Drawing on extensive research in her native Ecuador, Amalia
Pallares examines the South American Indian movement in the
Ecuadorian Andes and explains its shift from class politics to
racial politics in the late twentieth century. Pallares uses an
interdisciplinary approach to explore the reasons why indigenous
Ecuadorians have bypassed their shared class status with other
peasant groups and movements in favor of a political identity based
on their unique ethnicity as Indians.
In the 1960s and 1970s, land reform and the modernization of
economic and political structures in Ecuador led to changes in the
sense of self and community held by South American Indian
activists. Pallares recounts how a campesinista (peasant-based)
identification developed into an indianista (Indian-based) form of
personal and communal self-definition. Ethnic identity was no
longer conceived as a subset of class identity--a change that
shifted the Indians' ideological focus from local struggles to
pan-ethnic resistance.
In the process, indigenous peoples created a positive Indian
self-definition and a pan-ethnic Indian movement. They also
reconceived their political identity, their cultural structures,
and the relationship between their social movement and the state.
Through this new sense of themselves, they sought to confront
racism and obtain political autonomy.
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