The 1973 Marine Mammal Protection Act at first appeared to be a
major victory for environmentalists. It banned the use of oversized
fishing nets in an attempt to save thousands of dolphins killed
each year in tuna harvests. But hampered by exemptions, extensions,
delays, and quotas, MMPA has instead created international turmoil
in the tuna industry while still allowing some 20,000 dolphin
deaths each year.
In this revealing book, Alessandro Bonanno and Douglas Constance
use the tuna-dolphin controversy to explore the rapidly increasing
effects of globalization on agricultural and food production.
Illustrating how private industries, political institutions,
national economies, and social movements have been swept into a
global arena, they reach some intriguing and important conclusions
about the complex and sometimes bewildering future of industry and
the environment.
Analyzing the controversy's outcome, they show how relatively
small groups can, with effective organization, pass legislation
that fundamentally changes the way corporations do business. The
globalization that often results, they contend, can have
wide-reaching consequences-many of them unintended and
unpredictable. Following passage of MMPA, U.S. tuna processors
turned to foreign suppliers of "dolphin-safe" tuna while U.S. tuna
fishing corporations deserted the U.S. market-circumventing MMPA
altogether. Bilateral international agreements, GATT, NAFTA, and
the U.S. federal courts have intervened in the chaos and have been
challenged from all sides-from the Bush Administration to Bumble
Bee Tuna, from Greenpeace to the European Economic Community.
Through it all, independent owners of fishing boats have been
forced out of business, U.S. processing jobs have moved overseas,
and environmentalists have continued their dolphin campaign. Even
those who appear to be benefiting may not be, the authors
demonstrate. Despite increased opportunities for some foreign labor
forces, the weakest segments-especially in developing
countries-continue to be exploited.
Stressing the limits that individual nations face in the current
socio-economic climate and the conflicting agendas of a variety of
labor and environmental movements, Bonanno and Constance argue that
the regulatory ability of any national government--even one with
strong society support--must be rethought and redefined.
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