Transport policy is an increasingly difficult area for all national governments and regional/local authorities. Tackling car use and realizing a sustainable transport system appears to be very difficult. Developing public transport is seen as an increasingly important element in improving the transport system, especially in densely populated areas. At the same time however, governments are under increasing pressure to cut taxation. As a result there is a growing gap between increasing policy need for public transport and government resources to fund that need. This timely book explores one solution to this dilemma, which is the use of local charges and taxes dedicated to support public transport. Unfare Solutions examines how and why such charges have evolved and how they do (or do not) relate to modern transport policy developments and theory. It shows innovative funding techniques developed by both public transport providers and federal and local authorities. The authors are very experienced in the field of mobility and public transport. They have conducted many researches in this field (including a major CEC research project towards the use of charges and taxes for public transport) and written several books and publications about the economics of transport in a sustainable context.

The Model Regulations cover the classification of dangerous goods and their listing, the use, construction, testing and approval of packagings and portable tanks, and the consignment procedures (marking, labelling, placarding and documentation). They aim at ensuring a high level of safety by preventing accidents to persons and property and damage to the environment during transport and, providing at the same time, a uniform regulatory framework which can be applied worldwide for national or international transport by any mode.

The Model Regulations cover the classification of dangerous goods and their listing, the use, construction, testing and approval of packagings and portable tanks, and the consignment procedures (marking, labelling, placarding and documentation). They aim at ensuring a high level of safety by preventing accidents to persons and property and damage to the environment during transport and, providing at the same time, a uniform regulatory framework which can be applied worldwide for national or international transport by any mode.

According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 37,133 people lost their lives in accidents on U.S. roadways in 2017 1. That means an average of 101 people died each day in motor vehicle crashes, equating to roughly one fatality every 15 minutes. The FAST Act has funded programs to ensure safety on our Nation's roads. These include grants to improve physical roadway infrastructure; grant programs to reduce crashes, injuries, and fatalities involving large trucks and buses; grant programs to incentivize States to adopt laws and regulations to improve highway safety; and grants to assist State enforcement of vehicle and driver safety measures. This book discusses traffic safety issues.

Hawai'i's Scenic Roads examines a century of overland transportation from the kingdom's first constitutional government until World War II, discovering how roads in the world's most isolated archipelago rivaled those on the continental U.S. Building Hawai'i's roads was no easy feat, as engineers confronted a uniquecombination of circumstances: extreme isolation, mountainous topography, torrential rains, deserts, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and on Haleakal?, freezing temperatures. By investigating the politics and social processes that facilitated road projects, Hawai'i's Scenic Roads explains that foreign settlers wanted roads to "civilize" the Hawaiians and promote economic development, specifically agriculture. Once sugar became the dominant driver, civic and political leaders turned theirattention to constructing scenic roads. Viewed as "commercial enterprises," scenic byways became an essential factor in establishing tourism as Hawai'i's "third crop" after sugar and pineapple. These thoroughfares also served as playgrounds for the islands' elite residents and wealthy visitors who could afford the luxury of carriage driving, and after 1900, motorcars. Duensing's provocative analysis of the 1924 Hawai'i Bill of Rights reveals that roads played a critical role in redefining the Territory of Hawai'i's status within the United States. Politicians and civic leaders focused on highway funding to argue that Hawai'i was an "integral part of the Union," thus entitled to be treated as if it were a state. By accepting this Bill of Rights, Congress confirmed the territory's claim to access federal programs, especially highway aid. Washington's involvement in Hawai'i increased subsequently, as did the islands' dependence on the national government. Federal money helped the territory weather the Great Depression as it became enmeshed in New Deal programs and philosophy. Although primarily an economic protest, the Hawai'i Bill of Rights was a crucial stepping stone on the path to eventual statehood in 1959. At the core of this book is the intriguing tales of road projects that established the islands' most renowned scenic drives, including the Pali Highway, byways around K?lauea Volcano, Haleakal? Highway, and the H?na Belt Road. The author's unique approach provides a fascinating perspective for understandingHawai'i's social dynamics, as well as its political, environmental, and economic history.

With increasing awareness of the urgent need to respond to global warming by reducing carbon emissions and recognition of the social benefits of car-free and car-lite living, more and more city planners, advocates, and everyday urban dwellers are demanding new ways of building cities. In Low Car(bon) Communities, authors Nicole Foletta and Jason Henderson examine seven case studies in Europe and the United States that aim explicitly to reduce dependency on cars. Innovative and inspirational, these communities provide a rich array of data and metrics for comparison and analysis. This book considers these low car(bon) communities' potential for transferability to cities around the world, including North America. Aimed at practicing city planners, sustainable transportation advocates, and students in planning, geography, and environmental studies, this book will be an invaluable benchmark for gauging the success of sustainable urban futures.

Gentrifier opens up a new conversation about gentrification, one that goes beyond the statistics and the cliches, and examines different sides of a controversial, deeply personal issue. In this lively yet rigorous book, John Joe Schlichtman, Jason Patch, and Marc Lamont Hill take a close look at the socioeconomic factors and individual decisions behind gentrification and their implications for the displacement of low-income residents. Drawing on a variety of perspectives, the authors present interviews, case studies, and analysis in the context of recent scholarship in such areas as urban sociology, geography, planning, and public policy. As well, they share accounts of their first-hand experience as academics, parents, and spouses living in New York City, San Diego, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Providence. With unique insight and rare candour, Gentrifier challenges readers' current understandings of gentrification and their own roles within their neighborhoods. A foreword by Peter Marcuse opens the volume.

A mileage-based road user charge would involve assessing owners of individual vehicles on a per-mile basis for the distance the vehicle is driven. Currently, federal highway and public transportation programs are funded mainly by motor fuel tax receipts that flow into the Highway Trust Fund (HTF). The tax rates, set on a per-gallon basis, have not been raised since 1993, and receipts have been insufficient to support the transportation programs authorised by Congress since FY2008. The long-term viability of motor fuels taxes is also questionable because of increasing vehicle fuel efficiency and the wider use of electric vehicles. Economists have favored the use of mileage-based user charges as an alternative to motor fuels taxes to support highway funding. This book examines considerations and viability of road user charges based on mileage.

In 1915, the road system in south Florida had changed little since before the Civil War. Travelling from Miami to Ft. Myers meant going through Orlando, 250 miles north of Miami. Within 15 years, three highways were dredged and blasted through the Everglades: Ingraham Highway from Homestead, 25 miles south of Miami, to Flamingo on the tip of the peninsula; Tamiami Trail from Miami to Tampa; and Conner's Highway from West Palm Beach to Okeechobee City. In 1916, Florida's road commission spent $967. In 1928 it spent $6.8 million. Tamiami Trail, originally projected to cost $500,000, eventually required $11 million. These roads were made possible by the 1920s Florida land boom, the replacement of animal and steam-powered implements with gasoline and diesel-powered equipment, and the creation of a highway funding system based on fuel taxes. This book tells the story of the finance and technology of first modern highways in the South.

The State of New York is now building one of the world's longest, widest, and most expensive bridges - the new Tappan Zee Bridge - stretching more than three miles across the Hudson River, approximately thirteen miles north of New York City. In Politics Across the Hudson, urban planner Philip Plotch offers a behind-the-scenes look at three decades of contentious planning and politics centered around this bridge. He reveals valuable lessons for those trying to tackle complex public policies while also confirming our worst fears about government dysfunction. Drawing on his extensive experience planning megaprojects, interviews with more than a hundred key figures - including governors, agency heads, engineers, civic advocates, and business leaders - and extraordinary access to internal government records, Plotch tells a compelling story of high-stakes battles between powerful players in the public, private, and civic sectors. He reveals how state officials abandoned viable options, squandered hundreds of millions of dollars, forfeited more than three billion dollars in federal funds, and missed out on important opportunities. Faced with the public's unrealistic expectations, no one could identify a practical solution to a vexing problem, a dilemma that led three governors to study various alternatives rather than disappoint key constituencies. ,br>Politics Across the Hudson continues where Robert Caro's The Power Broker left off and illuminates the power struggles involved in building New York's first major new bridge since the Robert Moses era. Plotch describes how one governor, Andrew Cuomo, shrewdly overcame the seemingly insurmountable obstacles of onerous environmental regulations, vehement community opposition, insufficient funding, interagency battles, and overly optimistic expectations.

Policymakers at all levels of government are debating a wide range of options for addressing the nation's faltering economic conditions. One option that is once again receiving attention is accelerated investments in the nation's public infrastructure - that is, highways, mass transit, airports, water supply and wastewater, and other facilities - in order to create jobs while also promoting long-term economic growth. This book discusses policy issues associated with using infrastructure as a mechanism to benefit economic recovery. Discussed are the roles of infrastructure investment in economic growth generally and in contributing to bolstering a faltering economy. Key issues include the potential role of traditional and "green" infrastructure in creating jobs, timing and setting priorities.

Takeoffs, landings, and movement around the surface areas of airports (the terminal area) are critical to the safe and efficient movement of air traffic. The nation's aviation system is arguably the safest in the world, but close calls involving aircraft or other vehicles at or near airports are common, occurring almost daily. This book examines the recent actions the FAA has taken to improve safety in the terminal area including enhanced oversight and improved availability of risk-based data which could further improve safety.

The nation's transportation and water infrastructures play a vital role in the economy. Private commercial activities and the daily lives of individuals depend on that physical infrastructure, which is provided by all levels of government in the United States. Concerns about the nations' infrastructure and its ability to support commerce and promote public well-being have prompted calls for greater infrastructure spending. This book analyses recent developments in spending on transportation and water infrastructure, trends in spending for capital and for operations and maintenance by the various levels of government, and the rationale for public spending on infrastructure.

Aircraft and automobile manufacturing are considered by many to be the technological backbones of the U.S. manufacturing base. As the Obama Administration and Congress debate how to strengthen American manufacturing, aerospace is likely to receive considerable attention. Like other manufacturing industries, the world-wide recession has affected aerospace manufacturing, with both the defence and commercial sides of the industry facing difficult business conditions for the near and medium term. This book examines the U.S. commercial aerospace manufacturing industry and provides a discussion of major trends affecting the future of this industry.

The continued growth in travel along congested urban freeway corridors is exceeding the ability of transportation agencies to provide sufficient roadway capacity in major metropolitan areas with limited public funding for roadway expansion and improvement projects. This book examines the congestion management programs, policies and experiences of other countries that are in the planning stages, have been implemented, or are operating on freeway facilities. The research in this book sought information on how agencies approach highway congestion, actively manage and operate freeway facilities, and plan for and design managed lanes at the system, corridor, and project or facility levels.

Flight delays have beset the U.S. national airspace system. In 2007, more than one-quarter of all flights either arrived late or were cancelled across the system, according to the Department of Transportation (DOT). DOT and its operating agency, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), are making substantial investments in transforming to a new air traffic control system, the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen); a system that is expected to reduce delays over the next decade. This book explores the extent to which flight delays in the U.S. national airspace system have changed since 2007 and the contributing factors to these changes. Also discussed are the actions the DOT and FAA are expected to make that will reduce delays in the coming years.

The evidence suggests that international jurisdictions which have made the most progress in reducing human trauma (fatalities and injuries) from road crashes have done this by taking a safe system approach, i.e., making improvements across all three major areas: driver behaviours, road design, and vehicle design and safety, as well as building a road transport system that allows for human error. This book presents current research in the study of traffic safety, including using systems analysis to improve traffic safety; transport related issues and concerns in developing countries; electronic stability control; and new trends in road traffic safety.

The omnipresent global economic crisis has had a particularly dramatic effect on the global automotive industry. It has increased the need for a 3rd revolution and the move towards mass-collaboration between all industrial players that may ultimately lead to a governance model based on partnership-focused collaborative relationships. The first two revolutions were led by the US and Japan respectively, but we propose that this time, the European automotive industry will lead the way in the 3rd revolution. This book provides an operations and supply chain management perspective while focusing on the issue of sustainable supplier management.

The late 1980s and early 1990s were a period of increased interest in reducing transit bus emissions and exploring alternatives to traditional diesel-powered transit buses. As a result, the first U.S. fuel cell bus (FCB) demonstration programs were implemented. These early efforts focused on proving the concept of fuel cells to power transit buses. This book reviews past and present fuel cell bus technology development and implementation, specifically focusing on experiences and progress in the United States. The primary focus is on descriptive comparisons of fuel cell transit bus operation in the U.S. and on the industry's need to continue successful implementations of these advanced technologies.

When federal and state governments battle over environmental regulations, whose approach should prevail? Shortly after passage of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments, a controversial U.S. EPA mandate led to an intense conflict between federal regulators and California politicians. The disagreement pitted EPA's required overhaul of auto inspections against California's desire to self-govern its test program - popularly called 'Smog Check.' The conflict nearly upended the Clean Air Act, and triggered dramatic policy shifts throughout the United States. Smog Check presents these struggles in first-hand detail. Eisinger, an EPA official at the time of this conflict, probes deeply into the issues and explores broader questions including: when does it become imperative for agencies to bargain with one another, when should regulatory flexibility and performance-based regulations be favored over command and control approaches, and what should be done when decisions need to be made in the face of scientific disagreement? The book also includes insightful commentary from other EPA participants in the Smog Check controversy. Smog Check's lessons will be relevant to climate change, air pollution control, and numerous other policy challenges.

This book provides an overview of the federal role in surface transportation and the goals and structures of federal programs. Since federal financing for the interstate system was established in 1956, the federal role in surface transportation has expanded to include broader goals, more programs, and a variety of program structures. The nation has reached a critical juncture with its current surface transportation policies and programs. Demand has outpaced the capacity of the system, resulting in increased congestion. In addition, without significant changes in funding levels or planned spending, the Highway Trust Fund -- the major source of federal highway and transit funding - is projected to incur significant deficits in the years ahead. Exacerbating concerns about the solvency of the Highway Trust Fund is the federal government's bleak fiscal condition and outlook. As a result, other federal revenue sources may not be available to help solve the nation's current transportation challenges. Given the scope of needed transformation, it may be necessary to shift policies and programs incrementally or on a pilot basis to gain practical lessons for a coherent, sustainable, and effective national program and financing structure to best serve the nation for the 21st century.

The local and global environmental impacts of transport are more apparent than ever before. This book provides an attention-grabbing introduction to sustainable transport development in practice via a series of case studies. Re-assessing the value and importance of non-motorized transport raises questions about the whole nature of development as a process. Advocating low impact technologies and sustainable transport makes a practical contribution to post-development discourses. This book offers a practical way into the complexities of post-development theory.

Taking case studies from across the globe, both North and South, demonstrates that achieving equity and sustainability will require profound transformation in the industrialized nations as much as in developing economies. This is a book of interest to anyone studying or working in the area of environmental sustainability and transport policy.

This book provides the latest scientific research regarding the importance of infrastructure charges in establishing competitive conditions in the railway market. The current charging regimes applied throughout the EU member states are analysed as well as the planning and scheduling that determine how and when the company's resources will be used in the case of railway organisations. Railway noise emission and its reduction are considered among the most important topics in the future development of transportation systems. This book gives an overview on the noise emitted by wheels and rails from the basic emission mechanisms up to noise attenuation by means of passive/active control. The importance of the vertical track stiffness as a means to guide railway track bed design for high speed railway lines are discussed as well. A rational approach to substructure design is described, which it is hoped will further an understanding of the process of appropriate track design and enable the adaptation of existing design procedures to provide a realistic design for the conditions at hand.

The Highway Trust Fund is the principal mechanism for funding federal highway and transit programs through receipts from excise taxes charged to highway users, such as taxes on motor fuels. The Department of Treasury (Treasury) and the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) each prepare estimates of future receipts for the Highway Trust Fund semiannually. Treasury's receipt estimates are combined with the Department of Transportation's (DOT) estimates of outlays to create an estimate of the Highway Trust Fund balance for the President's Budget; CBO also projects outlays to develop an estimate of the fund balance. The agencies' most recent estimates show that the Highway Account within the Highway Trust Fund could have a negative balance as early as 2009, raising concerns about whether funding for federal highway programs--which were recently authorised by the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users--will continue to be met. Consequently, the Subcommittee asked us to review and compare recent estimates made by Treasury and CBO. This testimony provides information on how (1) estimates are used to provide key information about the Highway Trust Fund, (2) the most recent Highway Trust Fund estimates -- based on receipt estimates made by Treasury and CBO--compare, and (3) Treasury's and CBO's estimates compare to actual receipts for recent years.