Dieses Werk befasst sich mit 87 Abs. 2 AktG, einer Vorschrift, die in ihrer jetzigen Form im Zuge der Finanzkrise durch das so genannte VorstAG eingefuhrt wurde und in der Literatur zum Teil auf erhebliche Ablehnung gestossen ist. Sie steht im Kontext des Prozesses zunehmender Verrechtlichung des Bereichs der aktienrechtlichen Vorstandsvergutung. Der Autor zeigt auf, inwieweit die Vorschrift in einem Spannungsverhaltnis zur allgemeinen Zivilrechtsdogmatik steht und entwickelt daraus ein eigenes, restriktives Normverstandnis. Er bettet seine Ausfuhrungen und Ansatze dabei in eine ausfuhrliche Darstellung aktienrechtlicher Grundlagen ein.

In der Insolvenz u ber das Vermoegen einer KG gehoert die haftungsrechtliche Inanspruchnahme der Kommanditisten fu r den verwaltungs- und verfu gungsbefugten Insolvenzverwalter zu dessen Pflichtprogramm. Eine Analyse der diesbezu glichen Rechtsprechung und Literaturpublikationen der jungeren Vergangenheit offenbaren indes, dass dieses Pflichtprogramm eine Vielzahl von rechtlichen Schwierigkeiten in sich birgt. Der Autor eruiert dabei die wesentlichen Streitfragen und setzt sich mit Ihnen im Wege einer wissenschaftlichen Diskussion auseinander. Immer wieder treten dabei die zu erwartenden Folgen fur die Praxis in den Vordergrund der Diskussion. Berucksichtigt wird darin nicht nur die idealtypische KG, sondern auch die als KG ausgestalteten Publikumsgesellschaften sowie die GmbH & Co. KG.

Es besteht kein Zweifel daran, dass Familienunternehmen fur die Gesellschaft oekonomisch vorteilhaft sind. Ob dieser Unternehmenstyp auch einen sozialen Nutzen bringt, konnte bisher nicht hinreichend beantwortet werden. Aus diesem Grund beschaftigt sich die Publikation mit dem Wirkungsgrad zwischen Familienunternehmen und dem Sozialkapital in deutschen Landkreisen und kreisfreien Stadten. Hierzu werden die Daten zu Familienunternehmen mit unterschiedlichen Sozialkapital-Indikatoren analysiert. Die Ergebnisse weisen auf einen positiven Zusammenhang zwischen der Familienunternehmensdichte und dem Sozialkapital in einer Region hin.

For women and other marginalized groups, the reality is that the laws regulating estates and trusts may not be treating them fairly. By using popular feminist legal theories as well as their own definitions of feminism, the authors of this volume present rewritten opinions from well-known estates and trust cases. Covering eleven important cases, this collection reflects the diversity in society and explores the need for greater diversity in the law. By re-examining these cases, the contributors are able to demonstrate how women's property rights, as well as the rights of other marginalized groups, have been limited by the law.

For women and other marginalized groups, the reality is that the laws regulating estates and trusts may not be treating them fairly. By using popular feminist legal theories as well as their own definitions of feminism, the authors of this volume present rewritten opinions from well-known estates and trust cases. Covering eleven important cases, this collection reflects the diversity in society and explores the need for greater diversity in the law. By re-examining these cases, the contributors are able to demonstrate how women's property rights, as well as the rights of other marginalized groups, have been limited by the law.

Prufzeiten gemass Anhang 3 des EBM sind mangels wissenschaftlicher Evaluation fur Plausibilitatsverfahren nicht verwertbar und im Rahmen von Honorarruckforderungen der Kassenarztlichen Vereinigungen rechtlich nicht nutzbar. AErzte, die mit entsprechenden Ruckforderungsbescheiden konfrontiert werden, haben gegen diese Bescheide unmittelbare Abwehranspruche aus Art. 12 Abs. 1, 14 Abs. 1 und 2 Abs. 1 GG. Dabei ist es rechtlich unerheblich, ob und in welchem Umfang einzelne AErzte gegen Prufzeiten aus Anhang 3 des EBM verstossen haben.

The challenges of establishing a successful and sustainable property tax in Latin American countries are numerous and varied, yet many jurisdictions are implementing viable reforms. Public officials responsible for its administration often face intense political pressure because the property tax is universal and highly visible. Public dissatisfaction arises because the property tax requires payment independent of a property transaction. Moreover, equitable property tax assessment depends on a variety of factors, including operational efficiency, technical expertise, available data, administrative capacity, and political will.
Certain conditions in Latin America compound these difficulties. Large disparities in income and wealth complicate the setting of equitable property tax rates, and as a result some municipalities are under-resourced to support efficient property tax collection. Limited access to data on property sales prices hampers accurate valuations, as does the great diversity in land tenure and occupation patterns in the region. An added difficulty is the distrust of public authorities by many taxpayers in view of weak governance and corruption.
Widespread informal land occupation also complicates matters. Excluding informal properties limits the universality of the tax and its ability to generate revenue, but including such properties requires significant efforts to update cadastral records (a comprehensive register of real property location, ownership and value). How residents of informal areas perceive the tax is another concern.
Reports on property tax revenues in Latin America are not consistent, the quality of the data is less than satisfactory, and collections vary greatly across jurisdictions and countries. The available evidence indicates that the property tax is of limited importance as a source of revenue to support local expenditures. As a result, it is easy to understand why using fees and charges instead of reforming the property tax might be less influenced by political factors, easier to administer, more efficient, and more capable of generating revenue.
Nevertheless, property taxation remains the best way to support local public expenditures for several reasons, including its familiarity to taxpayers, its progressivity relative to taxes on consumption, and the difficulty of tax avoidance. Indeed, a growing number of municipalities demonstrate the feasibility of operating efficient property tax systems. Based on their experiences, this report presents a comprehensive framework that could help overcome many of the traditional roadblocks to successful property taxation in Latin America. Recommended reforms focus on three areas: Fiscal policy, Tax policies, Assessment practices and collection procedures.

This book addresses the optimization of taxation systems, a topic currently being explored by scholars all over the world. It puts forward a critical opinion on the problem and offers an original approach to solving it - through informatization. The target audience of the book includes not only scholars and experts who professionally deal with taxation optimization issues, but also representatives of public authorities, and the general public. The book offers sound and practical solutions for the informatization-based optimization of taxation systems, and its conclusions and recommendations could be used in the management of tax systems for modern economic systems and in taxation optimization for specific economic subjects - individuals and organizations alike - , ensuring a broad range of practical applications.

Reorganisieren Sie Ihre Kanzlei! UEberraschende Impulse aus dem Luftfahrtmanagement helfen Steuerberatern an und uber der Leistungsgrenze, ihre Kanzlei so umzubauen, dass sie in ihrer Berufung wieder aufleben. Auf Basis eigener Erfahrungen erlautern die Autoren am Vorbild der Luftfahrt praxiserprobte Loesungen fur Fehlervermeidung und die Bewaltigung von Personalmangel, UEberlastung, Arbeitsstau, Datenflut, Digitalisierung und der standig wachsenden Komplexitat der Beratungsfalle. Sie geben konkrete Hilfen fur die optimale Personalauswahl und -fuhrung, Prozessorganisation und Mandantenakquise. Inhaber und Team koennen so die Leistungsstarke der Kanzlei deutlich steigern, zugleich zeitliche und mentale Ressourcen heben: Die Kanzlei bietet wieder Freiheit und Erfullung. Machen Sie Ihre Beratung nachhaltig fit fur die Zukunft!

Mit zwei Urteilen vom 04. Juli 2017 erklarte der Bundesgerichtshof eine zwischen Kreditinstituten und Unternehmen vereinbarte Vertragsklausel uber ein "Bearbeitungsentgelt fur Vertragsschluss" fur unwirksam. Aufgrund der verbreiteten Verwendung solcher Klauseln in der Unternehmensfinanzierung und deren langjahriger Billigung durch die Rechtsprechung hat diese Entscheidung weitreichende Konsequenzen. Vor diesem Hintergrund zeigt der Autor, dass weiterhin ein praktisches Bedurfnis fur die rechtssichere Vereinbarung von Bankentgelten besteht. Am Beispiel von Entgeltklauseln stellt er dar, dass die AGB-Kontrolle im unternehmerischen Geschaftsverkehr auf flexible Gestaltungen und einen differenzierten Auslegungsmassstab angewiesen ist.

The Telegraph Tax Guide is the UK's bestselling tax handbook, containing everything you need to know about completing a self-assessment tax return for the 2021/22 financial year. With advice on how to complete self-assessment tax returns and a number of tax saving tips, this indispensable book includes: - Key changes from the Budget and Treasury Statements - Dealing effectively with HR Revenue and Customs - Worked illustrations showing you how to complete your tax submission - How living or working abroad affects the tax that you pay - Tax saving tips which help you save money Whether you are self-employed, work part time of full time, are unemployed or retired, if you pay tax The Telegraph Tax Guide is invaluable. It helps ensure that you are as tax efficient as possible, offering practical advice, timetables and examples that make the complex and challenging world of tax returns easier to understand.

The unsustainable, and still rapidly growing, U.S. federal government debt is a classic case of ''in denial." Despite numerous congressional committees, bipartisan commissions, and votes, we are no closer to a solution to the debt crisis than we were more than a decade ago. In fact, in 2018, a congressional committee was appointed to recommend budget process reforms, but that committee could not agree on any recommendations to submit to Congress.In this timely volume, scholars and policymakers assess the United States' fiscal constraints and provide new perspectives that are desperately needed in order to solve the nation's debt crisis. Previous recommendations focused on the outcomes of fiscal policy but perhaps we should take a step back and ask whether the fiscal and budget process rules themselves should be reformed. The essays in A Fiscal Cliff suggest that "unless we reform our fiscal rules and institutions, we are not likely to solve the debt crisis and restore sustainable fiscal policies." While the dominant sentiment is that maybe if we ignore it, it will just go away, the debt crisis will not just vanish. A Fiscal Cliff is a timely addition to a critical policy discussion.

Despite costing hundreds of billions of dollars and subsidizing everything from homeownership and child care to health insurance, tax expenditures (commonly known as tax loopholes) have received little attention from those who study American government. This oversight has contributed to an incomplete and misleading portrait of U.S. social policy. Here Christopher Howard analyzes the "hidden" welfare state created by such programs as tax deductions for home mortgage interest and employer-provided retirement pensions, the Earned Income Tax Credit, and the Targeted Jobs Tax Credit. Basing his work on the histories of these four tax expenditures, Howard highlights the distinctive characteristics of all such policies. Tax expenditures are created more routinely and quietly than traditional social programs, for instance, and over time generate unusual coalitions of support. They expand and contract without deliberate changes to individual programs.

Howard helps the reader to appreciate the historic links between the hidden welfare state and U.S. tax policy, which accentuate the importance of Congress and political parties. He also focuses on the reasons why individuals, businesses, and public officials support tax expenditures. "The Hidden Welfare State" will appeal to anyone interested in the origins, development, and structure of the American welfare state. Students of public finance will gain new insights into the politics of taxation. And as policymakers increasingly promote tax expenditures to address social problems, the book offers some sobering lessons about how such programs work.

Existing corporate taxes distort many aspects of firm behavior. To the extent that the corporate tax rate is lower than personal tax rates, taxes favor corporate activity, and favor retaining earnings rather than paying earnings out to employees and investors. Multinationals can even avoid these taxes by shifting income into tax havens. Given the ease with which multinationals can evade tax, the existing income tax structure faces major pressures, as reflected in average statutory corporate tax rates halving in recent decades. The Element speculates on alternative tax structures that will avoid these problems.

"The Theory of Taxation and Public Economics" presents a unified conceptual framework for analyzing taxation--the first to be systematically developed in several decades. An original treatment of the subject rather than a textbook synthesis, the book contains new analysis that generates novel results, including some that overturn long-standing conventional wisdom. This fresh approach should change thinking, research, and teaching for decades to come.

Building on the work of James Mirrlees, Anthony Atkinson and Joseph Stiglitz, and subsequent researchers, and in the spirit of classics by A. C. Pigou, William Vickrey, and Richard Musgrave, this book steps back from particular lines of inquiry to consider the field as a whole, including the relationships among different fiscal instruments. Louis Kaplow puts forward a framework that makes it possible to rigorously examine both distributive and distortionary effects of particular policies despite their complex interactions with others. To do so, various reforms--ranging from commodity or estate and gift taxation to regulation and public goods provision--are combined with a distributively offsetting adjustment to the income tax. The resulting distribution-neutral reform package holds much constant while leaving in play the distinctive effects of the policy instrument under consideration. By applying this common methodology to disparate subjects, "The Theory of Taxation and Public Economics" produces significant cross-fertilization and yields solutions to previously intractable problems.

In der Expertise wird der internationale wissenschaftliche Kenntnisstand zur Effektivitat verschiedener Massnahmen des Spieler- und Jugendschutzes in Form eines systematischen Reviews zusammengestellt. Im Fokus stehen dabei die seit 2012 geltenden verhaltens- und verhaltnispraventiven Massnahmen des Glucksspielstaatsvertrages. Zudem finden Interventionen Berucksichtigung, die im internationalen Kontext Wirksamkeitsnachweise erbracht haben, bislang jedoch noch nicht in die deutsche Gesetzgebung eingeflossen sind. Aus der systematischen Zusammenstellung der empirischen Befundlage fur jede einzelne Intervention ergeben sich insgesamt 16 Handlungsempfehlungen mit Relevanz fur Politik, Praxis und Forschung.

Der verfassungsrechtlich als Erganzungsabgabe einzuordnende Solidaritatszuschlag ist seit seiner Einfuhrung politisch umstritten und immer wieder Gegenstand finanzgerichtlicher Verfahren. Ausgehend von einer historischen Darstellung des bundesstaatlichen Finanzausgleichs arbeitet der Autor zunachst verfassungsrechtliche Voraussetzungen zur Erhebung einer Erganzungsabgabe heraus, die diese Abgabe signifikant von anderen Steuern unterscheiden. Insbesondere darf eine Erganzungsabgabe nur fur einen bestimmten Zeitraum erhoben werden und bedarf eines Zwecks zur sachlichen Rechtfertigung. Anhand dieser Kriterien wird sodann die Verfassungsmassigkeit des Solidaritatszuschlags uberpruft. Der Autor kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass der Solidaritatszuschlag verfassungswidrig ist.

Over the past 30 years sustainability has become increasingly important to scholarly research and business in practice. This book explores a variety of challenges faced by businesses when becoming sustainable and how this links to economic development and its corruption, ethical and taxation implications. Showcasing an interdisciplinary approach, the chapters explore topics such as business ethics, corporate responsibility, tax governance and sustainability practice.

Restrukturierungsvereinbarungen, die bei aussergerichtlichen Restrukturierungen zwischen einer deutschen Aktiengesellschaft und angloamerikanisch gepragten Distressed Hedge Funds abgeschlossen werden, legen regelmassig deren Einstieg uber einen Debt to Equity Swap in die Gesellschaft schuldrechtlich fest. Dies kann einen Konflikt mit der aktienrechtlichen Organisationsverfassung hervorrufen, weil sich die verschiedenen Organe der AG gegenseitig Verhaltenspflichten auferlegen. Vor diesem Hintergrund beleuchtet die Dissertation zum einen die aktienrechtliche Zulassigkeit von Restrukturierungsvereinbarungen, zum anderen beschaftigt sie sich mit Zustimmungspflichten der verschiedenen Stakeholder zu einem in einer Restrukturierungsvereinbarung ganzheitlich festgelegten Restrukturierungskonzept.

From the 1980s onward, income inequality increased in many advanced countries. It is very difficult to account for the rise in income inequality using the standard labour supply/demand explanation. Fiscal redistribution has become less effective in compensating increasing inequalities since the 1990s. Some of the basic features of redistribution can be explained through the optimal tax framework developed by J. A. Mirrlees in 1971. This Element surveys some of the earlier results in linear and nonlinear taxation and produces some new numerical results. Given the key role of capital income in the overall income inequality, it also considers the optimal taxation of capital income. It examines empirically the relationship between the extent of redistribution and the components of the Mirrlees framework. The redistributive role of factors such as publicly provided private goods, public employment, endogenous wages in the overlapping generations model and income uncertainty are analysed.

Seit 2007 tragt der ULG Migrationsmanagement an der Universitat Salzburg dazu bei, Studierenden eine interdisziplinar vermittelte Kompetenz im Bereich Migration zu vermitteln. Dieser Sammelband dokumentiert die wissenschaftlichen Ansatze der entsprechenden migrations-, sozial-, kultur- und religionswissenschaftlichen Module des Curriculums sowie Beitrage von Studierenden, in denen die Themenstellung ihrer Masterarbeit konzentriert vorgestellt wird. Auf diese Weise gewahrt das Buch Einblick in ein breites Spektrum von Herausforderungen, die von Fragen der Mindestsicherung, der Pflege und prekarer Beschaftigung bis zum Verstandnis von Entwicklung und zum Islamunterricht in der Schule reichen, und leistet dadurch auch einen Beitrag zur Versachlichung und Konkretisierung der Migrationsdebatte.