugleich faires Steuersystem, ein generationengerechtes Rentensystem und die Integration von Steuer- und Transfersystem."

Die in regelmassigen Abstanden erscheinenden "Berichte zur Lage des Eigentums" thematisieren die Problem- und Erkenntnisfelder im Umfeld des Privateigentums in all seinen relevanten Bezugen, aus allen wissenschaftlichen Forschungsrichtungen sowie in nationaler, europaischer und globaler Perspektive. Im vorliegenden ersten Bericht stehen juristische Fragestellungen im Vordergrund. Am Beginn indes steht eine eigentumstheoretische Analyse zur sozialen Funktion des Eigentums von Christoph Engel. Otto Depenheuer skizziert, analysiert und kommentiert die fur das nationale Eigentumsrecht grundlegende Rechtsprechungsentwicklung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts zu Art. 14 GG. Thomas von Danwitz gibt einen umfassenden Uberblick uber den internationalen Eigentumsschutz in Europa und auf der Ebene der Welthandelsorganisation."

Small states have learned in recent decades that capital accumulates where taxes are low; as a result, tax havens have increasingly competed for the attention of international investors with tax and regulatory concessions. Economically powerful countries including France, Britain, Japan, and the United States, however, wished to stanch the offshore flow of domestic taxable capital. Since 1998 the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has attempted to impose common tax regulations on more than three dozen small states.

In a fascinating book based on fieldwork and interviews in twenty-two countries in the Caribbean, North America, Europe, and islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, J. C. Sharman shows how the struggle was decided in favor of the tax havens, which eventually avoided common regulation. No other book on tax havens is based on such extensive fieldwork, and no other author has had access to so many of the key decision makers who played roles in the conflict between onshore and offshore Sharman suggests that microstates succeeded in their struggle with great powers because of their astute deployment of reputation and effective rhetorical self-positioning. In effect, they persuaded a transnational audience that the OECD was being untrue to its own values by engaging in a hypocritical, bullying exercise inimical to free competition.

This book analyses and compares taxation in different countries. It looks at what tax systems have in common, how they differ and seeks to explain the the similarities and the differences. No attempt is made to confine the analysis on each topic to the same group of countries. Whilst the emphasis is on the larger advanced countries, countries are drawn on from all round the world according to the nature of the topic and the data available. The book seeks to answer questions such as: Why do developing countries rely heavily on indirect taxes? Why is income tax the dominant tax in advanced countries? Why is the property tax the most widely used tax in local government? Why do some countries have more tax expenditures than others? Why has VAT become the dominant sales tax world-wide? Why do less than half OECD countries have annual wealth taxes? Why are there so many differences in the way countries tax corporate income and capital gains? What are the keys to success in tax reform? And many more. In seeking to answer these questions the author draws on economic theory but also recognises the significance of historical, legal and social differences, the importance of constitutional constraints, the influence of geography and globalisation and the often decisive role played by the convictions and whims of politicians.

Immer mehr Unternehmen und Privatpersonen verlagern ihren Sitz ins Ausland. Das Buch zeigt, welche betriebswirtschaftlichen Uberlegungen fur Unternehmer hinsichtlich Kosten, Umweltauflagen, Belastungen durch Sozialabgaben und Steuern notwendig sind, um bei einer Standort- oder Produktionsverlagerung Gewinnen zu steigern und Verluste zu vermeiden.

Seventy-five percent of Americans claim religious affiliation, which can impact their taxpaying responsibilities. In this illuminating book, Samuel D. Brunson describes the many problems and breakdowns that can occur when tax meets religion in the United States, and shows how the US government has too often responded to these issues in an unprincipled, ad hoc manner. God and the IRS offers a better framework to understand tax and religion. It should be read by scholars of religion and the law, policymakers, and individuals interested in understanding the implications of taxation on their religious practices.

The author is concerned here with the tax treatment of individuals' income from the sole proprietorships and partnerships in manufacturing, finance, trade, agriculture, and professional practice. Attention is paid to the changing relation between the income from sole proprietorship and partnership and the total income of owners. Appendixes contain explanations of figures and concepts. Originally published in 1964. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

This conference volume deals with the question of what the economic impact of a shift in federal taxation toward greater use of indirect taxes would be with respect to the rate of saving and investment, personal effort, the balance of payments, and the efficiency of resource use. A major focus therefore is on the economic growth and balance-of-payments aspects which have been most emphasized in recent proposals for substitution of a sales tax or a value-added tax for part of the existing income tax. Originally published in 1964. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Volume 2 of Princeton University studies in papyrology. Originally published in 1938. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

An informal discussion for the general reader of the most critical problems of taxation, including an important chapter on the income tax. Originally published in 1948. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

The Complete, Authoritative Guide to Getting Started in Tax Consulting

Tax consulting and return preparation is a fast-paced, dynamic industry–one that promises high earning potential. In this book, tax advisor Gary Carter shows you just what it takes to become an in-demand tax consultant. You’ll discover how to break into the tax business, even with relatively limited education and training, and build a path to your new career with Carter’s five-step formula for success. Brimming with expert advice from tax professionals and featuring up-to-the-minute coverage of everything from qualifications and employment opportunities to Internet resources, Getting Started in Tax Consulting shows you how to:

• Assess your personality fit for the tax profession
• Formulate your business plan for starting a tax practice
• Find a niche for your tax services
• Choose between a sole proprietorship, a partnership, a C corporation, an S corporation, and a limited liability company
• Set your fees and market your services
• Perform research–an essential skill of the tax professional
• Make the IRS your partner and advisor–not your adversary
• Start a Web-based tax service

Contents Foreword, ix I. Introductory, 1 II. The Nature of Protection, 8 III. Critique of Popular, and Fallacious, Arguments for Protection, 17 IV. The Argument for Free Trade, 50 V. Rational Protection, 63 VI. Anti-dumping Legislation and Special Forms of Foreign Trade Control, 89 VII. The Future Commercial Policy of the United States, 107 Appendix I, 134 Appendix II, 150 Originally published in 1942. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

The capture of the French king John II at Poitiers in 1356 marked the end of royal taxation as a temporary, wartime expedient and its beginning as an annual assessment. John Henneman's detailed treatment of war financing in the period immediately preceding, from 1322 to 1356, is the first volume in a proposed study of royal finances in France during the fourteenth century. Mr. Henneman has chosen a chronological approach to his subject in order to show how the evolving theory and practice of taxation were affected by these turbulent years of war and negotiation, political faction and dynastic feuds, social and economic change. Mr. Henneman discusses the king's requirements for money over and above his normal revenues, the methods he used to raise the funds, the responses of his subjects, and the changes these procedures made in the development of French institutions. His study is based largely on unpublished sources, especially the manuscripts found in French provincial archives. As the royal financial records in Paris have been dispersed or destroyed, these manuscripts arc of particular importance. Originally published in 1971. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

This conference volume deals with the question of what the economic impact of a shift in federal taxation toward greater use of indirect taxes would be with respect to the rate of saving and investment, personal effort, the balance of payments, and the efficiency of resource use. A major focus therefore is on the economic growth and balance-of-payments aspects which have been most emphasized in recent proposals for substitution of a sales tax or a value-added tax for part of the existing income tax. Originally published in 1964. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Tax law is political. This book highlights and explains the major themes and methodologies of a group of scholars who challenge the traditional claim that tax law is neutral and unbiased. The contributors to this volume include pioneers in the field of critical tax theory, as well as key thinkers who have sustained and expanded the investigation into why the tax laws are the way they are and what impacts tax laws have on historically disempowered groups. This volume, assembled by two law professors who work in the field, is an accessible introduction to this new and growing body of scholarship. It is a resource not only for scholars and students in the fields of taxation and economics, but also for those who engage with critical race theory, feminist legal theory, queer theory, class-based analysis, and social justice generally. Tax is the one area of law that affects everyone in our society, and this book is crucial to understanding its impact.

Volume 2 of Princeton University studies in papyrology. Originally published in 1938. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Tax evasion is a complex phenomenon which is influenced not just by economic motives but by psychological factors as well. Economic-psychological research focuses on individual and social representations of taxation as well as decision-making. In this 2007 book, Erich Kirchler assembles research on tax compliance, with a focus on tax evasion, and integrates the findings into a model based on the interaction climate between tax authorities and taxpayers. The interaction climate is defined by citizens' trust in authorities and the power of authorities to control taxpayers effectively; depending on trust and power, either voluntary compliance, enforced compliance or no compliance are likely outcomes. Featuring chapters on the social representations of taxation, decision-making and self-employed income tax behaviour, this book will appeal to researchers in economic psychology, behavioural economics and public administration.

Taxation has been seen as the domain of charisma-free accountants, lawyers and number crunchers - an unlikely place to encounter big societal questions about democracy, equity or good governance. Yet it is exactly these issues that pervade conversations about taxation among policymakers, tax collectors, civil society activists, journalists and foreign aid donors in Africa today. Tax has become viewed as central to African development. Written by leading international experts, Taxing Africa offers a cutting-edge analysis on all aspects of the continent's tax regime, displaying the crucial role such arrangements have on attempts to create social justice and push economic advancement. From tax evasion by multinational corporations and African elites to how ordinary people navigate complex webs of 'informal' local taxation, the book examines the potential for reform, and how space might be created for enabling locally-led strategies. The eBook editions of this book are available open access under a CC BY-NC 3.0 licence on bloomsburycollections.com.

This first major study of tax structure in pre-Renaissance Spain gives new insight into the condition of the conquered people of postcrusade Valencia. Drawing on tax records, it provides the reader with a fascinating glimpse of life among the thirteenth century Mudejars. By showing the financial links between a medieval ethnic enclave and the dominant society, the author illuminates aspects of intergroup relations that have previously been neglected. This volume is the second in the author's trilogy on Muslim society in Eastern Spain. Originally published in 1976. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Das Buch dient der Verbesserung von Entscheidungen ebenso wie der Vorbereitung der strategischen Gesprache mit dem Steuerberater und steigert die Effizienz der Ergebnisse. Mit vielen Mustern, Checklisten und Formularen.

Das Verstehen wirtschaftlicher Zusammenhange sowie erfolgreiche unternehmerische Tatigkeit setzen eine profunde Kenntnis des Wirtschaftsrechts voraus. Dabei handelt es sich um eine sehr komplexe Materie, die aus zahlreichen Einzeldisziplinen besteht, die wiederum standigen Schwankungen durch Gesetzgebung und vor allem Rechtsprechung unterworfen sind.
Die beiden Bande "Wirtschaftsrecht 1" und "Wirtschaftsrecht 2" dieses neuen Lehrbuches fuhren systematisch, verstandlich und auf aktuellem Stand in das komplette Spektrum des Wirtschaftsrechts ein. Band 1 vermittelt die Grundlagen des Burgerlichen Rechts und des Handelsrechts. Im Mittelpunkt des Bandes 2 stehen Gesellschaftsrecht, Gewerbliche Schutzrechte und Urheberrecht. Der Autor widmet allen Teilgebieten gleichermassen Raum, so dass ein fundierter Gesamtuberblick uber dieses wichtige Fachgebiet entsteht. Zahlreiche praktische Beispiele aus der Rechtsprechung veranschaulichen und vertiefen den Inhalt."

Lothar Lammersen vergleicht die verschiedenen einzelwirtschaftlichen Ansatze zur Messung der effektiven Steuerbelastung und analysiert ihre Anwendungsgebiete sowie ihre Aussagekraft. Themen sind die nationale und grenzuberschreitende Unternehmensfinanzierung, die Ausnutzung von Unterschieden bei Steuertarifen und Steuerbemessungsgrundlagen, die internationale Verrechnungspreisgestaltung sowie Steuerwirkungen unter einer zinsbereinigten Einkommensteuer oder einer Dual Income Tax.