Although the future extent and effects of global climate change remain uncertain, the expected damages are not zero, and risks of serious environmental and macroeconomic consequences rise with increasing atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. Despite the uncertainties, reducing emissions now makes sense, and a carbon tax is the simplest, most effective, and least costly way to do this. At the same time, a carbon tax would provide substantial new revenues which may be badly needed, given historically high debt-to-GDP levels, pressures on social security and medical budgets, and calls to reform taxes on personal and corporate income. This book is about the practicalities of introducing a carbon tax, set against the broader fiscal context. It consists of thirteen chapters, written by leading experts, covering the full range of issues policymakers would need to understand, such as the revenue potential of a carbon tax, how the tax can be administered, the advantages of carbon taxes over other mitigation instruments and the environmental and macroeconomic impacts of the tax. A carbon tax can work in the United States. This volume shows how, by laying out sound design principles, opportunities for broader policy reforms, and feasible solutions to specific implementation challenges.

Das Werk liefert eine rechtliche und institutionenokonomische Analyse der Staatsverschuldung im Besonderen und der Finanzwirtschaft im parlamentarisch-demokratischen Bundesstaat im Allgemeinen. Angezeigt werden die Grenzen der Staatsverschuldung sowie die Moglichkeit einer institutionellen Bewaltigung eines eventuellen Finanznotstands (Ausnahmesituation) bei Bund und Landern.
Die Arbeit wendet sich an interdisziplinar interessierte Wissenschaftler die sich fur die institutionenokonomischen Probleme der foderalen Finanzwirtschaft interessieren. Der Text versteht sich als ein neostaatswissenschaftliches Pioniervorhaben, um Staatsrecht und politische Okonomie wieder zusammenzufuhren."

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This original work explores the politics of British taxation in the twentieth century. By 1979, taxes were taken from almost half of the total national income, and contributed to the political rise of Margaret Thatcher. But the level of taxation had risen from 10% in 1914 to about 25% between the wars, without provoking serious discontent (as in other European countries). It also grew again during the Second World War. This study explores the reasons that the earlier tax increases were accepted, and not those of 1979.

In the latest volume of Advances in Taxation, editor John Hasseldine includes studies from expert contributors to explore topics such as earnings repatriation elections, corporates' uncertain tax positions reported on Schedule UTP, tax audits, voluntary and enforced tax compliance, and tax evasion. Reporting peer-reviewed research contributions from North America and also including international studies from Indonesia, Bangladesh and South Africa, this volume is essential reading for those looking to keep abreast of the most recent research. The empirical research published by the authors of this volume include archival, survey, and experimental methods that have been applied to challenges facing tax systems around the globe. These challenges affect tax administrators, large corporates, and small and medium-sized enterprises. The studies contained in this volume will be influential and help direct future research around the globe.

Get your taxes right the first time and save $ If you run a small business, you've likely got more work than you already feel able to handle. The last thing you need is to be running around trying to figure out your taxes at the last minute. So, if you need a hands-on guide to small business taxes that doesn't mess around, look no further than Small Business Taxes For Dummies. In this book, nationally recognized personal finance expert Eric Tyson clearly and concisely delivers the best methods to save on your taxes and make the process as easy as possible. You'll get the latest info about all the newest tax deductions and credits (including COVID-19-related breaks), as well as location-specific incentives and other little-known tips. You'll also find: Expanded discussions of new retirement account options for small business owners The latest advice on how to deal with online and software tax prep and filing options to make life easier at tax time Explorations of likely new changes coming A can't-miss resource for small business owners, managers, and employees, Small Business Taxes For Dummies is the book to help you make sure you don't pay more than you need to pay at tax time!

Tax Staff Essentials, Level 4 - Tax Manager/Director (41.5 CPE Credits) gives your managers and directors the tools they will need to offer existing clients additional services. It will improve and increase their proficiency levels, eliciting a higher level of customer satisfaction, with the potential to increase firm service fees. Tax Staff Essentials Level 4 contains the advanced technical level of training your firm needs to maintain and improve its core competencies. As your firms leaders expand their levels of expertise, so does your firm expand its ability to offer its professional services to new and existing clients. Key areas covered include IRS audits, international tax, advanced topics in partnership taxation and accounting for deferred taxes, and individual and small business tax planning. Whether you wish to grow your firm by developing expertise in a niche or by business referrals from highly satisfied clients, TSE Level 4 is a must-have suite of CPE courses. Note: This course has been updated for the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) of 2017 (Tax Reform). Included with your course, you will have free access to a specially-prepared Course Supplement that provides an explanation of the key provisions of TCJA (including topics not covered in your course). Courses Included: IRS Audits Advanced Taxation Partnerships & LLCs International Taxation Advanced Income Tax Accounting Tax Planning for Small Businesses Individual Tax Planning This comprehensive, integrated curriculum provides tax training for four different experience levels and is available in four different formats: Online, On-site, Tax Schools and Webcasts. Key Topics New individual income tax rates New corporate tax rates New pass-through income rules The qualified business income (QBI) deduction New rules for certain credits and deductions Advanced aspects of ASC 740 including accounting for business combinations and other purchase transactions and stock compensation under ASC 718 Sale of an interest in a partnership or LLC Adjustments to basis of partnership/LLC assets Advanced distribution rules Allocation of income under Section 704(b) Foreign branch and affiliates U.S. withholding taxes on foreign business Types of IRS audits RAR: Revenue Adjustment Report Accounting for audit adjustments Individual tax planning Small Business tax planning Learning Objectives Apply the complex rules of ASC 740 (SFAS No. 109 and FIN 48) to new and challenging situations Apply ASC 740 to ASC 805, Business Combinations, and ASC 810, and non-controlling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statements Determine the applicable tax rate for complex situations Determine the consequences of selling a partnership or LLC interest Make elections to protect partners and LLC members from unwelcome future consequences arising from current distributions, sales, and/or transfers of interests in the partnership Learn how to calculate the basis of partnership or LLC following distributions of multiple properties Understand how to comply with U.S. tax reporting requirements for inbound and outbound transactions and operations Learn how income is sourced to a foreign jurisdiction Determine when to challenge IRS requests Understand IRS audit techniques, inquiries, and appeal rights Manage the information document request process and evaluate the contents of a revenue agent report (RAR) Learn specific ways to reduce your individual and small business clients tax bills Credit Info CPE CREDITS: Online: 41.5 (CPE credit info) NASBA FIELD OF STUDY: Taxes LEVEL: Advanced PREREQUISITES: Tax Staff with over 5 years of experience ADVANCE PREPARATION: None DELIVERY METHOD: QAS Self-Study COURSE ACRONYM: TSE.Level 4 Online Access Instructions A personal pin code is enclosed in the physical packaging that may be activated online upon receipt. Once activated, you will gain immediate online access to the product. System Requirements AICPA's online CPE courses will operate in a variety of configurations, but only the configuration described below is supported by AICPA technicians. A stable and continuous internet connection is required. In order to record your completion of the online learning courses, please ensure you are connected to the internet at all times while taking the course. It is your responsibility to validate that CPE certificate(s) are available within your account after successfully completing the course and/or exam. Supported Operating Systems: Macintosh OS X 10.10 to present Windows 7 to present Supported Browsers: Apple Safari Google Chrome Microsoft Internet Explorer Mozilla Firefox Required Browser Plug-ins: Adobe Flash Adobe Acrobat Reader Technical Support: Please contact [email protected].

Tax Staff Essentials, Level 1 - New Staff (58.5 CPE Credits) is designed to help beginning staff members develop a strong set of core skills. It focuses on individual and S corporation tax compliance plus professional business communications and more. This series covers key areas to ensure your young tax force is well prepared to begin their careers. They'll learn about: Individual, partnership and S corporation tax compliance Effective online tax research techniques Clear and precise workpaper documentation Effective professional business communications Your future tax professionals will also receive a broad range of practical tax instruction, including key issues surrounding: Individual taxation New cost and repair regulations S corporation distributions Items affecting shareholder basis Passive activity loss rules, and more Courses Include: Tax Research I Individual Tax Fundamentals Capitalized Costs & Depreciation Working Paper Documentation S Corporation Fundamentals Effective Business Communication Tax Fundamentals of LLCs & Partnerships Note: These courses have been updated for the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) (Tax Reform). You'll have free access to a Course Supplement that provides an explanation of the key provisions of the TCJA (including topics not covered in your course). Tax Staff Essentials is a comprehensive, integrated curriculum that provides tax training for four different experience levels and is available in four different formats: Online, On-site, Tax Schools and Webcasts. Who Will Benefit? Junior accounting and tax professionals Key Topics New individual income and corporate tax rates New pass-through income rules New rules for certain credits, deductions and qualified business income (QBI) deduction Filing requirements and personal exemptions Gross income inclusions, exclusions, and adjustments Sole proprietorships, hobby loss rules and passive activities Home offices, rental properties and vacation homes Net Investment Income Tax and Medicare Payroll Tax S corporations Capital improvements and repair Depreciation methods and IRS tables Intangible asset amortization Online tax research methodology and authoritative tax hierarchy The power of professional language in business writing Tax return support documentation Learning Objectives Analyze and report business income and expenses of a sole proprietorship or a single member LLC on Schedule C to the Form 1040 Interpret and report rental activities on Schedule E to the Form 1040 Identify the specific passive activity rules Determine if a change of filing status will improve the taxpayers' filing position based on itemized deductions Determine when an S corporation may be advantageous for a business, how to make a proper election, and the income/loss that passes through to the shareholder Recognize active and passive income and determine material participation as it relates to an individual S corporation shareholder Understand the impact of converting a C corporation into an S corporation Distinguish between deductible repairs and capitalized improvements under new tax regulations Calculate the initial tax basis and adjusted tax basis of business property Determine the tax basis of self-constructed assets Credit Info CPE CREDITS: Online: 58.5 (CPE credit info) NASBA FIELD OF STUDY: Taxes LEVEL: Basic PREREQUISITES: Tax Staff with 0-2 years of experience ADVANCE PREPARATION: None DELIVERY METHOD: QAS Self-Study COURSE ACRONYM: TSE.Level 1 Online Access Instructions A personal pin code is enclosed in the physical packaging that may be activated online upon receipt. Once activated, you will gain immediate online access to the product. System Requirements AICPA's online CPE courses will operate in a variety of configurations, but only the configuration described below is supported by AICPA technicians. A stable and continuous internet connection is required. In order to record your completion of the online learning courses, please ensure you are connected to the internet at all times while taking the course. It is your responsibility to validate that CPE certificate(s) are available within your account after successfully completing the course and/or exam. Supported Operating Systems: Macintosh OS X 10.10 to present Windows 7 to present Supported Browsers: Apple Safari Google Chrome Microsoft Internet Explorer Mozilla Firefox Required Browser Plug-ins: Adobe Flash Adobe Acrobat Reader Technical Support: Please contact [email protected].

A powerfully persuasive and thoroughly entertaining guide to the most effective way to un-rig the economy and fix inequality, from America's wealthiest "class traitors" The vast majority of Americans-71 percent-believe the economy is rigged in favor of the rich. Guess what? They're right. How do you rig an economy? You start with the tax code. In Tax the Rich! former BlackRock executive Morris Pearl, the millionaire chair of the Patriotic Millionaires, and Erica Payne, the organization's founder, take readers on an engaging and enlightening insider's tour of the nation's tax code, explaining exactly how "the rich"-and the politicians they control-manipulate the U.S. tax code to ensure the rich get richer, and everyone else is left holding the bag. Blunt and irreverent, Tax the Rich! unapologetically dismantles the "intellectual" justifications for a tax code that virtually guarantees destabilizing levels of inequality and consequent social unrest. Infographics, charts, cartoons, and lively characters including "the Werkhardts" and "the Slumps" make a complicated subject accessible (and, yes, sometimes even funny) and illuminate the practical reforms that can put America on the road to stability and shared prosperity before it's too late. Never have the arguments in this book been more timely-or more important.

This book explores one of the most significant trends in the evolution of global tax systems by asking how, within less than half a century, the value-added tax (VAT) has risen from relative obscurity to become one of the world's most dominant revenue instruments. Despite its significance, very little is known about why so many countries have adopted the VAT and, in particular, why different countries adopt the types of VAT that they do. The popular mythology provides that the merits of the VAT have underpinned its global spread; however, this book contends that much scholarship on the VAT confuses the question of why the VAT has risen to dominance with the issue of what makes a good VAT. This book combines policy and legal analysis to propose a new way of understanding the rise of this important revenue instrument so as to better reflect the realities of the VATs that are actually implemented.

Property tax circuit breakers can be used to increase tax equity by reducing the most onerous property tax burdens as measured in relation to income. This is particularly important for households at the lower end of the income distribution, and for households in states with high property taxes. By targeting property tax relief to those most in need, circuit breakers promote tax equity at minimal cost to state and local budgets, while preserving the basic nature and strengths of this tax as a source of local revenue. Although circuit breakers have great potential for improving property tax fairness, many programs fall short of ideal.
This report covers the rationale for providing property tax relief to those who have a high relative tax burden. It compares the fairness of various criteria used by states for eligibility, and illustrates types and key features of property tax circuit breakers. Ten pitfalls with existing tax circuit breakers are described along with solutions to address inadequate property tax relief for those with the highest tax burden. It covers three approaches to administer property tax circuit breaker programs to provide greater relief to those in need. Guidelines for elected representatives and tax policy advocates to improve tax circuit breaker rules are provided. Recommendations for the best design for property tax circuit breakers are included in this policy focus report.
Although circuit breakers have great potential for improving property tax fairness, many programs fall short of ideal. Recommendations for the best design for property tax circuit breakers are included in this policy focus report.

Governments often use direct subsidies or tax credits to encourage investment and promote economic growth and other development objectives. Properly designed and implemented, these incentives can advance a wide range of policy objectives (increasing employment, promoting sustainability, and reducing inequality). Yet since design and implementation are complicated, incentives have been associated with rent-seeking and wasteful public spending. This collection illustrates the different types and uses of these initiatives worldwide and examines the institutional steps that extend their value. By combining economic analysis with development impacts, regulatory issues, and policy options, these essays show not only how to increase the mobility of capital so that cities, states, nations, and regions can better attract, direct, and retain investments but also how to craft policy and compromise to ensure incentives endure.

This revised edition of Robert V. Andelson's" Land Value Taxation Around the World "is the first title in the new series 'Studies in Economic Reform and Social Justice', sponsored by" The American Journal of Economics and Sociology,"

Andelson has provided an interdisciplinary, international collection of essays, which has been in the making for twenty years. This is not a book on the history of economic thought but rather a book about the theory and practice of land reform and an historical summary of efforts to apply land value taxation in different countries around the world.

The collection is built around the premise that to tax an activity is to discourage it, and that when people improve land that is under their control, governments should not tax those improvements. Only when land appreciates through no effort on the part of those who manage the land should the government impose a tax. Since land is inelastic in supply, such a tax will have minimal distortionary effects on the economy. These insights are not well understood around the world but they do sometimes guide tax policy and often when they do, they produce salutory effects on economic development. Contributors to this collection argue that patterns of economic behavior are similar regardless of race, religion, or geographical location.

Tax by Design identifies what makes a good tax system for an open developed economy in the 21st century and suggests how the UK tax system could be reformed to move in that direction. The recommendations stress the importance of neutrality and transparency in tax design. It draws on the expert evidence from the commissioned chapters and commentaries in Dimensions of Tax Design. It also acknowledges the growing importance of globalised markets and multinational corporations as well as the challenges created by changing population demographics, the growth of new technologies, and the broadened objectives of policy makers. The Commission's work was directed by: Timothy Besley Richard Blundell Malcolm Gammie James Poterba The Commission's editorial team: Stuart Adam Stephen Bond Robert Chote Paul Johnson Gareth Myles

Audit activities help ensure taxpayers pay the right amount of tax and help address the net $385 billion tax gapthe difference between the amount of taxes paid voluntarily and on time, and the amount owed. Audit programs in Internal Revenue Services (IRS) Wage and Investment division (W&I) mainly cover refundable credits reported on the Form 1040, Individual Income Tax Return. The hundreds of thousands of taxpayers whom W&I interacts with annually during audits make it critical to apply the tax law fairly. Unfair selection would increase burden on taxpayers and reduce public confidence in IRS. This book reviews and describes the W&I process for selecting tax returns for audit, and determines how well W&I's audit selection procedures support its mission and goal to apply the tax law with integrity and fairness to all. This book also describes IRSs processes and controls for selecting Small Business/Self-Employed (SB/SE) taxpayers for audit; and determines how well SB/SEs selection processes and controls support its mission to apply the tax law with integrity and fairness to all.

The international debt crisis that erupted in 1982 threatened the world financial system and turned the 1980s into a lost decade for Latin America. But the crisis jolted governments throughout the region into adopting sweeping economic reforms. By the early 1990s inflation was lower, growth was reviving, the major debtors had reached "Brady Plan" workout agreements reducing bank debt in exchange for collateral, and capital was entering the region in unprecedented magnitudes.This study tries to make sense of this historic financial episode and to derive lessons for future policy. Cline first returns to his 1983 projection models that figured importantly in the debate at that time, and reruns them with the benefit of hindsight to see what went wrong (e.g., capital flight) and what went right (e.g., revival of industrial country growth). He provides a critical survey of the voluminous economics literature that emerged from the debt crisis. The study evaluates performance of the evolving international debt strategy, which eventually succeeded brilliantly in preserving international financial stability and restoring debtor access to credit markets but failed to achieve debtor country growth in the 1980s.The study reviews policy reform and Brady plan results for major Latin American countries; provides new analysis of today's debt problems in Russia and Africa; and analyzes the degree of vulnerability of Latin Americas capital market renaissance to such factors as overvalued exchange rates and a resurgence of US interest rates. It concludes with suggestions for institutional change and policy guidelines to help avoid future crises.

Tax Strategies for the Small Business Owner: Reduce Your Taxes and Fatten Your Profits will help the small business owner increase profits while feeling more comfortable dealing with taxes. It begins by looking at the often overlooked critical decision small business owners face when they start a business: the choice of business entity. The book then examines all the deductions that a business owner can take legally to reduce taxes. It also provides advice business owners need to make good tax-related decisions: Should I lease or buy? Should I hire an employee or outsource the task? How much will buying a building reduce my taxes and for how long? Many people freeze up when they are forced to prepare or even think about taxes. Some receive a notice from the IRS and put it aside: They're too scared to open it Yet taxes for the most part follow common sense rules. You just need to know what they are and how they affect your decisions.In this book, readers will learn about the different business entities, the different taxes you must deal with (primarily income taxes), documentation procedures, how to work with a tax professional, how to handle an audit, and, in general, how to use the U.S. Tax Code to your advantage. Among other things, readers learn to take full advantage of tax benefits and avoid potholes hidden in things like: * Startup and ongoing expenses * Cost of goods sold * Depreciation * Payroll * Retirement plans In short, Tax Strategies for the Small Business Owner will not only help you relax when you deal with your taxes--it'll show you how to use tax law to your financial benefit. What you'll learn *How to choose a business entity that's right for your business. *The requirements for deducting expenses. *What you can deduct (and what you can't). *How to fund your retirement with help from the business. *Using depreciation rules to reduce taxable income. *Having benefit plans (medical and retirement) while complying with tax laws. *How to take the tax implications into account when making strategic business decisions. *What to do when you hear from the IRS.*How to determine whether you need a tax professional to assist you. Who this book is for Taxes for the Small Business Owner is designed for owners of small to medium-sized businesses and aspiring entrepreneurs--millions of people in the U.S. This practical guide on taxation is designed for those who want to lower their tax bills by maximizing deductions. It will appeal to any owner or manager who wants to pay less tax--legally.

This book examines the most recent developments, analysis and research concerning taxation in the United States. Topics discussed in this compilation include a review of Constitutional authorities under which Congress regulates state taxation; a brief overview of the Internet Tax Freedom Act; legal issues of taxation of internet sales and access; current laws related to the repatriation of foreign earnings; energy tax initiatives; energy tax policies; and differences in definitions and rules in the tax code.

A challenge the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) faces is balancing efforts to minimise taxpayer burden with efforts to ensure compliance with the tax code. Small businesses are a vital source of economic growth in the United States. Reducing their costs for complying with the tax code may free up resources to expand, hire new employees, and contribute to the growth of the U.S. economy. This book describes characteristics of the small business population; describes how characteristics of a small business affect compliance burden; describes how IRS integrates small business compliance burden considerations in decision-making; and assesses IRS's plan for evaluating its payment card pilot.