The vulnerability which is the lot of any nation without a state
was experienced in a particularly extreme way by the Jews. With the
destitution and persecution of many Jewish communities in the 19th
century, especially in Eastern Europe, Jews demanded a solution to
their uprootedness. This required a state. Alain Dieckhoff recounts
the tortuous ordeal through which the Jews reacted to the challenge
of modernity. While some contributed to the development of
capitalism and put their talents at the service of the Western
European states, others threw themselves into revolutionary
movements. Yet others imagined ways of "re-nationalising" Jews by
transforming them into a nation. Thus the Jews were formidable
experimenters who participated in causes with contradictory
agendas: assimilation (bourgeois or socialist) or nationalism. The
text focuses on Zionism, whose ultimate objective was the creation
of a sovereign state for the Jews in Palestine. This required the
invention of the Jewish nation. Such an objective meant several
things: building a national language, defining a secularized and
territorialized Jewish identity, and using military power. This was
a difficult enterprise, as the national project was faced with the
persistence of communitarianism. But the enterprise was at least
partly successful: this process of politicization makes Israel a
paradigmatic example of the invention of a nation-state, the main
focus of this work.
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